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1. Multimessenger Characterization of Markarian 501 during Historically Low X-Ray and γ-Ray Activity

Author

H. Abe, S. Abe, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, I. Burelli, G. Busetto, R. Carosi, M. Carretero-Castrillo, A. J. Castro-Tirado, G. Ceribella, Y. Chai, A. Chilingarian, S. Cikota, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, G. D’Amico, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, A. Del Popolo, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, C. Delgado Mendez, D. Depaoli, F. Di Pierro, L. Di Venere, E. Do Souto Espiñeira, D. Dominis Prester, A. Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsaesser, G. Emery, J. Escudero, V. Fallah Ramazani, L. Fariña, A. Fattorini, L. Foffano, L. Font, C. Fruck, S. Fukami, Y. Fukazawa, R. J. García López, M. Garczarczyk, S. Gasparyan, M. Gaug, J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, P. Gliwny, N. Godinović, R. Grau, D. Green, J. G. Green, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, L. Heckmann, J. Herrera, D. Hrupec, M. Hütten, R. Imazawa, T. Inada, R. Iotov, K. Ishio, I. Jiménez Martínez, J. Jormanainen, D. Kerszberg, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. Lamastra, D. Lelas, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, L. Linhoff, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, M. López-Moya, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, A. Lorini, E. Lyard, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, G. Maneva, N. Mang, M. Manganaro, S. Mangano, K. Mannheim, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, A. Mas-Aguilar, D. Mazin, S. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, D. Miceli, T. Miener, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, E. Molina, H. A. Mondal, A. Moralejo, D. Morcuende, V. Moreno, T. Nakamori, C. Nanci, L. Nava, V. Neustroev, M. Nievas Rosillo, C. Nigro, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, T. Njoh Ekoume, K. Noda, S. Nozaki, Y. Ohtani, T. Oka, A. Okumura, J. Otero-Santos, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, L. Pavletić, M. Persic, M. Pihet, G. Pirola, F. Podobnik, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, G. Principe, C. Priyadarshi, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, C. Righi, A. Rugliancich, N. Sahakyan, T. Saito, S. Sakurai, K. Satalecka, F. G. Saturni, B. Schleicher, K. Schmidt, F. Schmuckermaier, J. L. Schubert, T. Schweizer, J. Sitarek, V. Sliusar, D. Sobczynska, A. Spolon, A. Stamerra, J. Strišković, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, T. Surić, H. Tajima, M. Takahashi, R. Takeishi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, K. Terauchi, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, L. Tosti, S. Truzzi, A. Tutone, S. Ubach, J. van Scherpenberg, M. Vazquez Acosta, S. Ventura, V. Verguilov, I. Viale, C. F. Vigorito, V. Vitale, I. Vovk, R. Walter, M. Will, C. Wunderlich, T. Yamamoto, D. Zarić, The MAGIC Collaboration, M. Cerruti, J. A. Acosta-Pulido, G. Apolonio, R. Bachev, M. Baloković, E. Benítez, I. Björklund, V. Bozhilov, L. F. Brown, A. Bugg, W. Carbonell, M. I. Carnerero, D. Carosati, C. Casadio, W. Chamani, W. P. Chen, R. A. Chigladze, G. Damljanovic, K. Epps, A. Erkenov, M. Feige, J. Finke, A. Fuentes, K. Gazeas, M. Giroletti, T. S. Grishina, A. C. Gupta, M. A. Gurwell,, E. Heidemann, D. Hiriart, W. J. Hou, T. Hovatta, S. Ibryamov, M. D. Joner, S. G. Jorstad, J. Kania, S. Kiehlmann, G. N. Kimeridze, E. N. Kopatskaya, M. Kopp, M. Korte, B. Kotas, S. Koyama, J. A. Kramer, L. Kunkel, S. O. Kurtanidze, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lähteenmäki, J. M. López, V. M. Larionov, E. G. Larionova, L. V. Larionova, C. Leto, C. Lorey, R. Mújica, G. M. Madejski, N. Marchili, A. P. Marscher, M. Minev, A. Modaressi, D. A. Morozova, T. Mufakharov, I. Myserlis, A. A. Nikiforova, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Ovcharov, M. Perri, C. M. Raiteri, A. C. S. Readhead, A. Reimer, D. Reinhart, S. Righini, K. Rosenlehner, A. C. Sadun, S. S. Savchenko, A. Scherbantin, L. Schneider, K. Schoch, D. Seifert, E. Semkov, L. A. Sigua, C. Singh, P. Sola, Y. Sotnikova, M. Spencer, R. Steineke, M. Stojanovic, A. Strigachev, M. Tornikoski, E. Traianou, A. Tramacere, Yu. V. Troitskaya, I. S. Troitskiy, J. B. Trump, A. Tsai, A. Valcheva, A. A. Vasilyev, F. Verrecchia, M. Villata, O. Vince, K. Vrontaki, Z. R. Weaver, E. Zaharieva, and N. Zottmann

Subjects
Active galaxies, BL Lacertae objects, Markarian galaxies, Active galactic nuclei, Blazars, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multiwavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wave bands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) γ -rays. A significant correlation (>3 σ ) between X-rays and VHE γ -rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between the Swift X-Ray Telescope and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy γ -rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the γ -ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE γ -rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux (>0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2 yr long low state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED toward the low state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.

Published
2023
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2. Multiwavelength behaviour of the blazar 3C 279: decade-long study from γ-ray to radio

Author

V M Larionov, S G Jorstad, A P Marscher, M Villata, C M Raiteri, P S Smith, I Agudo, S S Savchenko, D A Morozova, J A Acosta-Pulido, M F Aller, H D Aller, T S Andreeva, A A Arkharov, R Bachev, G Bonnoli, G A Borman, V Bozhilov, P Calcidese, M I Carnerero, D Carosati, C Casadio, W-P Chen, G Damljanovic, A V Dementyev, A Di Paola, A Frasca, A Fuentes, J L Gómez, P Gónzalez-Morales, A Giunta, T S Grishina, M A Gurwell, V A Hagen-Thorn, T Hovatta, S Ibryamov, M Joshi, S Kiehlmann, J-Y Kim, G N Kimeridze, E N Kopatskaya, Yu A Kovalev, Y Y Kovalev, O M Kurtanidze, S O Kurtanidze, A Lähteenmäki, C Lázaro, L V Larionova, E G Larionova, G Leto, A Marchini, K Matsumoto, B Mihov, M Minev, M G Mingaliev, D Mirzaqulov, R V Muñoz Dimitrova, I Myserlis, A A Nikiforova, M G Nikolashvili, N A Nizhelsky, E Ovcharov, L D Pressburger, I A Rakhimov, S Righini, N Rizzi, K Sadakane, A C Sadun, M R Samal, R Z Sanchez, E Semkov, S G Sergeev, L A Sigua, L Slavcheva-Mihova, P Sola, Yu V Sotnikova, A Strigachev, C Thum, E Traianou, Yu V Troitskaya, I S Troitsky, P G Tsybulev, A A Vasilyev, O Vince, Z R Weaver, K E Williamson, and G V Zhekanis

Published
2020
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3. SURGICAL VERSUS CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF SPONTANEOUS INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

Author

Maya P. Danovska, Mladen E. Ovcharov, Emilia M. Ovcharova, Igor Mladenovski, and Nicholas Shephard

Subjects
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, surgical treatment, conservative management, Dentistry, RK1-715, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) causes severe disability and high mortality. Today it is still an unresolved medical problem. The choice of optimal management - surgical or conservative, remains a difficult and controversial one. Early evacuation may restrict hematoma expansion and limit the secondary brain damage, improving the outcome for the patient. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of surgical to conservative treatment of sICH. Material and Methods: We examined 94 patients with sICH admitted to the Neurology Clinic within 24 hours of onset. Forty-seven patients underwent surgical evacuation and the remaining 47 received conservative medical therapy. Neurological deficit and clinical outcome were assessed by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Each patient was assessed on two occasions, the first on admission and the second after one month. The statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 13.0 (SPSS). Results: Neurological deficit, hematoma volume and location displayed a correlation with GOS in the conservative group (p>0.05), while no statistical significance between GOS and hematoma volume in the surgical group (p12 had a better final GOS relative to conservatively treated ones. There was no statistically significant difference in GOS on the 30thday of treatment for both groups. The mortality of 4.3% was significantly lower in the surgical group (p60cc) in male patients with progressive impairment of consciousness.

Published
2019
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4. Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017

Author

F D’Ammando, C M Raiteri, M Villata, J A Acosta-Pulido, I Agudo, A A Arkharov, R Bachev, G V Baida, E Benítez, G A Borman, W Boschin, V Bozhilov, M S Butuzova, P Calcidese, M I Carnerero, D Carosati, C Casadio, N Castro-Segura, W-P Chen, G Damljanovic, A Di Paola, J Echevarría, N V Efimova, Sh A Ehgamberdiev, C Espinosa, A Fuentes, A Giunta, J L Gómez, T S Grishina, M A Gurwell, D Hiriart, H Jermak, B Jordan, S G Jorstad, M Joshi, G N Kimeridze, E N Kopatskaya, K Kuratov, O M Kurtanidze, S O Kurtanidze, A Lähteenmäki, V M Larionov, E G Larionova, L V Larionova, C Lázaro, C S Lin, M P Malmrose, A P Marscher, K Matsumoto, B McBreen, R Michel, B Mihov, M Minev, D O Mirzaqulov, S N Molina, J W Moody, D A Morozova, S V Nazarov, A A Nikiforova, M G Nikolashvili, J M Ohlert, N Okhmat, E Ovcharov, F Pinna, T A Polakis, C Protasio, T Pursimo, F J Redondo-Lorenzo, N Rizzi, G Rodriguez-Coira, K Sadakane, A C Sadun, M R Samal, S S Savchenko, E Semkov, L Sigua, B A Skiff, L Slavcheva-Mihova, P S Smith, I A Steele, A Strigachev, J Tammi, C Thum, M Tornikoski, Yu V Troitskaya, I S Troitsky, A A Vasilyev, O Vince, T Hovatta, S Kiehlmann, W Max-Moerbeck, A C S Readhead, R Reeves, T J Pearson, T Mufakharov, Yu V Sotnikova, and M G Mingaliev

Published
2019
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5. The beamed jet and quasar core of the distant blazar 4C 71.07

Author

C M Raiteri, M Villata, M I Carnerero, J A Acosta-Pulido, D O Mirzaqulov, V M Larionov, P Romano, S Vercellone, I Agudo, A A Arkharov, U Bach, R Bachev, S Baitieri, G A Borman, W Boschin, V Bozhilov, M S Butuzova, P Calcidese, D Carosati, C Casadio, W-P Chen, G Damljanovic, A Di Paola, V T Doroshenko, N V Efimova, Sh A Ehgamberdiev, M Giroletti, J L Gómez, T S Grishina, S Ibryamov, H Jermak, S G Jorstad, G N Kimeridze, S A Klimanov, E N Kopatskaya, O M Kurtanidze, S O Kurtanidze, A Lähteenmäki, E G Larionova, A P Marscher, B Mihov, M Minev, S N Molina, J W Moody, D A Morozova, S V Nazarov, A A Nikiforova, M G Nikolashvili, E Ovcharov, S Peneva, S Righini, N Rizzi, A C Sadun, M R Samal, S S Savchenko, E Semkov, L A Sigua, L Slavcheva-Mihova, I A Steele, A Strigachev, M Tornikoski, Yu V Troitskaya, I S Troitsky, and O Vince

Published
2019
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6. Rapid quasi-periodic oscillations in the relativistic jet of BL Lacertae

Author

S. G. Jorstad, A. P. Marscher, C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, Z. R. Weaver, H. Zhang, L. Dong, J. L. Gómez, M. V. Perel, S. S. Savchenko, V. M. Larionov, D. Carosati, W. P. Chen, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Marchini, K. Matsumoto, F. Mortari, P. Aceti, J. A. Acosta-Pulido, T. Andreeva, G. Apolonio, C. Arena, A. Arkharov, R. Bachev, M. Banfi, G. Bonnoli, G. A. Borman, V. Bozhilov, M. I. Carnerero, G. Damljanovic, S. A. Ehgamberdiev, D. Elsässer, A. Frasca, D. Gabellini, T. S. Grishina, A. C. Gupta, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, M. K. Hallum, M. Hart, K. Hasuda, F. Hemrich, H. Y. Hsiao, S. Ibryamov, T. R. Irsmambetova, D. V. Ivanov, M. D. Joner, G. N. Kimeridze, S. A. Klimanov, J. Knött, E. N. Kopatskaya, S. O. Kurtanidze, A. Kurtenkov, T. Kuutma, E. G. Larionova, S. Leonini, H. C. Lin, C. Lorey, K. Mannheim, G. Marino, M. Minev, D. O. Mirzaqulov, D. A. Morozova, A. A. Nikiforova, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Ovcharov, R. Papini, T. Pursimo, I. Rahimov, D. Reinhart, T. Sakamoto, F. Salvaggio, E. Semkov, D. N. Shakhovskoy, L. A. Sigua, R. Steineke, M. Stojanovic, A. Strigachev, Y. V. Troitskaya, I. S. Troitskiy, A. Tsai, A. Valcheva, A. A. Vasilyev, O. Vince, L. Waller, E. Zaharieva, R. Chatterjee, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), and European Commission

Subjects
High-energy astrophysics, Multidisciplinary, Astrophysical magnetic fields, High-energy astrophysics, Time-domain astronomy, Time-domain astronomy, Astrophysical magnetic fields
Abstract

