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1. The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale

Author

Mangano, M.C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S., Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M.S., Babarro, J.M.F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B.R., Buschmann, A.H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A.J.A., Palomo, M.G., Dineshram, R., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K.Y., Azra, M.N., Britz, P., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dionísio, M.A., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J.H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M.J.H., Lim, P.T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S.M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, C., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Tan, S.H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Sarà, G.

Published
2022
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2. The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture: A Current Global Perspective

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Sarà, G. [0000-0002-7658-5274], Mangano, M. C. [0000-0001-6980-9834], Berlino, M. [0000-0003-0539-7345], Corbari, L. [0000-0001-8517-8526], Lucchese, M. [0000-0001-8037-7438], Milisenda, G. [0000-0003-1334-9749], Terzo, S. [0000-0001-5524-5425], Azaza, M. S. [0000-0002-9926-1205], Babarro, José M. F. [0000-0001-6352-1944], Bakiu, R. [0000-0002-9613-4606], Broitman, B. R. [0000-0001-6582-3188], Buschmann, A. H. [0000-0003-3246-681X], Christofoletti, R. [0000-0002-2168-9527], Deidun, A. [0000-0002-6919-5374], Dong, Y. [0000-0003-4550-2322], Galdies, J. [0000-0001-6022-360X], Glamuzina, B. [0000-0002-5066-4599], Luthman, O. [0000-0002-6227-8484], Makridis, P. [0000-0002-0265-4070], Nogueira, A. J. A. [0000-0001-7089-2508], Palomo, M. G. [0000-0002-9102-1282], Dineshram, R. [0000-0002-6723-4587], Rilov, G. [0000-0002-1334-4887], Sánchez-Jerez, P. [0000-0003-4047-238X], Sevgili, H. [0000-0001-8274-7391], Troell, M. [0000-0002-7509-8140], AbouelFadl, K. Y. [0000-0002-4585-833X], Azra, M. N. [0000-0001-9333-9270], Britz, P. [0000-0002-4436-0425], Brugere, C. [0000-0002-1412-1044], Carrington, Emily [0000-0001-8741-4828], Celić, I. [0000-0002-3438-3690], Choi, F. [0000-0003-4389-8087], Qin, C. [0000-0002-3073-1563], Dobroslavić, T. [0000-0003-3805-3186], Galli, P. [0000-0002-6065-8192], Giannetto, D. [0000-0002-3895-5553], Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H. [0000-0001-7598-038X], Lim, P. T. [0000-0003-2823-0564], Liu, Y. [0000-0001-6520-4854], Llorens, S. M. [0000-0002-9824-3267], Maricchiolo, G. [0000-0002-5670-6243], Mirto, S. [0000-0003-4707-7307], Pećarević, M. [0000-0003-4665-2103], Ragg, N. [0000-0002-5466-4617], Ravagnan, E. [0000-0002-9724-3660], Saidi, D. [0000-0001-6382-8073], Shaltout, M. [0000-0002-0429-3029], Solidoro, C. [0000-0003-2354-4302], Tan, S. H. [0000-0001-8690-047X], Thiyagarajan, V. [0000-0002-2062-4799], Helmuth, B. [0000-0003-0180-3414], Sarà, Gianluca, Mangano, Maria Cristina, Berlino, Manuel, Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, José M. F., Bakiu, Rigers, Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, Alejandro H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, Pavlos, Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, Gil, Sánchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, Emily, Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavic, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, Po Teen, Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, Cosimo, Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., Helmuth, B., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Sarà, G. [0000-0002-7658-5274], Mangano, M. C. [0000-0001-6980-9834], Berlino, M. [0000-0003-0539-7345], Corbari, L. [0000-0001-8517-8526], Lucchese, M. [0000-0001-8037-7438], Milisenda, G. [0000-0003-1334-9749], Terzo, S. [0000-0001-5524-5425], Azaza, M. S. [0000-0002-9926-1205], Babarro, José M. F. [0000-0001-6352-1944], Bakiu, R. [0000-0002-9613-4606], Broitman, B. R. [0000-0001-6582-3188], Buschmann, A. H. [0000-0003-3246-681X], Christofoletti, R. [0000-0002-2168-9527], Deidun, A. [0000-0002-6919-5374], Dong, Y. [0000-0003-4550-2322], Galdies, J. [0000-0001-6022-360X], Glamuzina, B. [0000-0002-5066-4599], Luthman, O. [0000-0002-6227-8484], Makridis, P. [0000-0002-0265-4070], Nogueira, A. J. A. [0000-0001-7089-2508], Palomo, M. G. [0000-0002-9102-1282], Dineshram, R. [0000-0002-6723-4587], Rilov, G. [0000-0002-1334-4887], Sánchez-Jerez, P. [0000-0003-4047-238X], Sevgili, H. [0000-0001-8274-7391], Troell, M. [0000-0002-7509-8140], AbouelFadl, K. Y. [0000-0002-4585-833X], Azra, M. N. [0000-0001-9333-9270], Britz, P. [0000-0002-4436-0425], Brugere, C. [0000-0002-1412-1044], Carrington, Emily [0000-0001-8741-4828], Celić, I. [0000-0002-3438-3690], Choi, F. [0000-0003-4389-8087], Qin, C. [0000-0002-3073-1563], Dobroslavić, T. [0000-0003-3805-3186], Galli, P. [0000-0002-6065-8192], Giannetto, D. [0000-0002-3895-5553], Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H. [0000-0001-7598-038X], Lim, P. T. [0000-0003-2823-0564], Liu, Y. [0000-0001-6520-4854], Llorens, S. M. [0000-0002-9824-3267], Maricchiolo, G. [0000-0002-5670-6243], Mirto, S. [0000-0003-4707-7307], Pećarević, M. [0000-0003-4665-2103], Ragg, N. [0000-0002-5466-4617], Ravagnan, E. [0000-0002-9724-3660], Saidi, D. [0000-0001-6382-8073], Shaltout, M. [0000-0002-0429-3029], Solidoro, C. [0000-0003-2354-4302], Tan, S. H. [0000-0001-8690-047X], Thiyagarajan, V. [0000-0002-2062-4799], Helmuth, B. [0000-0003-0180-3414], Sarà, Gianluca, Mangano, Maria Cristina, Berlino, Manuel, Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, José M. F., Bakiu, Rigers, Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, Alejandro H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, Pavlos, Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, Gil, Sánchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, Emily, Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavic, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, Po Teen, Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, Cosimo, Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Helmuth, B.

