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Traditionally, ecosystem restoration has focussed on standard ecological indicators like water or habitat quality, species population abundance or vegetation cover to determine success. However, there is growing interest in how restoration might impact people and communities. For example, researchers have documented positive socio‐ecological links between restoration and human well‐being indicators like property value, natural hazard mitigation, recreation opportunity and happiness. Furthermore, public health benefits from restoration have been linked to public support for programmes.Drawing from this research, the United Nations declared 2021–2030 the 'Decade of Ecosystem Restoration' and set a goal to promote more socio‐ecological goals in ecosystem restoration. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of information on the extent to which restoration practitioners consider well‐being because many granting programmes only require ecological goals and monitoring.To explore how restoration practitioners design, implement and measure the success of their projects, we used the federally funded Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) as a case study. Since 2010, GLRI has awarded over $3.5 Billion to over 5300 projects across the midwestern United States, but it does not presently require human well‐being considerations. We performed an online survey targeting project managers with a sample of GLRI projects (N = 1574). We received 437 responses and found that almost half set a human well‐being goal, and more than 70% of those who did believe they reached it. In comparison, 90% of project managers believed they met their ecological goals.These documented perceptions of positive impacts for both people and nature suggest that restoration may already transcend traditional indicators and monitoring for socio‐ecological metrics could capture many 'unseen' benefits. Therefore, we recommend that ecosystem restoration programmes adopt a socio‐ecological lens to document the full extent of their restoration outcomes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of nest survival are commonly used as indices of reproductive productivity in a wide range of studies, including examinations of population dynamics, habitat fragmentation, and wildlife management. However, the strength of the relationship between estimates of nest survival and of seasonal fecundity has rarely been tested. To examine that relationship, we used 16 years of demographic data from an intensively studied population of individually marked Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). We found a positive relationship between Mayfield nest-survival estimates and seasonal fecundity (i.e. number of fledglings produced per female). However, seasonal-fecundity predictions based on nest-survival values underestimated observed seasonal fecundity by an average of 33% and population growth rate by 20%. Our results suggest that, though nest-survival estimates may be useful as indices of pressures on a population (e.g. nest predation), care is needed in using them as the basis of conservation or management strategies or to make inferences about population-level processes. Received 10 November 2003, accepted 1 October 2004. Key words: Black-throated Blue Warbler, demography, Dendroica caerulescens, fecundity models, Mayfield nest-survival estimates, seasonal fecundity. Las estimaciones de la supervivencia de los nidos son usadas comunmente como indices de productividad reproductiva en un amplio espectro de estudios, incluyendo evaluaciones de dinamica poblacional, fragmentacion de habitat y manejo de fauna silvestre. Sin embargo, la fortaleza de la relacion entre las estimaciones de supervivencia de nidos y la fecundidad estacional ha sido raramente evaluada. Para examinar esta relacion, usamos datos demograficos de individuos marcados de Dendroica caerulescens de una poblacion estudiada intensamente durante 16 anos. Encontramos una relacion positiva entre las estimaciones de supervivencia de nidos de Mayfield y la fecundidad estacional (i.e. el numero de volantones producidos por hembra). Sin embargo, las predicciones de la fecundidad estacional basadas en valores de supervivencia de nidos subestimaron la fecundidad estacional observada en un 33% en promedio y la tasa de crecimiento poblacional en un 20%. Nuestros resultados sugieren que aunque las estimaciones de supervivencia de nidos pueden ser utiles como indices de presiones en una poblacion (e.g. depredacion de nidos), se debe tener cuidado al usarlas como la base de estrategias de conservacion o de manejo o para hacer inferencias sobre procesos a nivel poblacional.