Full list of authors: Jorstad, S. G.; Marscher, A. P.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M.; Weaver, Z. R.; Zhang, H.; Dong, L.; Gomez, J. L.; Perel, M., V; Savchenko, S. S.; Larionov, V. M.; Carosati, D.; Chen, W. P.; Kurtanidze, O. M.; Marchini, A.; Matsumoto, K.; Mortari, F.; Aceti, P.; Acosta-Pulido, J. A.; Andreeva, T.; Apolonio, G.; Arena, C.; Arkharov, A.; Bachev, R.; Bonnoli, G.; Borman, G. A.; Bozhilov, V; Carnerero, M., I; Damljanovic, G.; Ehgamberdiev, S. A.; Elsasser, D.; Frasca, A.; Gabellini, D.; Grishina, T. S.; Gupta, A. C.; Hagen-Thorn, V. A.; Hallum, M. K.; Hart, M.; Hasuda, K.; Hemrich, F.; Hsiao, H. Y.; Ibryamov, S.; Irsmambetova, T. R.; Ivanov, D., V; Joner, M. D.; Kimeridze, G. N.; Klimanov, S. A.; Knoett, J.; Kopatskaya, E. N.; Kurtanidze, S. O.; Kurtenkov, A.; Kuutma, T.; Larionova, E. G.; Leonini, S.; Lin, H. C.; Lorey, C.; Mannheim, K.; Marino, G.; Minev, M.; Mirzaqulov, D. O.; Morozova, D. A.; Nikiforova, A. A.; Nikolashvili, M. G.; Ovcharov, E.; Papini, R.; Pursimo, T.; Rahimov, I; Reinhart, D.; Sakamoto, T.; Salvaggio, F.; Semkov, E.; Shakhovskoy, D. N.; Sigua, L. A.; Steineke, R.; Stojanovic, M.; Strigachev, A.; Troitskaya, Y., V; Troitskiy, I. S.; Tsai, A.; Valcheva, A.; Vasilyev, A. A.; Vince, O.; Waller, L.; Zaharieva, E.; Chatterjee, R., Blazars are active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets whose non-thermal radiation is extremely variable on various timescales1,2,3. This variability seems mostly random, although some quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), implying systematic processes, have been reported in blazars and other AGN. QPOs with timescales of days or hours are especially rare4 in AGN and their nature is highly debated, explained by emitting plasma moving helically inside the jet5, plasma instabilities6,7 or orbital motion in an accretion disc7,8. Here we report results of intense optical and γ-ray flux monitoring of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) during a dramatic outburst in 2020 (ref. 9). BL Lac, the prototype of a subclass of blazars10, is powered by a 1.7 × 108 MSun (ref. 11) black hole in an elliptical galaxy (distance = 313 megaparsecs (ref. 12)). Our observations show QPOs of optical flux and linear polarization, and γ-ray flux, with cycles as short as approximately 13 h during the highest state of the outburst. The QPO properties match the expectations of current-driven kink instabilities6 near a recollimation shock about 5 parsecs (pc) from the black hole in the wake of an apparent superluminal feature moving down the jet. Such a kink is apparent in a microwave Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) image. © 2022 Springer Nature Limited., The research reported here is based on work supported in part by US National Science Foundation grants AST-2108622 and AST-2107806, and NASA Fermi GI grants 80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC21K1917 and 80NSSC21K1951; by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia under contract FR-19-6174; by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants DN 18-10/2017, DN 18-13/2017, KP-06-H28/3 (2018), KP-06-H38/4 (2019) and KP-06-KITAJ/2 (2020), and by National RI Roadmap Project D01-383/18.12.2020 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria; by JSPS KAKENHI grant #19K03930 of Japan; by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract 451-03-9/2021-14/200002) and observing grant support from the Institute of Astronomy and Rozhen NAO BAS through the bilateral joint research project ‘Gaia Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) and fast variable astronomical objects’; by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015 and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF). H.Z. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by ORAU. M.V.P. is partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 20-02-00490. G.B. acknowledges support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and from the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacíon’ (MICINN) through grant PID2019-107847RB-C44. M.D.J. thanks the Brigham Young University Department of Physics and Astronomy for continued support of the extragalactic monitoring programme under way at the West Mountain Observatory. R.C. thanks ISRO for support under the AstroSat archival data utilization programme and BRNS for support through a project grant (sanction no. 57/14/10/2019-BRNS). The measurements at the Hans Haffner Observatory, Hettstadt, Germany, were supported by Baader Planetarium, Mammendorf, Germany. This study was based (in part) on observations conducted using the 1.8-m Perkins Telescope Observatory (PTO) in Arizona, USA, which is owned and operated by Boston University. These results made use of the Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) at Lowell Observatory. Lowell Observatory is a private, non-profit institution dedicated to astrophysical research and public appreciation of astronomy, and operates the LDT in partnership with Boston University, the University of Maryland and the University of Toledo. This paper is partly based on observations made with the IAC-80 operated on the island of Tenerife by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide and on observations made with the LCOGT telescopes, one of whose nodes is located at the Observatorios de Canarias del IAC on the island of Tenerife in the Observatorio del Teide. This paper is partly based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The VLBA is an instrument of the NRAO, USA. The NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

Published
2022

7. Low-level laser light in the rehabilitation of cancer patients

Author

Yu. Yu. Gorchak, G. P. Guens, E. N. Prazdnikov, M. L. Stakhanov, D. N. Reshetov, D. A. Khlanta, V. B. Knyazkov, and S. E. Ovcharov

Abstract

Despite of an obvious success in the management of cancer patients and in the quality of medical care for them, however there are still open questions on the effectiveness of prevention and treatment of complications after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, as well as on the quality of comprehensive rehabilitation of such patients. One of the possible ways to solve these issues is low-level laser therapy.Laser therapy in Russia has been successfully used in many areas of modern clinical medicine for more than 50 years; it is still developing and improving. Main advantages of laser therapy are simplicity, comfort, and safety for patients, as well as low costs.The widespread use of low-level laser light has experimental and clinical justification. Awareness in principles of dosing, methodological features of laser procedures, justified prescription and strict compliance with indications and contraindications can ensure high effectiveness of the discussed therapy in oncologic patients.

Published
2022

8. The optical behaviour of BL Lacertae at its maximum brightness levels: a blend of geometry and energetics

Author

C M Raiteri, M Villata, S G Jorstad, A P Marscher, J A Acosta Pulido, D Carosati, W P Chen, M D Joner, S O Kurtanidze, C Lorey, A Marchini, K Matsumoto, D O Mirzaqulov, S S Savchenko, A Strigachev, O Vince, P Aceti, G Apolonio, C Arena, A Arkharov, R Bachev, N Bader, M Banfi, G Bonnoli, G A Borman, V Bozhilov, L F Brown, W Carbonell, M I Carnerero, G Damljanovic, V Dhiman, S A Ehgamberdiev, D Elsaesser, M Feige, D Gabellini, D Galán, G Galli, H Gaur, K Gazeas, T S Grishina, A C Gupta, V A Hagen-Thorn, M K Hallum, M Hart, K Hasuda, K Heidemann, B Horst, W-J Hou, S Ibryamov, R Z Ivanidze, M D Jovanovic, G N Kimeridze, S Kishore, S Klimanov, E N Kopatskaya, O M Kurtanidze, P Kushwaha, D J Lane, E G Larionova, S Leonini, H C Lin, K Mannheim, G Marino, M Minev, A Modaressi, D A Morozova, F Mortari, S V Nazarov, M G Nikolashvili, J Otero Santos, E Ovcharov, R Papini, V Pinter, C A Privitera, T Pursimo, D Reinhart, J Roberts, F D Romanov, K Rosenlehner, T Sakamoto, F Salvaggio, K Schoch, E Semkov, J Seufert, D Shakhovskoy, L A Sigua, C Singh, R Steineke, M Stojanovic, T Tripathi, Y V Troitskaya, I S Troitskiy, A Tsai, A Valcheva, A A Vasilyev, K Vrontaki, Z R Weaver, J H F Wooley, E Zaharieva, and A V Zhovtan

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

In 2021 BL Lacertae underwent an extraordinary activity phase, which was intensively followed by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration. We present the WEBT optical data in the BVRI bands acquired at 36 observatories around the world. In mid 2021 the source showed its historical maximum, with R = 11.14. The light curves display many episodes of intraday variability, whose amplitude increases with source brightness, in agreement with a geometrical interpretation of the long-term flux behaviour. This is also supported by the long-term spectral variability, with an almost achromatic trend with brightness. In contrast, short-term variations are found to be strongly chromatic and are ascribed to energetic processes in the jet. We also analyse the optical polarimetric behaviour, finding evidence of a strong correlation between the intrinsic fast variations in flux density and those in polarisation degree, with a time delay of about 13 h. This suggests a common physical origin. The overall behaviour of the source can be interpreted as the result of two mechanisms: variability on time scales greater than several days is likely produced by orientation effects, while either shock waves propagating in the jet, or magnetic reconnection, possibly induced by kink instabilities in the jet, can explain variability on shorter time scales. The latter scenario could also account for the appearance of quasi-periodic oscillations, with periods from a few days to a few hours, during outbursts, when the jet is more closely aligned with our line of sight and the time scales are shortened by relativistic effects., Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Published
2023
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9. High Grade Glioma Surgery - Clinical Aspects and Prognosis

Author

Mladen E. Ovcharov, Iliya I. Duhlenski, Iliya V. Valkov, Nikolay V. Vasilev, and Milan Mladenovsk

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Malignancy, Neurosurgical Procedures, Lesion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Chi-square test, Humans, In patient, Bulgaria, Survival rate, Neoplasm Staging, Retrospective Studies, High-Grade Glioma, gross total, Relative efficacy, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, high grade gliom, Glioma, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Prognosis, medicine.disease, extent of resection, Surgery, Survival Rate, 030104 developmental biology, Medicine, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, medicine.symptom, business, Median survival, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Introduction: High grade gliomas (HGG) are a group of tumors with infiltrative nature in general. Surgery is the first step in their treatment. It can be beneficial in two aspects: firstly, in establishing normal intracranial pressure and, secondly, in reducing the tumour volume. The choice of method depends on the location of the lesion, the expected grade of malignancy, and the general condition of the patient. Despite constant development of neuro-oncology and microsurgical techniques, the 5-year survival rate in patients with HGG remains less than 10% and the median survival is still less than 2 years. Aim: At present, there is no final therapeutic “segment” to provide a better outcome than the complex treatment of HGG. Moreover, the treatment’s relative efficacy and recurrence of these tumours carry an additional problem. The aim of this study was to estimate the overall survival of patients with HGG operated in our clinic and compare it with literature data. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-one cranial operations for HGG were reviewed (conducted between 2014 and 2019). Summary characteristics of the various parameters were presented in respect to the radical nature of the operative intervention using Kaplan-Meier analysis and chi square tests. All patients were followed up at regular check-ups. Results: HGGs were 103 or 85.12% of all gliomas operated for the 2014-2019 period. The most common cases were in the 51 to 60 age group. The cases in men were twice as common. The most common localization of the neoplasm is in the temporal region (36.36%) and the rarest was found in the occipital region (3.30%). It was estimated that our operated patients with HGG had 12.23 months over-all survival. Gross total resected patients had a median survival (OS) of 14.53 months, while subtotal resected patients had a median survival (OS) of 10.44 months. It is estimated 7.97 months free tumor survival period (time to relapse - FTS) for our operated patients with HGG. Gross total resected patients had a median FTS of 10.88 months, while subtotal resected patients had median FTS of 5.70 months. We noticed permanent new neurological deficit (NND) in 20 patients (19.45%) operated with GTR, and in 5 patients (4.85%) operated with STR. Conclusions: Median survival - OS, free tumor survival period - FTS and new neurological deficit - NND were statistically significant (p

Published
2021

10. Clinical Outcomes After Standard Discectomy and Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Single-Center Study

Author

Mladen E. Ovcharov

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, General Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Single Center, Surgery, 03 medical and health sciences, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Discectomy, Medicine, Lumbar disc herniation, business
Abstract

Summary Unsatisfactory results from lumbar disc herniation (LDH) conservative treatment suggest referral of patients for neurosurgical treatment. The time required for such a decision is considered to be about 4-6 weeks. In most cases, surgery quickly relieves pain symptoms, all along with the restoration of patient functions. The optimal surgical technique for LDH is theoretically controversial. We consider two discectomy methods as quite effective in our clinic: standard open discectomy (SD) and microdiscectomy (MD). Many retrospective studies have demonstrated the superiority of one of these techniques. Most studies describe microdiscectomy as a golden standard for surgical treatment of symptomatic disc herniation. We focused on the clinical aspects and correlations in the surgical treatment of LDH, as presented in the literature. The patients we present were divided by type of surgical procedure (SD or MD), and other parameters: sex, age, duration of symptoms, blood loss, duration of the operation, reoperation rate, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). We used chi-square tests (ANOVA analysis) and directional measures to determine statistically significant data. Five hundred eighty-nine single-level lumbar discectomies were performed for five years (2012-2017), and all the patients presented with classical signs of the condition, i.e., vertebral and radicular syndromes. SD was performed on 498 patients, and MD – on 91 patients. Analyses of the parameters mean VAS values of lumbar and leg pain postoperatively, and within one month after surgery demonstrated statistically significant differences between standard and microdiscectomy (p

Published
2020

11. Radical Resection of Cerebellar Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma - A 22-Year Survival: A Case Report

Author

Mladen E. Ovcharov, Milan N. Mladenovski, Nikolay V. Vasilev, Iliya I. Duhlenski, and Iliya V. Valkov

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, General Engineering, medicine, Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma, business, Radical resection, Surgery
Abstract

Summary Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) is a low-grade glioma, a most common astrocytoma in young patients. It is a tumor with relatively well-defined margins. Pilocytic astrocytomas (PA) comprise approximately 5-6% of all gliomas. Gross total resection ensures a radical cure of patients and long-time survival. In the literature, the data on the survival rate of more than 20 years is scarce. A 5.5-year old boy with a history of 3-month complaints of headache, dizziness, and vomiting was diagnosed after CT to harbour a hypodense cerebellar tumor mass, situated in the midline-right hemisphere. The compression of the fourth ventricle resulted in rostral hydrocephalus with transependymal resorption. Within a week, a VP shunt was applied, followed by a radical Nafziger-Town operation. Gross total resection of the tumor was achieved. Profound clinical improvement was observed immediately after the operation. Postoperative CT scans, including the ones 22 years after the operation, remained practically normal. The patient is now 28-year old and is a perspective economist now. He leads a healthy working life. In general, the prognosis is excellent. If the tumor is completely removed by surgery, the chances of being “cured” are very high. Pilocytic astrocytoma has a five-year survival rate in over 96 percent in children and young adults, which is one of the highest survival rates of any brain tumor. However, there is even a small percent possibility for malignant transformation (1-4%).