Abstract

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

Published
2022

4. The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic : Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale

Author

Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S., Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, Max, AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dionísio, M. A., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, C., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., Sarà, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S., Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, Max, AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dionísio, M. A., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, C., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Sarà, G.

Abstract

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land-vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

Published
2022
Full Text
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5. The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture : A Current Global Perspective

Author

Sarà, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, G., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, Max, AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, C., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., Helmuth, B., Sarà, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, G., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, Max, AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, C., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Helmuth, B.

Abstract

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

Published
2022
Full Text
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6. The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale

Author

European Commission, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Mangano, Maria Cristina, Berlino, Manuel, Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S., Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, José M. F., Bakiu, Rigers, Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, Alejandro H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, Pavlos, Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Sánchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Carrington, Emily, Celić, I., Choi, F., Chuanxin, Q., Dionísio, M. A., Dobroslavic, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, Po Teen, Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, Cristina, Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., Sarà, Gianluca, European Commission, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Mangano, Maria Cristina, Berlino, Manuel, Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S., Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, José M. F., Bakiu, Rigers, Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, Alejandro H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, Pavlos, Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Sánchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Carrington, Emily, Celić, I., Choi, F., Chuanxin, Q., Dionísio, M. A., Dobroslavic, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J. H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, Po Teen, Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, Cristina, Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Sarà, Gianluca

