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Agricultural soils are a major source of the potent greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance, N2O. To implement management practices that minimise microbial N2O production and maximise its consumption (i.e. complete denitrification) we must understand the interplay between simultaneously occurring biological and physical processes, especially how this changes with soil depth. Meaningfully disentangling these processes is challenging and typical N2O flux measurement techniques provide little insight into subsurface mechanisms. Additionally, denitrification studies are often conducted on sieved soil in altered O2 environments which relate poorly to in situ field conditions. Here, we use a novel dual headspace system with field-relevant O2 concentrations to incubate intact sandy clay loam textured agricultural topsoil (0-10 cm) and subsoil (50-60 cm) cores for 3-4 d at 50 and 70% water filled pore space (WFPS), respectively. 15N-N2O pool dilution and an SF6 tracer were used to determine the relative diffusivity (Ds/D0) and the net N2O emission and gross N2O emission and consumption rates. The relationship between calculated fluxes from the below- and above- soil core headspaces confirmed that the system performed well. We found no difference in Ds/D0 between soil depth fractions, which was probably because of the preservation of preferential flow pathways in intact cores. Both gross N2O emissions and uptake were not different with depth but were higher in the 50% WFPS, contrary to expectation. We attribute this to aerobic denitrification and simultaneously occurring denitrification and nitrification for the gross consumption and emission of N2O, respectively. Here, we developed a novel system that allows careful control of conditions and, with a headspace below and above a soil core, a more realistic reconstruction of in situ gas dynamics. We provide further evidence of substantial N2O consumption in drier soil and without net negative N2O emissions. The results from this study are important for the future application of the 15N-N2O pool dilution method and N budgeting and modelling, as required for improving management to minimise N2O losses.

Based on the observations at SDK Fatubena, Laenmanen Sub-district of Malacca District, there are some facts about problems in physical education learning, namely the lack of students' interest in athletics. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability level of long jump achievement in squat style. The method used in this research is an experimental one. The research was conducted at SDK Fatubena Malacca District. This research was conducted in 6 weeks with 3 times in a week. The samples used were 11 selectedstudents: male only of 10-12 years old. The data in this research are quantitative or numeric, then the data will be analyzed with statistical analysis using SPSS program. The result was the normality test used the Saphiro Wilk test, showing that the data in this research were normally distributed with a value of p> 0.05 (0.363> 0.05). T-paired test results (paired-t test) showed that the initial test mean 1,208 meters, the final test 1,623 meters and the results of the mean different tests after training (treatment) were very significant because the p value

Based on the observations at SDK Fatubena, Laenmanen Sub-district of Malacca District, there are some facts about problems in physical education learning, namely the lack of students' interest in athletics. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability level of long jump achievement in squat style. The method used in this research is an experimental one. The research was conducted at SDK Fatubena Malacca District. This research was conducted in 6 weeks with 3 times in a week. The samples used were 11 selectedstudents: male only of 10-12 years old. The data in this research are quantitative or numeric, then the data will be analyzed with statistical analysis using SPSS program. The result was the normality test used the Saphiro Wilk test, showing that the data in this research were normally distributed with a value of p> 0.05 (0.363> 0.05). T-paired test results (paired-t test) showed that the initial test mean 1,208 meters, the final test 1,623 meters and the results of the mean different tests after training (treatment) were very significant because the p value, {"references":["Andriani, T. (2012). Permainan Tradisional Dalam Membentuk Karakter Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Sosial Budaya, 9(1). http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/SosialBudaya/article/view/376/358","Anggraeni, M. A., Karyanto, T., & Khairati, W. (2018). Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Lompat Tali Terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun. Journal of Early Childhood Care & Education, 1(1). http://journal2.uad.ac.id/index.php/jecce/article/view/60","Astrand, P. D., & Rodahl, K. (2003). Texbook Sof Work Physiological Basic of Exercise. New York : Mc.Graw Hill Brooks Company.","Bahagia, Y. (2000). Atletik. Jakarta : Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Proyek Penataran Guru SLTP setara D III.","Djumidar, A. W. M., (2004). Gerak-Gerak Dasar Atletik Dalam Bermain. Jakarta : PT. Rajagrafindo Persada.","Fox, E. L., Richard, B.W., & Merie, L. F. (1993). The Physiological Basic of Physical Education and Athletics, 5th Edition. Dubuque : Wm. C. Brown Communication, Inc.","Gunawan, I. P. A., Dewi, I. K. A., & Santika, N. A. (2016). Pelatihan Meloncati Rintangan Setinggi 50cm Ke Kiri Ke Kanan 10 Repetisi 3 Set Meningkatkan Daya Ledak Otot Tungkai Siswa Putra Peserta Ekstrakurikuler Bola Voli SMP Neger 2 Mengwi Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan Rekreasi, 2(2), 52-60. Retrieved from https://ojs.ikippgribali.ac.id/index.php/jpkr/article/view/194","Hardovi, B.H. 2019. Pengaruh Pelatihan Plyometric Squat Jump Dan Depth Jump terhadap Daya Ledak pada Pemain Bola Voli di SMP Negeri 5 Jember. JP.JOK (Jurnal Pendidikan. Jasmani , Olahraga dan Kesehatan). ISSN 2654- 8003. Volume 3 Nomor 1 Nov 2019","Hairy, J. (2005). Fisiologi Olahraga. Jakarta : Dirjendikti","Mahardika, I. M. S. (2008). Pengantar Evaluasi Pengajaran. Surabaya : ISORI Jawa Timur.","Nala, N. (2011). Prinsip Pelatihan Fisik Olahraga. Denpasar : Udayana University Press.","Rudi, dkk. (2020). Pengaruh Latihan Lompat Tali Dan Lompat Katak Terhadap Hasil Lompat Jauh Gaya Jongkok. Journal Respecs (Research Physical Education and Sports). Vol 2, No 2 (2020). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31949/jr.v2i2.2249","Suantika, I. G. D., Sumerta, I. K., & Santika, N. A. (2016). Pelatihan Double Leg Bound 10 Repetisi 5 Set Meningkatkan Daya Ledak Otot Tungkai Siswa Putra Kelas VIII D SMP PGRI 5 Denpasar Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan Rekreasi, 2(2), 27-30. Retrieved from https://ojs.ikippgribali.ac.id/index.php/jpkr/article/view/191","Suherman. 2000. Dasar-dasar Penjaskes. Depdiknas. (online) tersedia di http://pojokpenjas. blogspot.com/2007/12/bab-i-pendahuluan-rasional.html pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012.","Tirtayasa, P. K. R., Santika, I. G. P. N. A., Subekti, M., Adiatmika, I. P. G., & Festiawan, R. (2020). Barrier Jump Training to Leg Muscle Explosive Power. ACTIVE : Jurnal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, 9(3), 173-177. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/peshr/article/view/41145","Tunas, I., Dewi, I. K. A., Santika, I., Subekti, M., Adnyana, I., & Mertayasa, I. (2019). Pelatihan Lari Jingkat Melewati 10 Rintangan Jarak 1 Meter Setinggi 25 Cm Berbeban 500 Gram Di Pergelangan Kaki 10 Repetisi 4 Set Terhadap Peningkatan Daya Ledak Otot Tungkai Siswa Putra Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Sukawati. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan Rekreasi, 5(2), 74-81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3340187","Wibawa, R., Sudiarta, N., & Santika, N. A. (2017). Pelatihan Plyometrics Knee Tuck Jump 5 Repetisi 5 Set Meningkatkan Daya Ledak Otot Tungkai Siswa Kelas X Jurusan Multimedia Dan Lukis Tradisi SMK Negeri 1 Sukawati Gianyar Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan Rekreasi, 3(1), 34-41. Retrieved from https://ojs.ikippgribali.ac.id/index.php/jpkr/article/view/215"]}