Published
2020

12. Cherenkov Telescope Array : the World’s largest VHE gamma-ray observatory

Author

Roberta Zanin, H. Abdalla, H. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abusleme, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, V. Acin Portella, K. Ackley, R. Adam, C. Adams, S.S. Adhikari, I. Aguado Ruesga, I. Agudo, R. Aguilera, A. Aguirre Santaella, F. Aharonian, A. Alberdi, R. Alfaro, J. Alfaro, C. Alispach, R. Aloisio, R. Alves Batista, J.P. Amans, L. Amati, E. Amato, L. Ambrogi, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, R. Ammendola, J. Anderson, M. Anduze, E.O. Anguner, L.A. Antonelli, V. Antonuccio, P. Antoranz, R. Anutarawiramkul, J. Aragunde Gutierrez, C. Aramo, A. Araudo, M. Araya, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, V. Arendt, C. Armand, T. Armstrong, F. Arqueros, L. Arrabito, B. Arsioli, M. Artero, K. Asano, Y. Ascasibar, J. Aschersleben, M. Ashley, P. Attina, P. Aubert, C. B. Singh, D. Baack, A. Babic, M. Backes, V. Baena, S. Bajtlik, A. Baktash, C. Balazs, M. Balbo, O. Ballester, J. Ballet, B. Balmaverde, A. Bamba, R. Bandiera, A. Baquero Larriva, P. Barai, C. Barbier, V. Barbosa Martins, M. Barcelo, M. Barkov, M. Barnard, L. Baroncelli, U. Barres de Almeida, J.A. Barrio, D. Bastieri, P.I. Batista, I. Batkovic, C. Bauer, R. Bautista González, J. Baxter, U. Becciani, J. Becerra González, Y. Becherini, G. Beck, J. Becker Tjus, W. Bednarek, A. Belfiore, L. Bellizzi, R. Belmont, W. Benbow, D. Berge, E. Bernardini, M.I. Bernardos, K. Bernlöhr, A. Berti, M. Berton, B. Bertucci, V. Beshley, N. Bhatt, S. Bhattacharyya, W. Bhattacharyya, B. Y. Bi, G. Bicknell, N. Biederbeck, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, R. Bird, E. Bissaldi, J. Biteau, M. Bitossi, O. Blanch, M. Blank, J. Blazek, J. Bobin, C. Boccato, F. Bocchino, C. Boehm, M. Bohacova, C. Boisson, J. Boix, J.P. Bolle, J. Bolmont, G. Bonanno, C. Bonavolontà, L. Bonneau Arbeletche, G. Bonnoli, P. Bordas, J. Borkowski, R. Bose, D. Bose, Z. Bosnjak, E. Bottacini, Markus Böttcher, M.T. Botticella, C. Boutonnet, F. Bouyjou, V. Bozhilov, E. Bozzo, L. Brahimi, C. Braiding, S. Brau Nogue, S. Breen, J. Bregeon, M. Breuhaus, A. Brill, W. Brisken, E. Brocato, A.M. Brown, K. Brügge, P. Brun, F. Brun, L. Brunetti, G. Brunetti, P. Bruno, A. Bruno, A. Bruzzese, N. Bucciantini, J. H. Buckley, R. Bühler, A. Bulgarelli, T. Bulik, M. Bünning, M. Bunse, M. Burton, A. Burtovoi, M. Buscemi, S. Buschjager, G. Busetto, J. Buss, K. Byrum, A. Caccianiga, F. Cadoux, A. Calanducci, C. Calderon, J. Calvo Tovar, R. A. Cameron, P. Campana, R. Canestrari, F. Cangemi, B. Cantlay, M. Capalbi, M. Capasso, M. Cappi, A. Caproni, R. Capuzzo Dolcetta, P. Caraveo, V. Cárdenas, L. Cardiel, M. Cardillo, C. Carlile, S. Caroff, R. Carosi, A. Carosi, E. Carquin, M. Carrere, J.M. Casandjian, S. Casanova, F. Cassol, F. Catalani, O. Catalano, D. Cauz, A. Ceccanti, C. Celestino Silva, K. Cerny, M. Cerruti, E. Chabanne, P. Chadwick, Y. Chai, P. Chambery, C. Champion, S. Chaty, A. Chen, K. Cheng, M. Chernyakova, G. Chiaro, A. Chiavassa, M. Chikawa, V.R. Chitnis, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, S. Cikota, A. Circiello, P. Clark, M. Colak, E. Colombo, S. Colonges, A. Comastri, A. Compagnino, V. Conforti, E. Congiu, R. Coniglione, J. Conrad, F. Conte, J.L. Contreras, P. Coppi, R. Cornat, J. Coronado Blazquez, J. Cortina, A. Costa, H. Costantini, G. Cotter, B. Courty, S. Covino, S. Crestan, P. Cristofari, R. Crocker, J. Croston, K. Cubuk, O. Cuevas, X. Cui, G. Cusumano, S. Cutini, G. D'Amico, F. D'Ammando, P. D'Avanzo, P. Da Vela, M. Dadina, S. Dai, M. Dalchenko, M. Dall'Ora, M.K. Daniel, J. Dauguet, I. Davids, J. Davies, B. Dawson, A. De Angelis, A.E. de Araujo Carvalho, M. de Bony de Lavergne, G. De Cesare, F. de Frondat, I. de la Calle, E. de Gouveia Dal Pino, B. De Lotto, A. De Luca, D. De Martino, M. de Naurois, E. de Ona Wilhelmi, F. De Palma Persio, N. De Simone, V. de Souza Valle, E. Delagnes, G. Deleglise Reznicek, C. Delgado, A.G. Delgado Giler, J. Delgado Mengual Valle, Domenico Della Volpe, D. Depaoli, J. Devin, T. Di Girolamo, C. Di Giulio Pierro, L. Di Venere, C. Díaz, C. Dib, S. Diebold, S. Digel, A. Djannati Atai, J. Djuvsland, A. Dmytriiev, K. Docher, A. Domínguez, D. Dominis Prester, A. Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, Rita Cassia dos Anjos, J.L. Dournaux, T. Downes, G. Drake, H. Drass, D. Dravins, C. Duangchan, A. Duara, G. Dubus, L. Ducci, C. Duffy, D. Dumora, K. Dundas Mora, A. Durkalec, V.V. Dwarkadas, J. Ebr, C. Eckner, J. Eder, E. Edy, K. Egberts, S. Einecke, C. Eleftheriadis, D. Elsässer, G. Emery, D. Emmanoulopoulos, J.P. Ernenwein, M. Errando, P. Escarate, J. Escudero, C. Espinoza, S. Ettori, A. Eungwanichayapant, P. Evans, C. Evoli, M. Fairbairn, D. Falceta Goncalves, A. Falcone, V. Fallah Ramazanı, R. Falomo, K. Farakos, G. Fasola, A. Fattorini, Y. Favre, R. Fedora, E. Fedorova, K. Feijen, Q. Feng, G. Ferrand, G. Ferrara, O. Ferreira, M. Fesquet, E. Fiandrini, A. Fiasson, M. Filipovic, D. Fink, J.P. Finley, V. Fioretti, D.F.G. Fiorillo, M. Fiorini, S. Flis, H. Flores, L. Foffano, C. Fohr, M.V. Fonseca, L. Font, G. Fontaine, O. Fornieri, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, N. Fouque, B. Fraga, A. Franceschini, F.J. Franco, L. Freixas Coromina, L. Fresnillo, D. Fugazza, Y. Fujita, S. Fukami, Y. Fukazawa, D. Fulla, S. Funk, A. Furniss, S. Gabici, D. Gaggero, G. Galanti, P. Galdemard, Y. A. Gallant, D. Galloway, S. Gallozzi, V. Gammaldi, R. Garcia, L. E. García-Muñoz, E. Garcia Lopez, F. Gargano, C. Gargano, S. Garozzo, D. Gascon, T. Gasparetto, D. Gasparrini, H. Gasparyan, M. Gaug, N. Geffroy, A. Gent, S. Germani, A. Ghalumyan, A. Ghedina, G. Ghirlanda, F. Gianotti, S. Giarrusso, M. Giarrusso, G. Giavitto, B. Giebels, N. Giglietto, V. Gika, F. Gillardo, R. Gimenes, F. Giordano, E. Giro, M. Giroletti, Andrea Giuliani, M. Gjaja, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Gliwny, H. Goksu, P. Goldoni, J.L. Gomez, M.M. Gonzalez, Juan Manuel Gonzalez, K.S. Gothe, D. Gotz Coelho, T. Grabarczyk, R. Graciani, P. Grandi, G. Grasseau, D. Grasso, D. Green, J. Green, T. Greenshaw, P. Grespan, A. Grillo, M.H. Grondin, J. Grube, V. Guarino, B. Guest, O. Gueta, M. Günduz, S. Gunji, G. Gyuk, J. Hackfeld, D. Hadasch, L. Hagge, A. Hahn, J.E. Hajlaoui, A. Halim, P. Hamal, W. Hanlon, Y. Harada, M.J. Hardcastle, M. Harvey Collado, T. Haubold, A. Haupt, M. Havelka, K. Hayashi, M. Hayashida, H. He, L. Heckmann, M. Heller, F. Henault, Gilles Henri, G. Hermann, S. Hernández Cadena, J. Herrera Llorente, O. Hervet, J. Hinton, A. Hiramatsu, K. Hirotani, B. Hnatyk, R. Hnatyk, J.K. Hoang, D. H.H. Hoffmann, C. Hoischen, J. Holder, M. Holler, B. Hona, D. Horan, Dieter Horns, P. Horvath, J. Houles, M. Hrabovsky, D. Hrupec, Y. Huang, J.‑M. Huet, G. Hughes, G. Hull, T.B. Humensky, M. Hütten, M. Iarlori, J.M. Illa, R. Imazawa, T. Inada, F. Incardona, A. Ingallinera, S. Inoue, T. Inoue, Y. Inoue, F. Iocco, K. Ioka, M. Ionica, S. Iovenitti, A. Iriarte, K. Ishio, W. Ishizaki, Y. Iwamura, J. Jacquemier, M. Jacquemont, M. Jamrozy, P. Janecek, F. Jankowsky, A. JardinBlicq, C. Jarnot, P. Jean Martínez, L. Jocou, N. Jordana, M. Josselin, I. JungRichardt, F.J.P.A. Junqueira, C. Juramy Gilles, P. Kaaret, L.H.S. Kadowaki, M. Kagaya, R. Kankanyan, D. Kantzas, V. Karas, A. Karastergiou, S. Karkar, J. Kasperek, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, K. Katarzynski, S. Katsuda, N. Kawanaka, D. Kazanas, D. Kerszberg, B. Khélifi, M.C. Kherlakian, T.P. Kian, D.B. Kieda, T. Kihm, S. Kim, S. Kisaka, R. Kissmann, R. Kleijwegt, G. Kluge, W. Kluźniak, J. Knapp, A. Kobakhidze, Y. Kobayashi, B. Koch, J. Kocot, K. Kohri, N. Komin, A. Kong, K. Kosack, F. Krack, M. Krause, F. Krennrich, H. Kubo, V. N. Kudryavtsev, S. Kunwar, J. Kushida, P. Kushwaha, Barbera Parola, G. La Rosa, R. Lahmann, A. Lamastra, M. Landoni, D. Landriu, R.G. Lang, J. Lapington, P. Laporte, P. Lason, J. Lasuik, J. Lazendic Galloway, T. Le Flour, P. Le Sidaner, S. Leach, S.H. Lee, W.H. Lee, S. Lee Oliveira, A. Lemiere, M. Lemoine Goumard, J.P. Lenain, F. Leone, V. Leray, G. Leto, F. Leuschner, R. Lindemann, E. Lindfors, L. Linhoff, I. Liodakis, A. Lipniacka, M. Lobo, Thomas Lohse, S. Lombardi, A. Lopez, M. Lopez, R. Lopez Coto, F. Louis, M. Louys, F. Lucarelli, H. Ludwig Boudi, P.L. Luque Escamilla, M.C. Maccarone, E. Mach, A.J. Maciejewski, J. Mackey, P. Maeght, C. Maggio, G. Maier, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, R. Malta Nunes de Almeida, D. Malyshev, D. Mandat, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, P. Manigot, K. Mannheim, N. Maragos, D. Marano, M. Marconi, A. Marcowith, M. Marculewicz, B. Marcun, J. Marin, N. Marinello, P. Marinos, S. Markoff, P. Marquez, G. Marsella, J. M. Martin, P. G. Martin, M. Martinez, G. Martinez, O. Martinez, H. Martinez Huerta, C. Marty, R. Marx, N. Masetti, P. Massimino, H. Matsumoto, N. Matthews, G. Maurin, W. Max Moerbeck, N. Maxted, M.N. Mazziotta, S.M. Mazzola, J.D. Mbarubucyeye, L. Mc Comb, I. McHardy, S. McKeague, S. McMuldroch, E. Medina, D. Medina Miranda, A. Melandri, C. Melioli, D. Melkumyan, S. Menchiari, S. Mereghetti, G. Merino Arevalo, E. Mestre, J.L. Meunier, T. Meures, S. Micanovic, M. Miceli, M. Michailidis, J. Michalowski, T. Miener, I. Mievre, J. D. Miller, T. Mineo, M. Minev, J.M. Miranda, A. Mitchell, T. Mizuno, B. A. Mode, R. Moderski, L. Mohrmann, E. Molinari, T. Montaruli, I. Monteiro, C. Moore, A. Moralejo, D. Morcuende Parrilla, E. Moretti, K. Mori, P. Moriarty, K. Morik, P. Morris, A. Morselli, K. Mosshammer, R. Mukherjee, J. Muller, C. Mundell, J. Mundet, T. Murach, A. Muraczewski, H. Muraishi, I. Musella, A. Musumarra, A. Nagai, S. Nagataki, T. Naito, T. Nakamori, K. Nakashima, K. Nakayama, N. Nakhjiri, G. Naletto, D. Naumann, L. Nava, M.A. Nawaz, H. Ndiyavala, D. Neise, L. Nellen, R. Nemmen, N. Neyroud, K. Ngernphat, T. Nguyen Trung, L. Nicastro, L. Nickel, J. Niemiec, D. Nieto, C. Nigro, M. Nikołajuk, D. Ninci, K. Noda, Y. Nogami, S. Nolan, R. P. Norris, D. Nosek, M. Nöthe, V. Novotny, S. Nozaki, F. Nunio, P. O'Brien, K. Obara, Y. Ohira, M. Ohishi, S. Ohm, T. Oka, N. Okazaki, A. Okumura, C. Oliver, G. Olivera, B. Olmi, M. Orienti, R. Orito, M. Orlandini, E. Orlando, J.P. Osborne, M. Ostrowski, N. Otte, E. Ovcharov, E. Owen, I. Oya, A. Ozieblo, M. Padovani, A. Pagliaro, A. Paizis, M. Palatiello, M. Palatka, E. Palazzi, J.‑L. Panazol, D. Paneque, S. Panny, Francesca Romana Pantaleo, M. Panter, M. Paolillo, A. Papitto, A. Paravac, J.M. Paredes, G. Pareschi, N. Parmiggiani, R.D. Parsons, P. Paśko, S. R. Patel, B. Patricelli, L. Pavletic, S. Pavy, A. Peer, M. Pecimotika, M.G. Pellegriti, P. Peñil Del Campo, A. Pepato, S. Perard, C. Perennes, M. Peresano, A. Perez Aguilera, J. Perez Romero, M.A. Perez Torres, M. Persic, P. O. Petrucci, O. Petruk, B. Peyaud, K. Pfrang, E. Pian, P. Piatteli, E. Pietropaolo, R. Pillera, D. Pimentel, F. Pintore, C. Pio Garcia, G. Pirola, F. Piron, S. Pita, M. Pohl, V. Poireau, A. Pollo, M. Polo, C. Pongkitivanichkul, J. Porthault, J. Powell, D. Pozo, R.R. Prado, E. Prandini, J. Prast, K. Pressard, G. Principe, N. Produit, D. Prokhorov, H. Prokoph, H. Przybilski, E. Pueschel, G. Pühlhofer, I. Puljak, M.L. Pumo, M. Punch, F. Queiroz, J. Quinn, A. Quirrenbach, P.J. Rajda, R. Rando, S. Razzaque, S. Recchia, P. Reichherzer, O. Reimer, A. Reisenegger, Q. Remy, M. Renaud, T. Reposeur, B. Reville, J.M. Reymond, J. Reynolds, D. Ribeiro, M. Ribo, G. Richards, J. Rico, F. Rieger, L. Riitano, M. Riquelme, D. Riquelme, S. Rivoire, V. Rizi, E. Roache, M. Roche, J. Rodriguez, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.C. Rodriguez Ramirez, J.J. Rodriguez Vazquez, G. Rojas, P. Romano, G. Romeo Lobato, C. Romoli, M. Roncadelli, J. Rosado, A. Rosales de Leon, G. Rowell, A. Rugliancich, J.E. Ruiz del Mazo, C. Rulten, C. Russell, F. Russo Hatlen, S. Safi Harb, L. Saha, V. Sahakian, S. Sailer, T. Saito, N. Sakaki, S. Sakurai, G. Salina, H. Salzmann, D. Sanchez, H. Sandaker, A. Sandoval, P. Sangiorgi, M. Sanguillon, H. Sano, M. Santander, A. Santangelo, R. Santos Lima, A. Sanuy, L. Sapozhnikov, T. Saric, S. Sarkar, H. Sasaki, N. Sasaki, Y. Sato, F.G. Saturni, M. Sawada, J. Schaefer, A. Scherer, J. Scherpenberg, P. Schipani, B. Schleicher, J. Schmoll, M. Schneider, H. Schoorlemmer, P. Schovanek, F. Schussler, B. Schwab, U. Schwanke, J. Schwarz, E. Sciacca, S. Scuderi, M. Seglar Arroyo, I. Seitenzahl, D. Semikoz, O. Sergijenko, J.E. Serna Franco, Karol Seweryn, V. Sguera, A. Shalchi, R.Y. Shang, P. Sharma, L. Sidoli, J. Sieiro, H. Siejkowski, A. Sillanpaa, B.B. Singh, K.K. Singh, A. Sinha, C. Siqueira, J. Sitarek, P. Sizun, V. Sliusar, D. Sobczynska, R.W. Sobrinho, H. Sol, G. Sottile, H. Spackman, S. Spencer, G. Spengler, D. Spiga, W. Springer, A. Stamerra, S. Stanic, R. Starling, Ł. Stawarz, Stanislav Stefanik, C. Stegmann, A. Steiner, S. Steinmassl, C. Stella, R. Sternberger, M. Sterzel, C. Stevens, B. Stevenson, T. Stolarczyk, G. Stratta, U. Straumann, J. Striskovic, M. Strzys, R. Stuik, M. Suchenek, Y. Sunada, Tiina Suomijarvi, T. Suric, H. Suzuki, P. Swierk, T. Szepieniec, K. Tachihara, G. Tagliaferri, H. Tajima, N. Tajima, D. Tak, H. Takahashi, M. Takahashi, J. Takata, R. Takeishi, T. Tam, M. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, S. Tanaka, M. Tavani, F. Tavecchio, T. Tavernier, A. Russ Taylor, L.A. Tejedor, P. Temnikov, K. Terauchi, J.C. Terrazas, R. Terrier, T. Terzic, M. Teshima, D. Thibaut, F. Thocquenne, W. Tian, L. Tibaldo, A. Tiengo, M. Tluczykont, C.J. Todero Peixoto, K. Toma, L. Tomankova, J. Tomastik, M. Tornikoski, D.F. Torres, E. Torresi, G. Tosti, L. Tosti, N. Tothill, F. Toussenel, G. Tovmassian, C. Trichard, M. Trifoglio, A. Trois, S. Truzzi, A. Tsiahina, B. Turk, A. Tutone, Y. Uchiyama, P. Utayarat, L. Vaclavek, M. Vacula, V. Vagelli, F. Vagnetti, J.A. Valdivia, M. Valentino, A. Valio, B. Vallage, P. Vallania Quispe, A.M. van den Berg, W. van Driel, C. van Eldik, C. van Rensburg, Brian van Soelen, J. Vandenbroucke, G. Vasileiadis, V. Vassiliev, M. Vazquez Acosta, M. Vecchi, A. Vega, J. Veh, P. Veitch, C. Venter, S. Ventura, S. Vercellone, V. Verguilov, G. Verna, S. Vernetto, V. Verzi, G.P. Vettolani, C. Veyssiere, I. Viale, A. Viana, N. Viaux, J. Vignatti, C.F. Vigorito, J. Villanueva, V. Vitale, V. Vittorini, V. Vodeb, N. Vogel, V. Voisin, S. Vorobiov, M. Vrastil, T. Vuillaume, S.J. Wagner, P. Wagner, K. Wakazono, S.P. Wakely, M. Ward, D. Warren, J. Watson, M. Wechakama, P. Wegner, A. Weinstein, C. Weniger, F. Werner, H. Wetteskind, M. L. White, A. Wierzcholska, S. Wiesand, R. Wijers, M. Wilkinson, M. Will, J. Williams, T. J. Williamson, A. Wolter, Y.W. Wong, M. Wood, T. Yamamoto, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yamane, R. Yamazaki, S. Yanagita, L. Yang, S. Yoo, T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikoshi, P. Yu, A. Yusafzai, Michael Zacharias, B. Zaldivar, L. Zampieri, R. Zanin, R. Zanmar Sanchez, D. Zaric, M. Zavrtanik, D. Zavrtanik, Andrzej Zdziarski, A. Zech, H. Zechlin, A. Zenin, A. Zerwekh, K. Ziętara, A. Zink, J. Ziolkowski, M. Zivec, A. Zmija, Współautorami artykułu są członkowie CTA Observatory, CTA Consortium i LST Collaboration w liczbie 1139, Astronomy, Research unit Nuclear & Hadron Physics, and Research unit Astroparticle Physics