Abstract

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies

Published
2022

9. Larval and post-larval stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) are resistant to elevated CO2.

Author

Ko W K Ginger, Chan B S Vera, Dineshram R, Choi K S Dennis, Li J Adela, Ziniu Yu, and Vengatesen Thiyagarajan

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The average pH of surface oceans has decreased by 0.1 unit since industrialization and is expected to decrease by another 0.3-0.7 units before the year 2300 due to the absorption of anthropogenic CO2. This human-caused pH change is posing serious threats and challenges to the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), especially to their larval stages. Our knowledge of the effect of reduced pH on C. gigas larvae presently relies presumptively on four short-term (

Published
2013
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10. Interactive Effects of Ocean Acidification, Elevated Temperature, and Reduced Salinity on Early-Life Stages of the Pacific Oyster

Author

Ko, Ginger W. K., Dineshram, R., Campanati, Camilla, Chan, Vera B. S., Havenhand, Jon, Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen, Ko, Ginger W. K., Dineshram, R., Campanati, Camilla, Chan, Vera B. S., Havenhand, Jon, and Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen

Abstract

Ocean acidification (OA) effects on larvae are partially attributed for the rapidly declining oyster production in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This OA effect is a serious concern in SE Asia, which produces >80% of the world’s oysters. Because climate-related stressors rarely act alone, we need to consider OA effects on oysters in combination with warming and reduced salinity. Here, the interactive effects of these three climate-related stressors on the larval growth of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were examined. Larvae were cultured in combinations of temperature (24 and 30 °C), pH (8.1 and 7.4), and salinity (15 psu and 25 psu) for 58 days to the early juvenile stage. Decreased pH (pH 7.4), elevated temperature (30 °C), and reduced salinity (15 psu) significantly delayed pre- and post-settlement growth. Elevated temperature lowered the larval lipid index, a proxy for physiological quality, and negated the negative effects of decreased pH on attachment and metamorphosis only in a salinity of 25 psu. The negative effects of multiple stressors on larval metamorphosis were not due to reduced size or depleted lipid reserves at the time of metamorphosis. Our results supported the hypothesis that the C. gigas larvae are vulnerable to the interactions of OA with reduced salinity and warming in Yellow Sea coastal waters now and in the future.

Published
2014
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11. Biological impacts of ocean acidification: a postgraduate perspective on research priorities

Author

Garrard, Samantha L., Hunter, R. C., Frommel, Andrea, Lane, A. C., Phillips, J. C., Cooper, R., Dineshram, R., Cardini, U., McCoy, S. J., Arnberg, M., Rodrigues Alves, B. G., Annane, S., Orte, M. R., Kumar, A., Aguirre-Martínez, G. V., Maneja, Rommel, Basallote, M. D., Ape, F., Torstensson, A., Bjoerk, M. M., Garrard, Samantha L., Hunter, R. C., Frommel, Andrea, Lane, A. C., Phillips, J. C., Cooper, R., Dineshram, R., Cardini, U., McCoy, S. J., Arnberg, M., Rodrigues Alves, B. G., Annane, S., Orte, M. R., Kumar, A., Aguirre-Martínez, G. V., Maneja, Rommel, Basallote, M. D., Ape, F., Torstensson, A., and Bjoerk, M. M.

Abstract

Research into the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms has greatly increased during the past decade, as realization of the potential dramatic impacts has grown. Studies have revealed the multifarious responses of organisms to OA conditions, indicating a high level of intra- and interspecific variation in species’ ability to accommodate these alterations. If we are to provide policy makers with sound, scientific input regarding the expected consequences of OA, we need a broader understanding of these predicted changes. As a group of 20 multi-disciplinary postgraduate students from around the globe, with a study focus on OA, we are a strong representation of ‘next generation’ scientists in this field. In this unique cumulative paper, we review knowledge gaps in terms of assessing the biological impacts of OA, outlining directions for future research.

