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Background: The aim was to estimate direct medical costs of men and women patients by age group related to cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, strokes) in the province of Quebec, Canada from the economic perspective of the healthcare public system, encompassing five cost components: physician fees, hospitalization (hospital stay, intensive care stay), emergency visits and medication costs., Methods: This matched case-control study involved secondary data from a longitudinal cohort study (1997-2018) of 4584 white-collar workers. Participants were followed for a four-year period. We used an incremental cost method of difference-in-difference. Descriptive analyses using frequency counts, arithmetic means, standardized differences, chi-squared tests, and Student's T-tests were performed. Direct medical costs were estimated using mean and 95% bootstrap confidence interval., Results: Direct medical costs per case were CAD $4970 [4344, 5595] for all in the first year after the event. For men patients, direct medical costs were $5351 [4649, 6053] and $4234 [2880, 5588] for women in the first year after the event, $221 [-229, 671] for men and $226 [-727, 1179] for women in the second year, and $11 [-356, 377] for men and $-24 [-612, 564] for women in the third year. This decrease was observed for both men and women, with higher costs for men. Within the first year, physician fees dominated CVD-associated costs among both men and women cases younger than 65. However, hospital stay represented the costliest component among cases aged 65 and older, incurring higher costs in women compared to men. In the subsequent years, the distribution of costs showed variations according to sex and age, with either medication costs or physician fees being the predominant components, depending on the specific subgroups., Conclusions: CVD-associated direct medical costs varied by components, sex, age, and follow-up years. Patients with CVD incurred more than twice the medical costs as compared to patients without CVD of same age and sex., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Gilbert-Ouimet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: This study aimed to estimate the annual burden of cardiovascular diseases and depression attributable to five psychosocial work exposures in 28 European Union countries (EU28) in 2015., Methods: Based on available attributable fraction estimates, the study covered five exposures, job strain, effort-reward imbalance, job insecurity, long working hours and workplace bullying; and five outcomes, coronary/ischemic heart diseases (CHD), stroke, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease and depression. We estimated the burden attributable to each exposure separately and all exposures together. We calculated Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rate per 100 000 workers in each country for each outcome attributable to each exposure and tested the differences between countries and between genders using the Wald test., Results: The overall burden of CHD attributable to the five studied psychosocial work exposures together was estimated at 173 629 DALYs for men and 39 238 for women, 5092 deaths for men and 1098 for women in EU28 in 2015. The overall burden of depression was estimated at 528 549 DALYs for men and 344 151 for women (respectively 7862 and 1823 deaths). The three highest burdens in DALYs in EU28 in 2015 were found for depression attributable to job strain (546 502 DALYs), job insecurity (294 680 DALYs) and workplace bullying (276 337 DALYs). Significant differences between countries were observed for DALY rates per 100 000 workers., Conclusions: Such results are necessary as decision tools for decision-makers (governments, employers and trade unions) when defining public health priorities and work stress preventive strategies in Europe., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association.)

We investigate conditional specifications of the five-factor Fama-French (FF) model, augmented with traditional illiquidity measures. The motivation for this time-varying methodology is that the traditional static approach of the FF model may be misspecified, especially for the endogenous illiquidity measures. We focus on the time-varying nature of the Jensen performance measure α and the market systematic risk sensitivity β, as these parameters are essentially universal in asset pricing models. To tackle endogeneity and other specification errors, we rely on our robust instrumental variables (RIV) algorithm implemented via a GMM approach. In this dynamic or time-varying conditional context, we generally find that the most significant factor is the market one, but illiquidity may matter depending on which states or estimation methods we consider. In particular, sectors whose returns embed a market illiquidity premium are more exposed to a binding funding constraint in times of crisis, which leads to deleveraging and a resulting decrease in systematic risk., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.