Subjects
Physics, Observatory, Gamma ray, Astronomy
Abstract

Very-high Energy (VHE) gamma-ray astroparticle physics is a relatively young field, and observations over the past decade have surprisingly revealed almost two hundred VHE emitters which appear to act as cosmic particle accelerators. These sources are an important component of the Universe, influencing the evolution of stars and galaxies. At the same time, they also act as a probe of physics in the most extreme environments known - such as in supernova explosions, and around or after the merging of black holes and neutron stars. However, the existing experiments have provided exciting glimpses, but often falling short of supplying the full answer. A deeper understanding of the TeV sky requires a significant improvement in sensitivity at TeV energies, a wider energy coverage from tens of GeV to hundreds of TeV and a much better angular and energy resolution with respect to the currently running facilities. The next generation gamma-ray observatory, the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), is the answer to this need. In this talk I will present this upcoming observatory from its design to the construction, and its potential science exploitation. CTAO will allow the entire astronomical community to explore a new discovery space that will likely lead to paradigm-changing breakthroughs. In particular, CTA has an unprecedented sensitivity to short (sub-minute) timescale phenomena, placing it as a key instrument in the future of multi-messenger and multi-wavelength time domain astronomy. I will conclude the talk presenting the first scientific results obtained by the LST-1, the prototype of one CTAO telescope type - the Large-Sized Telescope, that is currently under commission., PoS: Proceedings of Science, 395, ISSN:1824-8039, Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021)

Published
2022

13. Recurrence Rate of Lumbar Disc Herniation After Standard Discectomy and Microdiscectomy: A 5-Year Study

Author

Iliya V. Valkov, Mladen E. Ovcharov, Nikolay V. Vasilev, and Milan N. Mladenovski

Subjects
030222 orthopedics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, General Engineering, Pharmacy, Surgery, Clinical pharmacy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Discectomy, medicine, Lumbar disc herniation, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Summary Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common pathology in young people, as well as people of active age. Despite sophisticated and new minimally invasive surgical techniques and approaches, reoperations for recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH) could not be avoided. LDH recurrence rates, reported in different studies, range from 5 to 25%. The purpose of this study was to estimate the recurrence rates of LDH after standard discectomy (SD) and microdiscectomy (MD), and compare them to those reported in the literature. Retrospectively, operative reports for the period 2012-2017 were reviewed on LDH surgeries performed at the Neurosurgery Clinic of Dr Georgi Stranski University Hospital in Pleven. Five hundred eighty-nine single-level lumbar discectomies were performed by one neurosurgeon. The diagnoses of recurrent disc herniation were based on the development of new symptoms and magnetic resonance/computed tomography (MRI/CT) images showing compatible lesions in the same lumbar level as the primary lumbar discectomies. The recurrence rate was determined by using chi-square tests and directional measures. SD was the most common procedure (498 patients) followed by MD (91 patients). The cumulative reoperation rate for rLDH was 7.5%. From a total number of reoperations, 26 were males (59.1%) and 18 were females (40.9%). Reoperation rates were 7.6% and 6.6% after SD and MD respectively. The recurrence rate was not significantly higher for SD. Our recurrence rate was 7.5%, which makes it comparable with the rates of 5-25% reported in the literature.

Published
2019

14. Storozhevye limfouzly: ikh poisk i znachenie pri rake molochnoy zhelezy

Author

L Z Vel'sher, Z R Gabuniya, E N Prazdnikov, N V Gvakhariya, A I Luchshev, S E Ovcharov, and Yu V Prilepo

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

На базе ЦКБ им. Н.А.Семашко МПС РФ в рамках договора о совместных научных исследованиях между больницей, Московским государственным медико-стоматологическим университетом и Эванстонским госпиталем (Чикаго, США) начата работа по оценки значения состояния сторожевого лимфоузла: является ли он точным показателем наличия метастазов в лимфоузлах при опухолях различных локализаций.Подводя предварительные итоги исследования, можно отметить, что радионуклидный метод является весьма информативным для определения сторожевых лимфатических узлов.Использование метода выявления сторожевых лимфоузлов позволит изменить объем лимфодиссекции у больных раком молочной железы. Дальнейшие исследования, возможно, позволят избежать расширенных операций и ограничиться удалением только сторожевых лимфоузлов на ранних стадиях заболевания или, наоборот, расширить объем операции

Published
2001

15. A Rare Case of Subtentorial Arterio-Venous Malformation Case Report

Author

Tihomir V. Andreev, Mladen E. Ovcharov, Nachko I. Totsev, and Maya P. Danovska

Subjects
Clinical pharmacy, medicine.medical_specialty, CTA, business.industry, Public health, General surgery, Rare case, medicine, Pharmacy, business, Venous malformation, medicine.disease, subtentorial arteriovenous malformations
Abstract

Summary The majority - over 80%, of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are supratentorial. The infratentorial AVM are uncommon and different from other intracranial AVMs in terms of history, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and follow up. The authors present a case of an intracranial hemorrhage, caused by rupture of an AVM in the posterior cranial fossa. Native (unenhanced) CT and computed tomography angiography (CTA) images of this rare location of AVM are presented.

Published
2013

16. Radio-to-UV monitoring of AO 0235+164 by the WEBT and Swift during the 2006–2007 outburst

Author

C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, V. M. Larionov, M. F. Aller, U. Bach, M. Gurwell, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lähteenmäki, K. Nilsson, A. Volvach, H. D. Aller, A. A. Arkharov, R. Bachev, A. Berdyugin, M. Böttcher, C. S. Buemi, P. Calcidese, E. Cozzi, A. Di Paola, M. Dolci, J. H. Fan, E. Forné, L. Foschini, A. C. Gupta, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, L. Hooks, T. Hovatta, M. Joshi, M. Kadler, G. N. Kimeridze, T. S. Konstantinova, A. Kostov, T. P. Krichbaum, L. Lanteri, L. V. Larionova, C.-U. Lee, P. Leto, E. Lindfors, F. Montagni, R. Nesci, E. Nieppola, M. G. Nikolashvili, J. Ohlert, A. Oksanen, E. Ovcharov, P. Pääkkönen, M. Pasanen, T. Pursimo, J. A. Ros, E. Semkov, L. A. Sigua, R. L. Smart, A. Strigachev, L. O. Takalo, K. Torii, I. Torniainen, M. Tornikoski, C. Trigilio, H. Tsunemi, G. Umana, and A. Valcheva

Subjects
Physics, Time delays, Brightness, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Light curve, Synchrotron, law.invention, Wavelength, Space and Planetary Science, law, Blazar
Abstract

The blazar AO 0235+164 was claimed to show a quasi-periodic behaviour in the radio and optical bands. Moreover, an extra emission component contributing to the UV and soft X-ray flux was detected, whose nature is not yet clear. A predicted optical outburst was observed in late 2006/early 2007. We here present the radio-to-optical WEBT light curves during the outburst, together with UV data acquired by Swift in the same period. We found the optical outburst to be as strong as the big outbursts of the past: starting from late September 2006, a brightness increase of 5 mag led to the outburst peak in February 19-21, 2007. We also observed an outburst at mm and then at cm wavelengths, with an increasing time delay going toward lower frequencies during the rising phase. Cross-correlation analysis indicates that the 1 mm and 37 GHz flux variations lagged behind the R-band ones by about 3 weeks and 2 months, respectively. These short time delays suggest that the corresponding jet emitting regions are only slightly separated and/or misaligned. In contrast, during the outburst decreasing phase the flux faded contemporaneously at all cm wavelengths. This abrupt change in the emission behaviour may suggest the presence of some shutdown mechanism of intrinsic or geometric nature. The behaviour of the UV flux closely follows the optical and near-IR one. By separating the synchrotron and extra component contributions to the UV flux, we found that they correlate, which suggests that the two emissions have a common origin., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, in press for Astronomy and Astrophysics

Published
2008

17. The Whole Earth Blazar Telescope Campaign on the Intermediate BL Lac Object 3C 66A in 2007-2008

Author

Böttcher, M, Fultz, K, Aller, H. D., Aller, M. F., Apodaca, J, Arkharov, A. A., Bach, U, Bache, R, Berdyugin, A, Buemi, C, Calcidese, P, Carosati, D, Charlot, P, Ciprini, S, PAOLA A., Di, Dolci, M, Efimova, N. V., Forné, SCURRATS E., Frasca, A, Gupta, A. C., HAGEN THORN, V. A., Heidt, J, Hiriart, D, Konstantinova, T. S., Kopatskaya, E. N., Lähteenmäki, A, Lanteri, L, Larionov, V. M., Lecampion, J. F., Leto, P, Lindfors, E, Mihov, E, Marilli, E, Nieppola, E, Nilsson, K, OHLERT E, OVCHAROV J. M., Pääkkönen, P, Pasanen, M, Ragozzine, B, Raiteri, C. M., Ros, J. A., Sadun, A, Sanchez, A, Semkov, E, Sorcia, M, Strigachev, A, Takalo, L, Tornikoski, M, Trigilio, Corrado, Umana, G, Valcheva, A, Villata, M, Volvach, A, J. H., Wu, Zhou, X., Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Brightness, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], galaxies: active, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, gamma rays: theory, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, Blazar, BL Lacertae objects: individual: 3C 66A, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, BL Lac object
Abstract

International audience; Prompted by a high optical state in 2007 September, the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope consortium organized an intensive optical, near-IR (JHK) and radio observing campaign on the intermediate BL Lac object 3C 66A throughout the fall and winter of 2007-2008. In this paper, we present data from 28 observatories in 12 countries, covering the observing season from late 2007 July through 2008 February. The source remained in a high optical state throughout the observing period and exhibited several bright flares on timescales of ~10 days. This included an exceptional outburst around 2007 September 15-20, reaching a peak brightness at R~ 13.4. Our campaign revealed microvariability with flux changes up to |dR/dt|~ 0.02 mag hr–1. Our observations do not reveal evidence for systematic spectral variability in the overall high state covered by our campaign, in agreement with previous results. In particular, we do not find evidence for spectral hysteresis in 3C 66A for which hints were found in an earlier campaign in a somewhat lower flux state. We also did not find any evidence for spectral lags in the discrete correlation functions between different optical bands. We infer a value of the magnetic field in the emission region of B~ 19 e 2/7 B τ–6/7 h D 13/7 1 G, where eB is the magnetic field equipartition fraction, τ h is the shortest observed variability timescale in units of hours, and D 1 is the Doppler factor in units of 10. From the lack of systematic spectral variability, we can derive an upper limit on the Doppler factor, D

Published
2009

18. WEBT multiwavelength monitoring and XMM-Newton observations of BL Lacertae in 2007-2008. Unveiling different emission components

Author

C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, A. Capetti, M. F. Aller, U. Bach, P. Calcidese, M. A. Gurwell, V. M. Larionov, J. Ohlert, K. Nilsson, A. Strigachev, I. Agudo, H. D. Aller, R. Bachev, E. Benítez, A. Berdyugin, M. Böttcher, C. S. Buemi, S. Buttiglione, D. Carosati, P. Charlot, W. P. Chen, D. Dultzin, E. Forné, L. Fuhrmann, J. L. Gómez, A. C. Gupta, J. Heidt, D. Hiriart, W.-S. Hsiao, M. Jelínek, S. G. Jorstad, G. N. Kimeridze, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, A. Kostov, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lähteenmäki, L. Lanteri, L. V. Larionova, P. Leto, G. Latev, J.-F. Le Campion, C.-U. Lee, R. Ligustri, E. Lindfors, A. P. Marscher, B. Mihov, M. G. Nikolashvili, Y. Nikolov, E. Ovcharov, D. Principe, T. Pursimo, B. Ragozzine, R. M. Robb, J. A. Ros, A. C. Sadun, R. Sagar, E. Semkov, L. A. Sigua, R. L. Smart, M. Sorcia, L. O. Takalo, M. Tornikoski, C. Trigilio, K. Uckert, G. Umana, A. Valcheva, A. Volvach, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández [Elche] (UMH), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Brightness, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Spectral line, Luminosity, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Blazar, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Line-of-sight, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