Published
2013
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12. Analysis of Pacific oyster larval proteome and its response to high-CO2

Author

Dineshram, R., Wong, Kelvin K.W., Xiao, Shu, Yu, Ziniu, Qian, Peiyuan, Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen, Dineshram, R., Wong, Kelvin K.W., Xiao, Shu, Yu, Ziniu, Qian, Peiyuan, and Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen

Abstract

Most calcifying organisms show depressed metabolic, growth and calcification rates as symptoms to high-CO2 due to ocean acidification (OA) process. Analysis of the global expression pattern of proteins (proteome analysis) represents a powerful tool to examine these physiological symptoms at molecular level, but its applications are inadequate. To address this knowledge gap, 2-DE coupled with mass spectrophotometer was used to compare the global protein expression pattern of oyster larvae exposed to ambient and to high-CO2. Exposure to OA resulted in marked reduction of global protein expression with a decrease or loss of 71 proteins (18% of the expressed proteins in control), indicating a wide-spread depression of metabolic genes expression in larvae reared under OA. This is, to our knowledge, the first proteome analysis that provides insights into the link between physiological suppression and protein down-regulation under OA in oyster larvae. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2012

13. The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture: A Current Global Perspective

Author

Sar��, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, G., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, E., Celi��, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavi��, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pe��arevi��, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, C., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Helmuth, B.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 14. Life underwater
Abstract

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

14. The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture: A Current Global Perspective

Author

Sar��, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, J. M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, G., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, E., Celi��, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavi��, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pe��arevi��, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, K., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, C., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., and Helmuth, B.