Although survival rates for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia are now excellent, this is at the expense of prolonged chemotherapy regimens. We report the long-term immune effects in children treated according to the UK Medical Research Council UKALL 2003 protocol. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels were studied in 116 participants, at six time points, during and for 18-month following treatment, with 30-39 patients analyzed at each time point. Total lymphocytes were reduced during maintenance chemotherapy and remained low 18 months following treatment completion. CD4 T cells remained significantly reduced 18 months after treatment, but CD8 cells and natural killer cells recovered to normal values. The fall in naïve B-cell numbers during maintenance was most marked, but numbers recovered rapidly after cessation of treatment. Memory B cells, particularly nonclass-switched memory B cells, remained below normal levels 18 months following treatment. All immunoglobulin subclasses were reduced during treatment compared to normal values, with IgM levels most affected. This study demonstrates that immune reconstitution differs between lymphocyte compartments. Although total B-cell numbers recover rapidly, disruption of memory/naïve balance persists and T-cell compartment persist at 18 months. This highlights the impact of modern chemotherapy regimens on immunity, and thus, infectious susceptibility and response to immunization.

Background Severe complicated intra-abdominal sepsis (SCIAS) has high mortality, thought due in part to progressive bio-mediator generation, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. Treatment includes early antibiotics and operative source control. At surgery, open abdomen management with negative-peritoneal-pressure therapy (NPPT) has been hypothesized to mitigate MOF and death, although clinical equipoise for this operative approach exists. The Closed or Open after Laparotomy (COOL) study (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03163095) will prospectively randomize eligible patients intra-operatively to formal abdominal closure or OA with NPTT. We review the ethical basis for conducting research in SCIAS. Main body Research in critically ill incapacitated patients is important to advance care. Conducting research among SCIAS is complicated due to the severity of illness including delirium, need for emergent interventions, diagnostic criteria confirmed only at laparotomy, and obtundation from anaesthesia. In other circumstances involving critically ill patients, clinical experts have worked closely with ethicists to apply principles that balance the rights of patients whilst simultaneously permitting inclusion in research. In Canada, the Tri-Council Policy Statement-2 (TCPS-2) describes six criteria that permit study enrollment and randomization in such situations: (a) serious threat to the prospective participant requires immediate intervention; (b) either no standard efficacious care exists or the research offers realistic possibility of direct benefit; (c) risks are not greater than that involved in standard care or are clearly justified by prospect for direct benefits; (d) prospective participant is unconscious or lacks capacity to understand the complexities of the research; (e) third-party authorization cannot be secured in sufficient time; and (f) no relevant prior directives are known to exist that preclude participation. TCPS-2 criteria are in principle not dissimilar to other (inter)national criteria. The COOL study will use waiver of consent to initiate enrollment and randomization, followed by surrogate or proxy consent, and finally delayed informed consent in subjects that survive and regain capacity. Conclusions A delayed consent mechanism is a practical and ethical solution to challenges in research in SCIAS. The ultimate goal of consent is to balance respect for patient participants and to permit participation in new trials with a reasonable opportunity for improved outcome and minimal risk of harm.