In 2007-2008 we carried out a new multiwavelength campaign of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) on BL Lacertae, involving three pointings by the XMM-Newton satellite, to study its emission properties. The source was monitored in the optical-to-radio bands by 37 telescopes. The brightness level was relatively low. Some episodes of very fast variability were detected in the optical bands. The X-ray spectra are well fitted by a power law with photon index of about 2 and photoelectric absorption exceeding the Galactic value. However, when taking into account the presence of a molecular cloud on the line of sight, the data are best fitted by a double power law, implying a concave X-ray spectrum. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) built with simultaneous radio-to-X-ray data at the epochs of the XMM-Newton observations suggest that the peak of the synchrotron emission lies in the near-IR band, and show a prominent UV excess, besides a slight soft-X-ray excess. A comparison with the SEDs corresponding to previous observations with X-ray satellites shows that the X-ray spectrum is extremely variable. We ascribe the UV excess to thermal emission from the accretion disc, and the other broad-band spectral features to the presence of two synchrotron components, with their related SSC emission. We fit the thermal emission with a black body law and the non-thermal components by means of a helical jet model. The fit indicates a disc temperature greater than 20000 K and a luminosity greater than 6 x 10^44 erg/s., 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2009

19. The high activity of 3C 454.3 in autumn 2007. Monitoring by the WEBT during the AGILE detection

Author

C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, W. P. Chen, W.-S. Hsiao, O. M. Kurtanidze, K. Nilsson, V. M. Larionov, M. A. Gurwell, I. Agudo, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, E. Angelakis, A. A. Arkharov, U. Bach, M. Böttcher, C. S. Buemi, P. Calcidese, P. Charlot, F. D'Ammando, I. Donnarumma, E. Forné, A. Frasca, L. Fuhrmann, J. L. Gómez, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, S. G. Jorstad, G. N. Kimeridze, T. P. Krichbaum, A. Lähteenmäki, L. Lanteri, G. Latev, J.-F. Le Campion, C.-U. Lee, P. Leto, H.-C. Lin, N. Marchili, E. Marilli, A. P. Marscher, R. Nesci, E. Nieppola, M. G. Nikolashvili, J. Ohlert, E. Ovcharov, D. Principe, T. Pursimo, B. Ragozzine, A. C. Sadun, L. A. Sigua, R. L. Smart, A. Strigachev, L. O. Takalo, M. Tavani, C. Thum, M. Tornikoski, C. Trigilio, K. Uckert, G. Umana, A. Valcheva, S. Vercellone, A. Volvach, H. Wiesemeyer, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Laboratoire de chimie bactérienne (LCB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, National Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Crystalline Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Insitute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029, China (X.X., G.C., W.C.) (INSITUTE OF GEOLOGY), Insitute of Geology, ECE Dept., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Department of Information Science and Media Studies [Bergen], University of Bergen (UIB), Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Linköping University (LIU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Research Center for Environmental Changes, Institute of Earthquake Prediction Research, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Information Science and Media Studies [Bergen] (UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Raiteri CM, Villata M, Chen WP, Hsiao WS, Kurtanidze OM, Nilsson K, Larionov VM, Gurwell MA, Agudo I, Aller HD, Aller MF, Angelakis E, Arkharov AA, Bach U, Bottcher M, Buemi CS, Calcidese P, Charlot P, DAmmando F, Donnarumma I, Forne E, Frasca A, Fuhrmann L, Gomez JL, Hagen-Thorn VA, Jorstad SG, Kimeridze GN, Krichbaum TP, Lahteenmaki A, Lanteri L, Latev G, Le Campion JF, Lee CU, Leto P, Lin HC, Marchili N, Marilli E, Marscher AP, Nesci R, Nieppola E, Nikolashvili MG, Ohlert J, Ovcharov E, Principe D, Pursimo T, Ragozzine B, Sadun AC, Sigua LA, Smart RL, Strigachev A, Takalo LO, Tavani M, Thum C, Tornikoski M, Trigilio C, Uckert K, Umana G, Valcheva A, Vercellone S, Volvach A, and Wiesemeyer H

Subjects
Brightness, Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Extinction (astronomy), galaxies: active, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, galaxies: active -- galaxies: quasars: general -- galaxies: quasars: individual: 3C 454.3, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], law, 0103 physical sciences, galaxies: quasars: individual: 3C 454.3, Blazar, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Light curve, galaxies: quasars: general, Space and Planetary Science, Satellite
Abstract

The quasar-type blazar 3C 454.3 underwent a phase of high activity in summer and autumn 2007, which was intensively monitored in the radio-to-optical bands by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT). The gamma-ray satellite AGILE detected this source first in late July, and then in November-December 2007. In this letter we present the multifrequency data collected by the WEBT and collaborators during the second AGILE observing period, complemented by a few contemporaneous data from UVOT onboard the Swift satellite. The aim is to trace in detail the behaviour of the synchrotron emission from the blazar jet, and to investigate the contribution from the thermal emission component. Optical data from about twenty telescopes have been homogeneously calibrated and carefully assembled to construct an R-band light curve containing about 1340 data points in 42 days. This extremely well-sampled optical light curve allows us to follow the dramatic flux variability of the source in detail. In addition, we show radio-to-UV spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at different epochs, which represent different brightness levels. In the considered period, the source varied by 2.6 mag in a couple of weeks in the R band. Many episodes of fast (i.e. intranight) variability were observed, most notably on December 12, when a flux increase of about 1.1 mag in 1.5 hours was detected, followed by a steep decrease of about 1.2 mag in 1 hour. The contribution by the thermal component is difficult to assess, due to the uncertainties in the Galactic, and possibly also intrinsic, extinction in the UV band. However, polynomial fitting of radio-to-UV SEDs reveals an increasing spectral bending going towards fainter states, suggesting a UV excess likely due to the thermal emission from the accretion disc., 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters

Published
2008

20. WEBT and XMM-Newton observations of 3C 454.3 during the post-outburst phase. Detection of the little and big blue bumps

Author

C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, V. M. Larionov, T. Pursimo, M. A. Ibrahimov, K. Nilsson, M. F. Aller, O. M. Kurtanidze, L. Foschini, J. Ohlert, I. E. Papadakis, N. Sumitomo, A. Volvach, H. D. Aller, A. A. Arkharov, U. Bach, A. Berdyugin, M. Böttcher, C. S. Buemi, P. Calcidese, P. Charlot, A. J. Delgado Sánchez, A. Di Paola, A. A. Djupvik, M. Dolci, N. V. Efimova, J. H. Fan, E. Forné, C. A. Gomez, A. C. Gupta, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, L. Hooks, T. Hovatta, Y. Ishii, M. Kamada, T. Konstantinova, E. Kopatskaya, Yu. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev, A. Lähteenmäki, L. Lanteri, J.-F. Le Campion, C.-U. Lee, P. Leto, H.-C. Lin, E. Lindfors, M. G. Mingaliev, S. Mizoguchi, F. Nicastro, M. G. Nikolashvili, S. Nishiyama, L. Östman, E. Ovcharov, P. Pääkkönen, M. Pasanen, E. Pian, T. Rector, J. A. Ros, K. Sadakane, J. H. Selj, E. Semkov, D. Sharapov, A. Somero, I. Stanev, A. Strigachev, L. Takalo, K. Tanaka, M. Tavani, I. Torniainen, M. Tornikoski, C. Trigilio, G. Umana, S. Vercellone, A. Valcheva, L. Volvach, M. Yamanaka, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU)

Subjects
Brightness, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, galaxies: active, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 0103 physical sciences, galaxies: quasars: individual: 3C 454.3, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Blazar, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Light curve, Wavelength, Amplitude, galaxies: quasars: general, Space and Planetary Science, Radio frequency
Abstract

The blazar 3C 454.3 underwent an unprecedented optical outburst in spring 2005. This was first followed by a mm and then by a cm radio outburst, which peaked in February 2006. We report on follow-up observations by the WEBT to study the multiwavelength emission in the post-outburst phase. XMM-Newton observations on July and December 2006 added information on the X-ray and UV fluxes. The source was in a faint state. The radio flux at the higher frequencies showed a fast decreasing trend, which represents the tail of the big radio outburst. It was followed by a quiescent state, common at all radio frequencies. In contrast, moderate activity characterized the NIR and optical light curves, with a progressive increase of the variability amplitude with increasing wavelength. We ascribe this redder-when-brighter behaviour to the presence of a "little blue bump" due to line emission from the broad line region, which is clearly visible in the source SED during faint states. Moreover, the data from the XMM-Newton OM reveal a rise of the SED in the UV, suggesting the existence of a "big blue bump" due to thermal emission from the accretion disc. The X-ray spectra are well fitted with a power-law model with photoelectric absorption, possibly larger than the Galactic one. However, the comparison with previous X-ray observations would imply that the amount of absorbing matter is variable. Alternatively, the intrinsic X-ray spectrum presents a curvature, which may depend on the X-ray brightness. In this case, two scenarios are possible., 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2007

21. Lumbar disc herniation in children and elderly patients

Author

Mladen E. Ovcharov, Milan N. Mladenovski, Igor N. Mladenovski, Iliya V. Valkov, and Stanislava B. Vasilkova

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: Lumbar disc herniation is a common pathology of young and middle-aged patients. Fissures and tears in the annulus fibrosus become weak points that facilitate herniation of the nucleus pulposus, especially when extreme forces ‘attack’ the intervertebral disc. A significant biomechanical force applied to a healthy (‘normal’) disc can have the same effect. Disc protrusions and herniations to varying degrees penetrate the spinal canal. Aim: This study aims to present features of lumbar disc herniation in pediatric and elderly patients and evaluate them with respect to data reported in the literature. Materials and methods: Five hundred eighty-nine patients were assessed, 64 of whom were children (0-18 years), and 98 were elderly patients (>60 years). The operated patients were followed up for at least three years. All data were recorded at the regular follow-ups (at 1 and 3 months, and at 1 and 3 years after surgery). We used chi-square tests and directional measures to determine statistically significant data. Operative treatment in children and elderly patients was 28% (162) of our cohort’s total number of patients. Results: Analyzing postoperative MacNaB, our result showed that children have 23.4% excellent and 76.6 good self-assessment, while in elderly patients, on the one hand, MacNaB used to be excellent or good in 78.5%, and on the other hand, 21.5% had fair or poor self-assessment (p

Published
2023
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22. Introducing the CTA concept