Subjects
14. Life underwater
Abstract

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

15. The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture: A Current Global Perspective

Author

Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti, Giacomo Milisenda, Daniela Giannetto, Vengatesen Thiyagarajan, Cosimo Solidoro, P. Makridis, Brian Helmuth, Mohamad N. Azra, Mohamed Shaltout, Giulia Maricchiolo, Rigers Bakiu, L. Corbari, Max Troell, P. Galli, S. Terzo, R. Dineshram, Maria Cristina Mangano, Khaled Y. AbouelFadl, H. Sevgili, C. Qin, E. Ravagnan, T. Dobroslavić, S. M. Llorens, Branko Glamuzina, Yunwei Dong, M. Berlino, M. S. Azaza, Bernardo R. Broitman, Po Teen Lim, Emily Carrington, J. Galdies, Igor Celić, Jonathan H. Grabowski, K. Schultz, Simone Mirto, Alan Deidun, M. Pećarević, S. H. Tan, Cecile Brugere, P. Britz, Gianluca Sarà, P. Sanchez-Jerez, D. Saidi, M. G. Palomo, M. Lucchese, N. Ragg, Alejandro H. Buschmann, Francis Choi, Gil Rilov, António J.A. Nogueira, M. J. H. Lebata-Ramos, Y. Liu, José M. F. Babarro, O. Luthman, Sara' G., Mangano M.C., Berlino M., Corbari L., Lucchese M., Milisenda G., Terzo S., Azaza M.S., Babarro J.M.F., Bakiu R., Broitman B.R., Buschmann A.H., Christofoletti R., Deidun A., Dong Y., Galdies J., Glamuzina B., Luthman O., Makridis P., Nogueira A.J.A., Palomo M.G., Dineshram R., Rilov G., Sanchez-Jerez P., Sevgili H., Troell M., AbouelFadl K.Y., Azra M.N., Britz P., Brugere C., Carrington E., Celic I., Choi F., Qin C., Dobroslavic T., Galli P., Giannetto D., Grabowski J., Lebata-Ramos M.J.H., Lim P.T., Liu Y., Llorens S.M., Maricchiolo G., Mirto S., Pecarevic M., Ragg N., Ravagnan E., Saidi D., Schultz K., Shaltout M., Solidoro C., Tan S.H., Thiyagarajan V., Helmuth B., MÜ, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Giannetto, Daniela, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Biología Marina, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Sarà, G., Mangano, M. C., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Lucchese, M., Milisenda, G., Terzo, S., Azaza, M. S., Babarro, José M. F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B. R., Buschmann, A. H., Christofoletti, R., Deidun, A., Dong, Y., Galdies, J., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A. J. A., Palomo, M. G., Dineshram, R., Rilov, G., Sánchez-Jerez, P., Sevgili, H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K. Y., Azra, M. N., Britz, P., Brugere, C., Carrington, Emily, Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H., Lim, P. T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S. M., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Shaltout, M., Solidoro, C., Tan, S. H., Thiyagarajan, V., Helmuth, B., Sarà, G. [0000-0002-7658-5274], Mangano, M. C. [0000-0001-6980-9834], Berlino, M. [0000-0003-0539-7345], Corbari, L. [0000-0001-8517-8526], Lucchese, M. [0000-0001-8037-7438], Milisenda, G. [0000-0003-1334-9749], Terzo, S. [0000-0001-5524-5425], Azaza, M. S. [0000-0002-9926-1205], Babarro, José M. F. [0000-0001-6352-1944], Bakiu, R. [0000-0002-9613-4606], Broitman, B. R. [0000-0001-6582-3188], Buschmann, A. H. [0000-0003-3246-681X], Christofoletti, R. [0000-0002-2168-9527], Deidun, A. [0000-0002-6919-5374], Dong, Y. [0000-0003-4550-2322], Galdies, J. [0000-0001-6022-360X], Glamuzina, B. [0000-0002-5066-4599], Luthman, O. [0000-0002-6227-8484], Makridis, P. [0000-0002-0265-4070], Nogueira, A. J. A. [0000-0001-7089-2508], Palomo, M. G. [0000-0002-9102-1282], Dineshram, R. [0000-0002-6723-4587], Rilov, G. [0000-0002-1334-4887], Sánchez-Jerez, P. [0000-0003-4047-238X], Sevgili, H. [0000-0001-8274-7391], Troell, M. [0000-0002-7509-8140], AbouelFadl, K. Y. [0000-0002-4585-833X], Azra, M. N. [0000-0001-9333-9270], Britz, P. [0000-0002-4436-0425], Brugere, C. [0000-0002-1412-1044], Carrington, Emily [0000-0001-8741-4828], Celić, I. [0000-0002-3438-3690], Choi, F. [0000-0003-4389-8087], Qin, C. [0000-0002-3073-1563], Dobroslavić, T. [0000-0003-3805-3186], Galli, P. [0000-0002-6065-8192], Giannetto, D. [0000-0002-3895-5553], Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H. [0000-0001-7598-038X], Lim, P. T. [0000-0003-2823-0564], Liu, Y. [0000-0001-6520-4854], Llorens, S. M. [0000-0002-9824-3267], Maricchiolo, G. [0000-0002-5670-6243], Mirto, S. [0000-0003-4707-7307], Pećarević, M. [0000-0003-4665-2103], Ragg, N. [0000-0002-5466-4617], Ravagnan, E. [0000-0002-9724-3660], Saidi, D. [0000-0001-6382-8073], Shaltout, M. [0000-0002-0429-3029], Solidoro, C. [0000-0003-2354-4302], Tan, S. H. [0000-0001-8690-047X], Thiyagarajan, V. [0000-0002-2062-4799], and Helmuth, B. [0000-0003-0180-3414]