Author

A. Mathieu, R. G. Wagner, K. Panagiotidis, S Rosier Lees, Julien Rousselle, M. Gómez Berisso, Michela Uslenghi, Stephen Maxfield, R. C. Shellard, Ivica Puljak, T. Le Flour, Thomas Schanz, Tobias C. Walther, Juanan Aguilar, Pierre Colin, M. Chikawa, N. Fouque, Mosè Mariotti, G. Fontaine, Merja Tornikoski, V. Diez-Blanco, Enrico Giro, A. Krepps, G. Koss, J. M. Martin, Sergio Billotta, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, Keitaro Takahashi, S. Buson, P. Brook, S. Steiner, M. Dyrda, Joseph Silk, Sera Markoff, P. Lubinski, U. Schwanke, Sauvik Bhattacharyya, J. Ripken, T. Haubold, C. Zurbach, H. Wetteskind, R. Hermel, J. Darling, J. Nicolau-Kukliński, Konstancja Satalecka, M. Videla, Stefan Funk, P. Conconi, S. Bajtlik, Lukasz Stawarz, J. M. Paredes, K. Reitberger, Stefan Wagner, Teresa Mineo, David Kieda, G. Pareschi, Shigeto Kabuki, Makoto Sawada, Antonio Stamerra, Rodolfo Canestrari, N. Baby, G. Crimi, P. Kostka, J. Grube, R. Zanin, I. K. Kominis, L. Mc Comb, R. Sternberger, M. Fesquet, M. Tokarz, David Fink, Daniela Dorner, N. Hamer Heras, A. Moralejo Olaizola, M. de Naurois, Diego F. Torres, Claes Fransson, K. Nishijima, Yutaka Fujita, L. Fresnillo, B. García, R. Kossakowski, A. Masserot, H. von Gunten, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Ciro Bigongiari, A. Saggion, G. Papyan, I. Mrusek, K. Farakos, J. Michałowski, A. Franckowiak, Fernando Martinez, M. Doert, R. Wawrzaszek, Michele Doro, L. Sapozhnikov, Claudia Lavalley, D. Thuermann, A.A. Zdziarski, Cristina Knapic, Karen Byrum, N. Neyroud, Petr Schovanek, W. Domainko, D. Kastana, E. Birsin, Adrian Biland, F. Sánchez, Alexandre Marcowith, M. Errando, R. L. C. Starling, J. Schultze, A. Weinstein, B. B. Singh, Yassir Moudden, Jelena Aleksić, C. L. Naumann, V. Waegebaert, M. Shayduk, U. F. Katz, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, M. Schroedter, A. Vollhardt, O. Reimann, Hideyuki Ohoka, Vincenzo Testa, C. Jablonski, Tsuguya Naito, J. Schäfer, Stavros Maltezos, A. Wierzcholska, P. Wawer, L. Nellen, F. Mirabel, Tatsuo Yoshida, P. H. Carton, Nina Nowak, L. Platos, Riccardo Rando, P. P. Krueger, R. Wischnewski, W. Romaszkan, E. Fede, Martino Marisaldi, Markus Gaug, Richard Willingale, J. H. Buckley, U. De AlmeidaBarres, J. Knapp, Saverio Lombardi, D. della Volpe, A. Herrero, A. Bottani, E. Delagnes, Martin J. Hardcastle, C. Morello, Anna Lipniacka, T. Greenshaw, M. Renaud, Giancarlo Cusumano, Jonathan Biteau, M. Sowiński, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, T. B. Humensky, Michael G. Richer, G. Parks, G. Grasseau, H. Baba, Gino Tosti, Damir Lelas, H. Krawzcynski, David Paneque, M. Barcelo, R. Dickherber, P. Ferrando, Shinji Hara, D. Florin, Hideaki Katagiri, T. Shibata, Fuyuki Tokanai, N. A. McCubbin, J. Gomez-Ortega, D. Nakajima, A. Liolios, P. Laporte, Orjan Dale, A. Sillanpää, Dainis Dravins, Timothée Grégoire, Nu. Komin, A. Mihailidis, L. Sidoli, Shiu-Hang Lee, A. W. Chen, J. M. Illa, A. Kuznetsov, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Dominis Prester, Marcos Daniel Actis, Abraham D. Falcone, L. Journet, D. Hadasch, N. Galante, A. Murphy, C. J. Todero Peixoto, S. Wiesand, A. Aravantinos, A. C. Rovero, J. L. Dournaux, P. Romano, M. Hrabovsky, R. de los Reyes Lopez, M. Ostrowski, J. Pallota, Geza Gyuk, Petar Temnikov, R. Dubois, Jan Ebr, R. Koul, David J. Smith, S. Schwarzburg, P. Manigot, Chad Finley, Tarek M. Hassan, Giuseppe Sottile, Evgeni Ovcharov, P. J. Rajda, F. Krennrich, Peter L. Moore, W. B. Focke, W. Bednarek, Elena Amato, Kazunori Kohri, J. Gamez-Garcia, I. Oya, A. Shibuya, German Hermann, William H. Lee, Dorota Sobczyńska, X. Zhou, C. Balkowski, G. Vallejo, M. Hayashida, M. Bitossi, Loukas Vlahos, H. Lockart, N. Geffroy, L. Tibaldo, Marek Jamrozy, Luke O'c. Drury, Pratik Majumdar, P. Sutcliffe, S. Schlenstedt, M. Palatka, Christophe Champion, H. Ueno, M. Rupiński, P. Giommi, J. Schwarz, G. Pühlhofer, Takashi Saito, W. van Driel, C. van Eldik, Q. Xiong, Yasuo Fukui, A. Donat, A. Ibarra, R. S. Warwick, Michiko Ohishi, A. W. Smith, J.-P. Lenain, Aion Viana, Terry Ashton, Guillaume Dubus, Jacek Niemiec, K. Kodani, Luis Ángel Tejedor, A. Wörnlein, Takanori Yoshikoshi, Masahiro Teshima, W. Gäbele, Ll. Font, Olaf Reimer, J. F. Valdés-Galicia, Lucy Fortson, J. P. Osborne, Mattia Fornasa, Keith Bechtol, Masayuki Tanaka, Shigehiro Nagataki, M. Rataj, M. Ribordy, Emmanuel Moulin, I. de la Calle, K. Winiarski, C. Jeanney, I. Mognet, I. Vegas, C. Juffroy, Yutaka Ohira, A. Jacholkowska, Matthew Wood, A. E. Suárez, J. Bähr, K. M. Schure, J. Maya, M. Dafonseca, J. Tasan, R. Sugawara, M. Bourgeat, A. Mancilla, D. Pelat, Olga Botner, D. Nedbal, G. Depaola, Robert Wagner, T. Okuda, H. Arnaldi, Josep Martí, P. Corona, T. Bonev, D. Yelos, J. Sieiro, V. Scalzotto, Jacco Vink, D. Languignon, Marco Ajello, J. Vandenbrouke, Philipp Mertsch, M. Mordalska, P. Wegner, P. Ziółkowski, P. T. O'Brien, A. Nozato, Robert D. Preece, B. Huber, Matteo Balbo, J.R. Bogart, R. Kankanyan, K. Mori, T. Jogler, Seth Digel, Claudio Vuerli, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Thomas Lohse, K. Saito, A. W. Borgland, Elisa Prandini, Helene Sol, Ryan Heller, M. Bogdan, D. Dumas, M. Stodulski, Y. Awane, Piercarlo Bonifacio, Pedro L. Luque-Escamilla, Judith H. Croston, Fabio Pizzolato, P. M. Chadwick, M. K. Daniel, Riccardo Paoletti, Reiko Orito, Katsuaki Asano, R. Frei, G. Disset, Valerie Connaughton, Juhani Huovelin, Hiroyasu Tajima, S. Vercellone, F. Feinstein, G. Decerprit, Riccardo Smareglia, S. Spyrou, Gustavo E. Romero, J. Shi, J. Carr, N. Girard, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Andreas Zech, Markus Boettcher, Osvaldo Catalano, Akira Okumura, M. Dohmke, C. Föhr, Sabrina Casanova, R. A. Cameron, Jan Conrad, K. Umehara, K. K. Yadav, A. Paizis, John L. Quinn, L. Pogosyan, C. Farnier, William J. Potter, Domenico Impiombato, Tadashi Kifune, Jonathan Granot, Gernot Maier, M. Cieślar, S. Palanque, G.W. Fraser, J. Prast, R. Bose, Heidi Sandaker, G. Lamanna, Dusan Mandat, J.F. Glicenstein, J. Harris, D. Naumann, J. Ziolkowski, Michał Szanecki, C. Delgado, J. Kocot, W. Lustermann, Sabine Elles, J. Schmoll, L. Gérard, M. López, Norita Kawanaka, V. Gika, B. Lieunard, A. Pichel, Martin Pohl, Mariusz Sterzel, S. Vincent, Paolo De Coppi, J. Lande, O. Blanch Bigas, Gianluca Giavitto, Yusuke Konno, Julian Sitarek, M. Panter, P.-O. Petrucci, F. Henault, M. Prouza, Philip Kaaret, Josep Colomé, Luciano Nicastro, German Martinez, L. Gebremedhin, J. M. Yebras, Apostolos Mastichiadis, A. S. Madhavan, Thomas J. Maccarone, K. Berger, R. Buehler, P. Jean, N. Sartore, F. Toussenel, Aris Karastergiou, W. Kluźniak, A. Djannati-Ataï, S. J. Fegan, Louis Antonelli, A. González Muñoz, J. Berdugo, S. S. Upadhya, M. Sidz, F. Mottez, Patrick Vogler, F. Di Pierro, Wystan Benbow, B. Sacco, L. Chiappetti, J. Dumm, R. Firpo Curcoll, David Gascon, V. Boccone, J. Krause, J. P. Avernet, B. Peyaud, B. De Lotto, Ana Babić, T. O. B. Schmidt, I. M. McHardy, T. Schweizer, S. P. Wakely, Daniel Gall, Frank M. Rieger, E. Sant'Ambrogio, M. Kagaya, P. Vincent, R. C. Rannot, Sandro Mereghetti, A. De Angelis, M. Scarcioffolo, R. White, G. H. Sembroski, Takeshi Nakamori, C. Medina, M. A. De Oliveira Leigui, Subir Sarkar, A. Marszałek, Reshmi Mukherjee, K. Nakayama, A. Fiasson, S. Giarrusso, T. Bernardino, J. P. Finley, D. Neise, L. O. Takalo, F. Grañena, Nikola Godinovic, H. Sasaki, P. Zychowski, Francesco Dazzi, B. Courty, A. Basili, Vitaly Neustroev, B. Khélifi, T. Glanzman, M. Trifoglio, Regis Terrier, R. A. Ong, E. M. Santos, M. Minuti, Thomas Bretz, R. Moderski, J. Kushida, S. Royer, Emilio Molinari, Etienne Lyard, J. Houles, Juan Abel Barrio, T. Lerch, S. Rivoire, T. Kishimoto, M. Cailles, M. Casiraghi, Nikolaos Stergioulas, J. Gaweda, S. Koyama, Ingomar Allekotte, E. Ismailova, Elina Giannakaki, S. Schwemmer, Ryo Yamazaki, G. Fasola, Christoph Deil, Jose Luis Contreras, T. Bird, Miguel A. Sánchez-Conde, J. Dick, E. Edy, D. Parsons, R. Pyzioł, R. Mirzoyan, Manjuli R. Sharma, J. Borkowski, Jonathan S. Lapington, Cameron B Rulten, Rino Bandiera, Volker Beckmann, Jun Kakuwa, Dimitris Balis, Kenji Toma, Anna Barnacka, Andrea Santangelo, L. Padilla, Peter Eger, G. Decock, Karol Seweryn, N. Sakaki, Darko Veberič, Andrea Bulgarelli, B. Rudak, M. Pérez, H. Koppel, Felix Spanier, M. I. Martínez, D. Horville, Marco Molinaro, R. Walter, P. Ramon, S. Brau-Nogue, J. Camprecios, K. Kärcher, John H. Seiradakis, S. Criswell, D. J. Leopold, V. J. Guarino, R. Gredig, S. Vorobiov, Viktor Gruev, Gareth Hughes, Daniele Spiga, Quirin Weitzel, N. Håkansson, Susumu Inoue, U. Straumann, Juan Cortina, B. Behera, Jürgen Knödlseder, Daniel Nieto, Tomasz Szepieniec, H. Prokoph, Jerzy Grygorczuk, G. De La Vega, Jim Hinton, E. Chabanne, M. Mahabir, R. Krobot, M. Capalbi, Miroslav Pech, C. Díaz, J. Ludwin, F. Gianotti, Garret Cotter, Claudio Melioli, Hiroaki Yamamoto, C. Veyssiere, Kunihito Ioka, S. Sun, J. M. Parraud, L. Rob, Felix Aharonian, G. Maneva, D. Melkumyan, T. Schwab, J. Kasperek, J. M. Huet, E. Lorenz, S. Tanaka, Y. A. Gallant, S. Couturier, B.W. Favill, J. Boix Gargallo, Andrea Tiengo, Leszek Bogacz, Andreu Sanuy, Christian Fruck, J. Sykes, C. Martens, A. Yoshida, Marek Sikora, E. Racero, G. Rouaix, N. Bhat, A. Salini, A. S. Barber, Mauro Ghigo, Jan Ridky, K. Kosack, Konrad Bernlöhr, C. Tenzer, Alice Allafort, M. Torres, Catherine Boisson, Grzegorz Kowal, M. Karczewski, G. Agnetta, Victor Stamatescu, Anthony H. Gonzalez, S. Rousselle, Giovanni Bonanno, A. Zajczyk, A. Gadola, P. Martin, V. Zitelli, I. Manthos, N. Maragos, A. Dettlaff, F. Profeti, S. Colonges, S. Gunji, S. Cazaux, S. Colafrancesco, M. Paz Arribas, Rika Hagiwara, Darell Engelhaupt, Nestor Mirabal, Johann Cohen-Tanugi, S. Grunewald, Abby M. Green, I. D. Davids, D. Nosek, T. Yamamoto, Gagik Tovmassian, R. Sakonaka, Miguel Alcubierre, C. Baixeras, T. L. Usher, Kazufumi Torii, H. Lüdecke, L. Wiśniewski, B. Kellner-Leidel, P. Demange, F. Gonzalez, B. Moal, V. De Caprio, V. Golev, K. Katarzyński, V. Bugaev, A. Reimer, J. Koziol, G. Pojmanski, Alessandro Carosi, J. Bolmont, A. Nikolaidis, R. J. García López, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Stegmann, J.-P. Ernenwein, M. Fiorini, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Marco Tavani, P. Korohoda, A. Giuliani, E. Carmona, C. Bauer, Kostas D. Kokkotas, O. Tibolla, G. Deleglise, Pierre Brun, Dinko Dimitrov, I. Jung, R. Steenkamp, Marc Ribó, Kathrin Egberts, P. Reardon, Adriano Ghedina, Stefan Rosén, N. Hidaka, Trygve Buanes, A. Segreto, H. Huan, Juri Poutanen, Ruben Lopez-Coto, S. Cavazzani, Massimiliano Belluso, A. Kretzschmann, F. De Frondat, A. Riviere, J. F. Olive, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Serena Mattiazzo, M. González, D. Fantinel, Matteo Cerruti, S. Vergani, Sabrina Einecke, N. La Palombara, Reinhard Schlickeiser, P. Antoranz, Pol Bordas, D. Paillot, V. de Souza, Yasushi Fukazawa, Phil Evans, Werner Hofmann, Hugh Dickinson, F. Roy, Yvonne Becherini, E. O. Angüner, D. Corti, T. C. Arlen, Francesco Russo, V. R. Chitnis, D. Ross, R. Gabriele, Massimo Persic, E. Fokitis, A. Bonardi, D. Garrido, A. Niedźwiecki, L. Cossio, Hidetoshi Kubo, Y. de Oliveira, F. Mattana, Anna Szostek, M. Compin, S. Blake, F. Lucarelli, Petter Hofverberg, Felix Ryde, M. Gougerot, C. Boutonnet, Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos, A. Mangano, P. Vallania, Jose Miguel Miranda, A. Manalaysay, M. Raue, A. Bouvier, Shohei Yanagita, Nektarios Vlahakis, Joni Tammi, M. Naumann-Godo, Kohta Murase, E. Fillin-Martino, Jiri Chudoba, K. Hatanaka, A. Lopatin, N. Otte, G. Rojas, Tomonori Totani, K. S. Gothe, J. P. Vialle, D. Kolitzus, K. Warda, Hironori Matsumoto, J. Rico, P. Ringegni, James Chiang, R. McKay, A. Bobkov, Aya Bamba, H. Takami, B. Giebels, O. Grimm, S. Basso, F. Dubois, Victor Zabalza, A. Förster, Pasquale Blasi, Alexandros Papayannis, A. G. Akhperjanian, Eckhard Kendziorra, James A. Anderson, Giuseppe Malaguti, R. Welsing, S. Pita, A. Ozieblo, Heide Costantini, D. Tezier, J.-H. Köhne, M. Tluczykont, Ll. Garrido, Alexander Varón Sandoval, Matthew R. Orr, Dominique Durand, F. Chollet, O. Luz, E. O. Saemann, Jun Kataoka, M. Proyetti, C. Barbier, Jürgen Barnstedt, L. Bouchet, Hiroshi Muraishi, Anton N. Baushev, L. A. Otero, Denis Bastieri, S. Incorvaia, Tihomir Surić, V. La Parola, Nathan Smith, Karl-Heinz Sulanke, F. Bernard, Luca Stringhetti, S. Paiano, S. Federici, Hector Flores, Karl Mannheim, Michael S. Briggs, Giovanna Pedaletti, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, J. D. Smith, G. La Rosa, Alicia López-Oramas, M. Janiak, Gary Drake, G. Talbot, Petr Travnicek, Elisabetta Bissaldi, Mario Meucci, R. Northrop, V. Scapin, Vito Conforti, J. D. Ponz, T. Aghajani, J. J. Jimenez, A. D. Supanitsky, Hernán Asorey, M. Werner, Brian Reville, A. Haupt, C. Skole, Gilles Henri, Daniele Gardiol, V. Vassiliev, R. Platzer, Y. Saito, A. La Barbera, Allan Hallgren, C. Eleftheriadis, S. Cantu, G. Maurin, K. Lacombe, A. Le Padellec, F. Stinzing, T. Hayakawa, A. Cillis, M. Suchenek, I. Monteiro, V. Sahakian, A. Di Paola, Grzegorz Madejski, A. De Luca, Andreas Quirrenbach, P. A. Caraveo, N. A. 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K., Yadav, H., Yamamoto, T., Yamamoto, R., Yamazaki, S., Yanagita, J. M., Yebra, D., Yelo, A., Yoshida, T., Yoshida, T., Yoshikoshi, V., Zabalza, M., Zacharia, A., Zajczyk, R., Zanin, A., Zdziarski, A., Zech, A., Zhao, X., Zhou, K., Zietara, J., Ziolkowski, P., Ziolkowski, V., Zitelli, C., Zurbach, P., Zychowski, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CTA, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Next generation Cherenkov telescopes, Ciencias Físicas, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, TeV GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY, Observatory, Air showers, HESS, Cherenkov Telescopes, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, MISSION, SUPERNOVA REMNANT W44, TELESCOPE, ASTRONOMY, EMISSION, Physics, ta213, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, TeV gamma-ray astronomy, ddc:540, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Air shower, AIR SHOWERS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 0103 physical sciences, Preparatory phase, ta115, TeV gamma-ray astronomy Air showers Cherenkov Telescopes, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, CHERENKOV TELESCOPES, Física, Astronomy, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Cherenkov Telescope Array, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astronomía, Design study, Telecommunications, business
Abstract

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project., La lista completa de autores puede consultarse en el documento o en la página web de la revista., Facultad de Ingeniería

Published
2013

23. Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA: an advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Author

K. Ziȩtara, A. Konopelko, J. Rico, Philippe Laporte, Tatsuo Yoshida, A. Etchegoyen, Dennis Haefner, C. Morello, L. Garrido, Philip Kaaret, T. Yamamoto, F. Di Pierro, Wystan Benbow, B. Sacco, T. O. B. Schmidt, T. Krähenbühl, N. Geffroy, I. M. McHardy, Toru Tanimori, A. Salini, F. Grañena, A. Liolios, A. C. Rovero, A. Mendes, Etienne Lyard, Juan Abel Barrio, Jürgen Schmoll, R. Dubois, A. N. Otte, J. Bolmont, S. Rivoire, K. Berger, A. Nikolaidis, J.-P. Ernenwein, A. Bobkov, D. Allan, C. Schultz, Masayuki Tanaka, G. Deleglise, Oliver Grimm, Ł. Płatos, O. Tibolla, M. Gochna, S. Schwarzburg, H. Arnaldi, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Valerie Connaughton, Adriano Fontana, D. Nedbal, P. Jean, Alejandro Ibarra, S. Spyrou, Gustavo E. Romero, Judith H. Croston, F. Feinstein, L. Tibaldo, M. Benallou, Shinji Hara, D. Florin, A. E. Szymkowiak, J.L. Van der Walt, Stefano Covino, Shigehiro Nagataki, G. Busetto, P. Nayman, G. Lamanna, William J. Potter, Tadashi Kifune, O. Corpace, M. Bourgeat, N. Webb, J. K. Becker, K. Hultquist, P. Majumdar, Anna Szostek, M. Compin, Petter Hofverberg, Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos, J. Ingjald, R. Kossakowski, A. Mangano, Kunihito Ioka, Jonathan Granot, S. Buson, P. Manigot, J. M. Paredes, M. Gómez Berisso, Massimiliano Belluso, A. Kretzschmann, M. Stodulski, L. Venter, Artemio Herrero, Nu. Komin, German Hermann, Dorota Sobczyńska, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Akira Okumura, Felix Spanier, Gareth Hughes, J. Carr, Antonio Stamerra, Norita Kawanaka, T. Shibata, R. C. Shellard, Dieter H. H. Hoffmann, B. Yoffo, T. Dettlaff, R. G. Talbot, L. Fresnillo, A. Manalaysay, I. Jung, Kohta Murase, Geza Gyuk, C. Farnier, J. C. Marin, Julian Sitarek, Francesco Dazzi, H. Ohka, C. Skole, C. Ghag, Patrick Vogler, M. Hauser, M. Cailles, K. Nishijima, Yutaka Fujita, J. Berdugo, Luke O'c. Drury, Naoto Sakaki, F. Köck, P. Sutcliffe, Luis Ángel Tejedor, Hugh Dickinson, Denis Bastieri, Q. Weitzel, Ryoji Enomoto, Josep Colomé, Luigi Lessio, B. Peyaud, C. L. Naumann, Michael Punch, S. Rodriguez, Lucy Fortson, J. P. Osborne, J. Kotula, Piero Giubilato, J. Dyks, W. Kluźniak, T. Schweizer, M. Rataj, Allan Hallgren, Matthew Wood, David Gascon, M. Doert, R. Wawrzaszek, Daniela Hadasch, H. Castarede, P. Wawer, M. Kapala, J.-M. Reymond, A.A. Zdziarski, E. De Cea del Pozo, K. Farakos, D. Corti, A. St. J. Murphy, Mosè Mariotti, Kazutaka Yamaoka, T. C. Arlen, Christian Fruck, Francesco Russo, Stefano Gabici, T. Bernardino, B. Khélifi, B. Huber, T. Glanzman, J. Michałowski, Mark I. Wilkinson, M. Suchenek, Massimo Persic, I. Monteiro, M. I. Martínez, V. Sahakian, R. Firpo, Seth Digel, V. La Parola, F. Roy, Regis Terrier, E. Fokitis, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, D. Melkumyan, E. Edy, Stefano Basso, J. Knapp, Cameron B Rulten, A. Niedźwiecki, Karol Seweryn, Karl-Heinz Sulanke, B. Rudak, V. Scapin, R. Wischnewski, Ricardo Graciani, Gianluca Giavitto, Matthias Beilicke, K. Nakayama, Thomas Schanz, A. Sillanpää, G. Motta, Yoshiyuki Inoue, Elina Lindfors, Hannes Jensen, Henric Krawczynski, Catherine Boisson, C. Medina, Dinko Dimitrov, Karen Byrum, M. Shayduk, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Richard White, Kazunori Kohri, I. Oya, T. Greenshaw, C. Olivetto, Tomasz Szepieniec, R. D. Parsons, Fuyuki Tokanai, Jerzy Grygorczuk, V. Scalzotto, S. Rosier-Lees, Dainis Dravins, Jacco Vink, Włodzimierz Piechocki, F. Stinzing, Felix Ryde, P. Ristori, N. A. McCubbin, M. Hayashida, Martin J. Hardcastle, G.W. Fraser, S. Paiano, S. Blake, U. Barres de Almeida, S. Federici, M. Corlier, C. J. Todero Peixoto, Łukasz Stawarz, Michael S. Briggs, Yvonne Becherini, Martin Pohl, Daniel Mazin, B. Decerprit, Yukikatsu Terada, J. F. Huppert, P. J. Rajda, Justin Vandenbroucke, S. Schlenstedt, S. Renner, Ł. Wiśniewski, Dieter Horns, T. B. Humensky, Takeshi Nakamori, Andreas Quirrenbach, Asdrúbal Enrique Bottani, P. Vallania, B. García, H. von Gunten, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Takashi Saito, Marcos Daniel Actis, Jacek Niemiec, W. Gäbele, C. van Eldik, Olaf Reimer, P. Corona, Robert D. Preece, C. Reimann, Pierre Brun, Thomas Bretz, R. Moderski, Eric Delagnes, Gilles Henri, W. Domainko, P. H. Tam, J. Schultze, A. Weinstein, M. Schroedter, A. Vollhardt, Stavros Maltezos, A. Wierzcholska, P. M. Chadwick, Fabrice Mottez, S. Steiner, M. Dyrda, S. Sun, Victor Stamatescu, M. Bogdan, Felix Aharonian, Hajime Takami, M. Winde, Evgeni Ovcharov, M. Panter, Shohei Yanagita, T. Jogler, Thomas Kihm, P. Micolon, S. J. Nolan, David A. Williams, Joachim Hahn, Q. Xiong, Nikolaos Stergioulas, J. Gaweda, R. Mirzoyan, Nektarios Vlahakis, J. Becerra, N. Fouque, M. Ribordy, V. Vassiliev, Claes Fransson, R. L. C. Starling, J. M. Huet, J. Ruppel, J.-P. Lenain, Enrico Giro, J. Ripken, T. Haubold, A. Lopatin, Joseph Silk, J. Borkowski, P. Lubinski, T. Le Flour, R. Platzer, A. Di Paolo, Reiko Orito, O. C. de Jager, C. Eleftheriadis, A. Gonzalez, T. J. L. McComb, U. Schwanke, S. Brau-Nogue, Yutaka Ohira, Philipp Mertsch, Daniel Ferenc, Maria Concetta Maccarone, F. Gonzalez, V. Golev, Osvaldo Catalano, V. Bugaev, C. Clerc, Michał Szanecki, C. Delgado, L. Pogosyan, M. Renaud, G. Pivato, Sabine Elles, E. J. Quel, R. J. García López, M. Videla, Stefan Funk, H. Vankov, A. Le Padellec, Michele Doro, Saverio Lombardi, S. Pita, A. Wolczko, G. Disset, U. Roeser, Abraham D. Falcone, I. Telezhinsky, S. Artmann, Pierre Colin, M. Chikawa, Daniela Dorner, G. Fontaine, Wolfgang Rhode, C. Baixeras, K. Mori, H. Prokoph, Giancarlo Cusumano, J. L. Dournaux, F. Toussenel, C. Dufour, Ilana M. Braun, Riccardo Paoletti, A. R. Knappy, Sergio Billotta, F. Krennrich, S. Karkar, Anne M. Green, Takanori Yoshikoshi, I. de la Calle Perez, Masahiro Teshima, M. Janiak, C. Stegmann, H. Wetteskind, Marco Tavani, Kostas D. Kokkotas, C. Föhr, J. L. Panazol, S. Cantu, C. Tenzer, I. Vegas, M. Grudzińska, Elisabetta Bissaldi, S. Bajtlik, A. Jacholkowska, P. Małkiewicz, M. Ostrowski, Reshmi Mukherjee, Mario Meucci, Tarek M. Hassan, W. Bednarek, Rodolfo Canestrari, Stefan Wagner, Teresa Mineo, N. Karlsson, M. Tluczykont, A. E. Suárez, David Kieda, R. Steenkamp, Grzegorz Kowal, C. Gasq, Loukas Vlahos, Kathrin Egberts, K. Kosack, A. D. Supanitsky, Hernán Asorey, Adriano Ghedina, Frank M. Rieger, P. Zychowski, J. Bähr, P. Wegner, P. Ziółkowski, Shigeto Kabuki, G. Papyan, Dario Hrupec, P. T. O'Brien, Oscar Blanch, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Robert Wagner, Thomas Lohse, Susumu Inoue, U. Straumann, J. Kushida, Jose Luis Contreras, C. Maña, Matteo Cerruti, P. Antoranz, Ll. Font, R. Sugawara, M. Casiraghi, C. Kalkuhl, Subir Sarkar, Jelena Aleksić, Juan Cortina, J. Pallota, L. Brunetti, Petar Temnikov, Tomasz Bulik, L. O. Takalo, G. Vasileiadis, Riccardo Rando, J. H. Buckley, V. de Souza, Sera Markoff, G. Pareschi, P. Kostka, J. Grube, M. Tokarz, Manel Errando, David Fink, C. Barbier, Marek Sikora, J. P. Tavernet, Yasushi Fukazawa, Werner Hofmann, K. Takahashi, B. Wagner, David Paneque, M. Barcelo, L. Guglielmi, S. Royer, Rika Hagiwara, Nestor Mirabal, R. A. Cameron, R. Walter, G. De La Vega, Jim Hinton, Garret Cotter, M. Sofo Haro, Peter Walter, R. Gredig, S. Vorobiov, A. Bouvier, B. Lieunard, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Mauro Ghigo, John H. Seiradakis, Konrad Bernlöhr, M. de Naurois, A. Yoshida, F. Sánchez, K. Katarzyński, C. Veyssiere, Leszek Bogacz, B. Moal, A. Reimer, J. Koziol, Thomas J. Maccarone, G. Pojmanski, E. Carmona, C. Bauer, Andreu Sanuy, V. J. Guarino, Marc Ribó, Vincenzo Testa, H. Huan, C. Jablonski, Tsuguya Naito, C. Lavalley, M. Karczewski, G. Agnetta, Giovanni Bonanno, A. Zajczyk, C. Díaz, J. Kasperek, E. Lorenz, P. Vincent, K. Saito, S. Cazaux, S. Selmane, B. Kȩdziora, Y. A. Gallant, Serena Mattiazzo, Emilio Molinari, N. La Barbera, Hidetoshi Kubo, M. K. Daniel, Katsuaki Asano, Tanyu Bonev, A. Cillis, L. A. Otero, Gernot Maier, M. Cieślar, M. Ciesielska, Shuichi Gunji, E. Gianakaki, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, Apostolos Mastichiadis, S. P. Wakely, G. La Rosa, C. Boutonnet, V. Zitelli, I. Ochoa, M. Raue, E. Fillin-Martino, Ingomar Allekotte, J. P. Vialle, G. Vallejo, Ryo Yamazaki, C. Tchernin, Anna Barnacka, Andrea Santangelo, P. Ringegni, James Chiang, Aya Bamba, B. Giebels, A. Förster, Heide Costantini, N. Galante, R. S. Warwick, Michiko Ohishi, O. Reimann, Guillaume Dubus, K. Kodani, Olga Botner, Andreas Zech, Paolo De Coppi, Louis Antonelli, A. Pepato, A. De Angelis, M. Scarcioffolo, E. M. Santos, Christoph Deil, T. Bird, T. Kneiske, Daniele Spiga, B. Behera, Jürgen Knödlseder, L. Rob, G. Pedaletti, P. Munar, J.F. Glicenstein, Aris Karastergiou, A. Djannati-Ataï, B. Courty, R. A. Ong, J. Dick, Paolo Conconi, S. Giarrusso, G. Maneva, E. Salazar, A. Saggion, E. Birsin, Adrian Biland, Markus Gaug, Gino Tosti, M. Á. Sánchez Conde, Abelardo Moralejo, Chad Finley, J. D. Ponz, Hideaki Katagiri, A. M. Lopez, G. Pühlhofer, M. Yonetani, Emmanuel Moulin, E. Aliu, R. Kankanyan, Hiroyasu Tajima, F. Mirabel, Jan Conrad, R. Sternberger, Diego F. Torres, P.H. Carton, P.-O. Petrucci, L. Sapozhnikov, A. Schulz, J. Krause, B. De Lotto, J. P. Finley, J. Boix, Volker Beckmann, S. Klepser, Jun Kakuwa, Dimitris Balis, Hironori Matsumoto, R. Welsing, Matthew R. Orr, Dominique Durand, O. Luz, Nina Nowak, J. M. Illa, A. Aravantinos, P. Romano, A. Oziȩbło, Alessandro Carosi, Keith Bechtol, Elisa Prandini, S. Cavazzani, A. Zagdański, Francesca Volpe, Helene Sol, Ryan Heller, S. Vercellone, A. Bonardi, D. Garrido, Jose Miguel Miranda, Jürgen Barnstedt, Hiroshi Muraishi, Nathan Smith, D. Naumann, German Martinez, F.C. Antico, Kenji Toma, B. Cerruti, S. Couturier, R. Bühler, A. Gadola, F. Guilloux, M. Paz Arribas, F. Dubois, Victor Zabalza, A. G. Akhperjanian, Eckhard Kendziorra, Tomonori Totani, Universitat de Barcelona, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CTA, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), CTA Collaboration, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), M., Acti, G., Agnetta, F., Aharonian, A., Akhperjanian, J., Aleksic, E., Aliu, D., Allan, I., Allekotte, F., Antico, L. A., Antonelli, P., Antoranz, A., Aravantino, T., Arlen, H., Arnaldi, S., Artmann, K., Asano, H., Asorey, J., Baehr, A., Bai, C., Baixera, S., Bajtlik, D., Bali, A., Bamba, C., Barbier, M., Barcelo, A., Barnacka, J., Barnstedt, U. B., De, J. A., Barrio, S., Basso, D., Bastieri, C., Bauer, J., Becerra, Y., Becherini, K., Bechtol, J., Becker, V., Beckmann, W., Bednarek, B., Behera, M., Beilicke, M., Belluso, M., Benallou, W., Benbow, J., Berdugo, K., Berger, T., Bernardino, K., Bernloehr, A., Biland, S., Billotta, T., Bird, E., Birsin, Bissaldi, Elisabetta, S., Blake, O., Blanch, A. A., Bobkov, L., Bogacz, M., Bogdan, C., Boisson, J., Boix, J., Bolmont, G., Bonanno, A., Bonardi, T., Bonev, J., Borkowski, O., Botner, A., Bottani, M., Bourgeat, C., Boutonnet, A., Bouvier, S., Brau Nogue, I., Braun, T., Bretz, M. S., Brigg, P., Brun, L., Brunetti, H., Buckley, V., Bugaev, R., Buehler, T., Bulik, G., Busetto, S., Buson, K., Byrum, M., Caille, R., Cameron, R., Canestrari, S., Cantu, E., Carmona, A., Carosi, J., Carr, P. H., Carton, M., Casiraghi, H., Castarede, O., Catalano, S., Cavazzani, S., Cazaux, B., Cerruti, M., Cerruti, M., Chadwick, J., Chiang, M., Chikawa, M., Cieslar, M., Ciesielska, A., Cilli, C., Clerc, P., Colin, J., Colome, M., Compin, P., Conconi, V., Connaughton, J., Conrad, J. L., Contrera, P., Coppi, M., Corlier, P., Corona, O., Corpace, D., Corti, J., Cortina, H., Costantini, G., Cotter, B., Courty, S., Couturier, S., Covino, J., Croston, G., Cusumano, M. K., Daniel, F., Dazzi, A., Deangeli, E. d., Cea, E. M., De, O. d., Jager, I. d., La, G. D., La, B. D., Lotto, M. d., Nauroi, E. d., Ona, V. d., Souza, B., Decerprit, C., Deil, E., Delagne, G., Deleglise, C., Delgado, T., Dettlaff, A. D., Paolo, F. D., Pierro, C., Diaz, J., Dick, H., Dickinson, S. W., Digel, D., Dimitrov, G., Disset, A., Djannati Ata, M., Doert, W., Domainko, D., Dorner, M., Doro, J. . ., L., D., Dravin, L., Drury, F., Duboi, R., Duboi, G., Dubu, C., Dufour, D., Durand, J., Dyk, M., Dyrda, E., Edy, K., Egbert, C., Eleftheriadi, S., Elle, D., Emmanoulopoulo, R., Enomoto, J. . ., P., M., Errando, A., Etchegoyen, A. D., Falcone, K., Farako, C., Farnier, S., Federici, F., Feinstein, D., Ferenc, E., Fillin Martino, D., Fink, C., Finley, J. P., Finley, R., Firpo, D., Florin, C., Foehr, E., Fokiti, L., Font, G., Fontaine, A., Fontana, A., Foerster, L., Fortson, N., Fouque, C., Fransson, G. W., Fraser, L., Fresnillo, C., Fruck, Y., Fujita, Y., Fukazawa, S., Funk, W., Gaebele, S., Gabici, A., Gadola, N., Galante, Y., Gallant, B., Garcia, R. J., Garcia, D., Garrido, L., Garrido, D., Gascon, C., Gasq, M., Gaug, J., Gaweda, N., Geffroy, C., Ghag, A., Ghedina, M., Ghigo, E., Gianakaki, S., Giarrusso, G., Giavitto, B., Giebel, E., Giro, P., Giubilato, T., Glanzman, J. . ., F., M., Gochna, V., Golev, M. G., Berisso, A., Gonzalez, F., Gonzalez, F., Granena, R., Graciani, J., Granot, R., Gredig, A., Green, T., Greenshaw, O., Grimm, J., Grube, M., Grudzinska, J., Grygorczuk, V., Guarino, L., Guglielmi, F., Guilloux, S., Gunji, G., Gyuk, D., Hadasch, D., Haefner, R., Hagiwara, J., Hahn, A., Hallgren, S., Hara, M. J., Hardcastle, T., Hassan, T., Haubold, M., Hauser, M., Hayashida, R., Heller, G., Henri, G., Hermann, A., Herrero, J. A., Hinton, D., Hoffmann, W., Hofmann, P., Hofverberg, D., Horn, D., Hrupec, H., Huan, B., Huber, J. . ., M., G., Hughe, K., Hultquist, T. B., Humensky, A., Ibarra, J. M., Illa, J., Ingjald, S., Inoue, Y., Inoue, K., Ioka, C., Jablonski, A., Jacholkowska, M., Janiak, P., Jean, H., Jensen, T., Jogler, I., Jung, P., Kaaret, S., Kabuki, J., Kakuwa, C., Kalkuhl, R., Kankanyan, M., Kapala, A., Karastergiou, M., Karczewski, S., Karkar, N., Karlsson, J., Kasperek, H., Katagiri, K., Katarzynski, N., Kawanaka, B., Kedziora, E., Kendziorra, B., Khelifi, D., Kieda, T., Kifune, T., Kihm, S., Klepser, W., Kluzniak, J., Knapp, A. R., Knappy, T., Kneiske, J., Knoedlseder, F., Koeck, K., Kodani, K., Kohri, K., Kokkota, N., Komin, A., Konopelko, K., Kosack, R., Kossakowski, P., Kostka, J., Kotula, G., Kowal, J., Koziol, T., Kraehenbuehl, J., Krause, H., Krawczynski, F., Krennrich, A., Kretzschmann, H., Kubo, V. A., Kudryavtsev, J., Kushida, N. L., Barbera, V. L., Parola, G. L., Rosa, A., Lopez, G., Lamanna, P., Laporte, C., Lavalley, T. L., Flour, A. L., Padellec, L., Lessio, B., Lieunard, E., Lindfor, A., Liolio, T., Lohse, S., Lombardi, A., Lopatin, E., Lorenz, P., Lubinski, O., Luz, E., Lyard, M. C., Maccarone, T., Maccarone, G., Maier, P., Majumdar, S., Maltezo, P., Malkiewicz, C., Mana, A., Manalaysay, G., Maneva, A., Mangano, P., Manigot, J., Marin, M., Mariotti, S., Markoff, G., Martinez, M., Martinez, A., Mastichiadi, H., Matsumoto, S., Mattiazzo, D., Mazin, T. J., L., N., Mccubbin, I., Mchardy, C., Medina, D., Melkumyan, A., Mende, P., Mertsch, M., Meucci, J., Michalowski, P., Micolon, T., Mineo, N., Mirabal, F., Mirabel, J. M., Miranda, R., Mirzoyan, T., Mizuno, B., Moal, R., Moderski, E., Molinari, I., Monteiro, A., Moralejo, C., Morello, K., Mori, G., Motta, F., Mottez, E., Moulin, R., Mukherjee, P., Munar, H., Muraishi, K., Murase, A. S., Murphy, S., Nagataki, T., Naito, T., Nakamori, K., Nakayama, C., Naumann, D., Naumann, P., Nayman, D., Nedbal, A., Niedzwiecki, J., Niemiec, A., Nikolaidi, K., Nishijima, S. J., Nolan, N., Nowak, P. T., O'Brien, I., Ochoa, Y., Ohira, M., Ohishi, H., Ohka, A., Okumura, C., Olivetto, R. A., Ong, R., Orito, M., Orr, J. P., Osborne, M., Ostrowski, L., Otero, A. N., Otte, E., Ovcharov, I., Oya, A., Ozieblo, S., Paiano, J., Pallota, J. L., Panazol, D., Paneque, M., Panter, R., Paoletti, G., Papyan, J. M., Parede, G., Pareschi, R. D., Parson, M. P., Arriba, G., Pedaletti, A., Pepato, M., Persic, P. O., Petrucci, B., Peyaud, W., Piechocki, S., Pita, G., Pivato, L., Plato, R., Platzer, L., Pogosyan, M., Pohl, G., Pojmanski, J. D., Ponz, W., Potter, E., Prandini, R., Preece, H., Prokoph, G., Puehlhofer, M., Punch, E., Quel, A., Quirrenbach, P., Rajda, R., Rando, M., Rataj, M., Raue, C., Reimann, O., Reimann, A., Reimer, O., Reimer, M., Renaud, S., Renner, W., Rhode, M., Ribo, M., Ribordy, J., Rico, F., Rieger, P., Ringegni, J., Ripken, P., Ristori, S., Rivoire, L., Rob, S., Rodriguez, U., Roeser, P., Romano, G. E., Romero, S., Rosier Lee, A. 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D., Supanitsky, P., Sutcliffe, M., Szanecki, T., Szepieniec, A., Szostek, A., Szymkowiak, G., Tagliaferri, H., Tajima, H., Takahashi, K., Takahashi, L., Takalo, H., Takami, R. G., Talbot, P. H., Tam, M., Tanaka, T., Tanimori, M., Tavani, C., Tchernin, L. A., Tejedor, I., Telezhinsky, P., Temnikov, C., Tenzer, Y., Terada, R., Terrier, M., Teshima, V., Testa, L., Tibaldo, O., Tibolla, M., Tluczykont, C. J., Todero, F., Tokanai, M., Tokarz, K., Toma, D. F., Torre, G., Tosti, T., Totani, F., Toussenel, P., Vallania, G., Vallejo, J. v., Der, C. v., Eldik, J., Vandenbroucke, H., Vankov, G., Vasileiadi, V. V., Vassiliev, I., Vega, L., Venter, S., Vercellone, C., Veyssiere, J. P., Vialle, M., Videla, P., Vincent, J., Vink, N., Vlahaki, L., Vlaho, P., Vogler, A., Vollhardt, F., Volpe, H. P., Von, S., Vorobiov, S., Wagner, R. M., Wagner, B., Wagner, S. 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Subjects
Next generation Cherenkov telescopes, Ciencias Astronómicas, IACT, next generation Cherenkov telescopes, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Design concepts, Ground based gamma ray astronomy, Observatory, Gamma ray astronomy, Instruments astronòmics, Ingeniería Aeronáutica, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, Physics, Bursts, Radiation, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Particles, Electrónica, Física nuclear, Magic Telescope, design concepts, Electricidad, Simulation, GAMMA-RAY PULSARS, Optical-System, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV TELESCOPE, VHE Gamma ray, QUASAR, cosmic rays, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, Partícules (Física nuclear), 0103 physical sciences, Astronomia de raigs gamma, 14. Life underwater, 1St Detection, Cherenkov radiation, Particles (Nuclear physics), Astroparticle physics, Telescopis, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Astronomy, Astronomical instruments, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Cosmic-Rays, Cherenkov Telescope Array, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Induced Air-Showers, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Next generation Cherenkov telescope, Tev, ground based gamma ray astronomy, Telescopes
Abstract

Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo., Departamento de Aeronáutica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

24. Rapid quasi-periodic oscillations in the relativistic jet of BL Lacertae.

Author

Jorstad SG, Marscher AP, Raiteri CM, Villata M, Weaver ZR, Zhang H, Dong L, Gómez JL, Perel MV, Savchenko SS, Larionov VM, Carosati D, Chen WP, Kurtanidze OM, Marchini A, Matsumoto K, Mortari F, Aceti P, Acosta-Pulido JA, Andreeva T, Apolonio G, Arena C, Arkharov A, Bachev R, Banfi M, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Bozhilov V, Carnerero MI, Damljanovic G, Ehgamberdiev SA, Elsässer D, Frasca A, Gabellini D, Grishina TS, Gupta AC, Hagen-Thorn VA, Hallum MK, Hart M, Hasuda K, Hemrich F, Hsiao HY, Ibryamov S, Irsmambetova TR, Ivanov DV, Joner MD, Kimeridze GN, Klimanov SA, Knött J, Kopatskaya EN, Kurtanidze SO, Kurtenkov A, Kuutma T, Larionova EG, Leonini S, Lin HC, Lorey C, Mannheim K, Marino G, Minev M, Mirzaqulov DO, Morozova DA, Nikiforova AA, Nikolashvili MG, Ovcharov E, Papini R, Pursimo T, Rahimov I, Reinhart D, Sakamoto T, Salvaggio F, Semkov E, Shakhovskoy DN, Sigua LA, Steineke R, Stojanovic M, Strigachev A, Troitskaya YV, Troitskiy IS, Tsai A, Valcheva A, Vasilyev AA, Vince O, Waller L, Zaharieva E, and Chatterjee R

Abstract

Blazars are active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets whose non-thermal radiation is extremely variable on various timescales 1-3 . This variability seems mostly random, although some quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), implying systematic processes, have been reported in blazars and other AGN. QPOs with timescales of days or hours are especially rare 4 in AGN and their nature is highly debated, explained by emitting plasma moving helically inside the jet 5 , plasma instabilities 6,7 or orbital motion in an accretion disc 7,8 . Here we report results of intense optical and γ-ray flux monitoring of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) during a dramatic outburst in 2020 (ref.  9 ). BL Lac, the prototype of a subclass of blazars 10 , is powered by a 1.7 × 10 8  M Sun (ref.  11 ) black hole in an elliptical galaxy (distance = 313 megaparsecs (ref.  12 )). Our observations show QPOs of optical flux and linear polarization, and γ-ray flux, with cycles as short as approximately 13 h during the highest state of the outburst. The QPO properties match the expectations of current-driven kink instabilities 6 near a recollimation shock about 5 parsecs (pc) from the black hole in the wake of an apparent superluminal feature moving down the jet. Such a kink is apparent in a microwave Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) image., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2022
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25. Blazar spectral variability as explained by a twisted inhomogeneous jet.

Author

Raiteri CM, Villata M, Acosta-Pulido JA, Agudo I, Arkharov AA, Bachev R, Baida GV, Benítez E, Borman GA, Boschin W, Bozhilov V, Butuzova MS, Calcidese P, Carnerero MI, Carosati D, Casadio C, Castro-Segura N, Chen WP, Damljanovic G, D'Ammando F, Di Paola A, Echevarría J, Efimova NV, Ehgamberdiev SA, Espinosa C, Fuentes A, Giunta A, Gómez JL, Grishina TS, Gurwell MA, Hiriart D, Jermak H, Jordan B, Jorstad SG, Joshi M, Kopatskaya EN, Kuratov K, Kurtanidze OM, Kurtanidze SO, Lähteenmäki A, Larionov VM, Larionova EG, Larionova LV, Lázaro C, Lin CS, Malmrose MP, Marscher AP, Matsumoto K, McBreen B, Michel R, Mihov B, Minev M, Mirzaqulov DO, Mokrushina AA, Molina SN, Moody JW, Morozova DA, Nazarov SV, Nikolashvili MG, Ohlert JM, Okhmat DN, Ovcharov E, Pinna F, Polakis TA, Protasio C, Pursimo T, Redondo-Lorenzo FJ, Rizzi N, Rodriguez-Coira G, Sadakane K, Sadun AC, Samal MR, Savchenko SS, Semkov E, Skiff BA, Slavcheva-Mihova L, Smith PS, Steele IA, Strigachev A, Tammi J, Thum C, Tornikoski M, Troitskaya YV, Troitsky IS, Vasilyev AA, and Vince O

Abstract

Blazars are active galactic nuclei, which are powerful sources of radiation whose central engine is located in the core of the host galaxy. Blazar emission is dominated by non-thermal radiation from a jet that moves relativistically towards us, and therefore undergoes Doppler beaming. This beaming causes flux enhancement and contraction of the variability timescales, so that most blazars appear as luminous sources characterized by noticeable and fast changes in brightness at all frequencies. The mechanism that produces this unpredictable variability is under debate, but proposed mechanisms include injection, acceleration and cooling of particles, with possible intervention of shock waves or turbulence. Changes in the viewing angle of the observed emitting knots or jet regions have also been suggested as an explanation of flaring events and can also explain specific properties of blazar emission, such as intra-day variability, quasi-periodicity and the delay of radio flux variations relative to optical changes. Such a geometric interpretation, however, is not universally accepted because alternative explanations based on changes in physical conditions-such as the size and speed of the emitting zone, the magnetic field, the number of emitting particles and their energy distribution-can explain snapshots of the spectral behaviour of blazars in many cases. Here we report the results of optical-to-radio-wavelength monitoring of the blazar CTA 102 and show that the observed long-term trends of the flux and spectral variability are best explained by an inhomogeneous, curved jet that undergoes changes in orientation over time. We propose that magnetohydrodynamic instabilities or rotation of the twisted jet cause different jet regions to change their orientation and hence their relative Doppler factors. In particular, the extreme optical outburst of 2016-2017 (brightness increase of six magnitudes) occurred when the corresponding emitting region had a small viewing angle. The agreement between observations and theoretical predictions can be seen as further validation of the relativistic beaming theory.

Published
2017
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