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, Socio-ecological systems, vulnerability, Vulnerability, SARS (Disease), 01 natural sciences, Food security -- Case studies, Stakeholder perceptions, COVID-19 (Disease), Aquaculture, food insecurity, Stakeholder, Perceptions, Climate change, Zoología, stakeholders perceptions, 2. Zero hunger, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, SARS-COV2-pandemic, multiple stressors, Food insecurity, climate change, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), socio-ecological system, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 14. Life underwater, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, supply chain, stakeholder perceptions, socioecological systems, Multiple stressors, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Perspective (graphical), Stressor, climate change, food insecurity, multiple stressors, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, socio-ecological systems, stakeholder perceptions, supply chain, vulnerability, Socioecological systems, Vulnerability model of recovery, Climatic changes, Supply chain, 13. Climate action, 040102 fisheries, Business logistics -- Case studies, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business
Abstract

13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables.-- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector., The Open Access publication of the MS was funded by M. Cristina Mangano FOE N. 418 at Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (personal OA publication fund). People at Laboratory of Ecology have been found by the PRIN-MAHRES project (Ministry of Italian Research; MUR) 2017MHHWBN_003 Linea C and by the HARMONY Project Italy-Malta 2016 (grant C1-3.1-31) funded by the Sicilian Region and Maltese Government. A. Nogueira thanks FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds. J.M.F. Babarro thanks project PID2019-106008RB-C21 for support through Spanish Government funds

Published
2022

16. The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale

Author

António J.A. Nogueira, M. Pećarević, Po Teen Lim, M.A. Dionísio, Simone Mirto, Daniela Giannetto, P. Britz, Emily Carrington, Y. Liu, B. Glamuzina, Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti, T. Dobroslavić, Bernardo R. Broitman, M. J. H. Lebata-Ramos, E. Ravagnan, Vengatesen Thiyagarajan, Maria Cristina Mangano, C. Qin, Giacomo Milisenda, L. Corbari, M. Lucchese, Brian Helmuth, O. Luthman, R. Bakiu, Mohamad N. Azra, Mohamed Shaltout, S. M. Llorens, N. Ragg, H. Sevgili, S. Terzo, R. Dineshram, M. S. Azaza, M. Berlino, K. Schultz, Yunwei Dong, José M. F. Babarro, Gianluca Sarà, Alejandro H. Buschmann, P. Galli, Francis Choi, Max Troell, Khaled Y. AbouelFadl, Jonathan H. Grabowski, D. Saidi, C. Pita, M. G. Palomo, S. H. Tan, P. Makridis, P. Sanchez-Jerez, Mar Bosch-Belmar, I. Celić, MÜ, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Giannetto, Daniela, Mangano M.C., Berlino M., Corbari L., Milisenda G., Lucchese M., Terzo S., Bosch-Belmar M., Azaza M.S., Babarro J.M.F., Bakiu R., Broitman B.R., Buschmann A.H., Christofoletti R., Dong Y., Glamuzina B., Luthman O., Makridis P., Nogueira A.J.A., Palomo M.G., Dineshram R., Sanchez-Jerez P., Sevgili H., Troell M., AbouelFadl K.Y., Azra M.N., Britz P., Carrington E., Celic I., Choi F., Qin C., Dionisio M.A., Dobroslavic T., Galli P., Giannetto D., Grabowski J.H., Helmuth B., Lebata-Ramos M.J.H., Lim P.T., Liu Y., Llorens S.M., Mirto S., Pecarevic M., Pita C., Ragg N., Ravagnan E., Saidi D., Schultz K., Shaltout M., Tan S.H., Thiyagarajan V., Sara' G., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, and Biología Marina

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Supply chain, Economic distress, Geography, Planning and Development, Vulnerability, COVID-19 effects, Distribution (economics), Rapid assessment, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Article, Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, 03 medical and health sciences, Stakeholder perceptions, Mitigation measures, Zoología, 14. Life underwater, Resilience (network), Baseline (configuration management), Perishable food supply chain, Environmental planning, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Food security, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, COVID-19 effects, Disruption, Economic distress, Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, Mitigation measures, Perishable food supply chain, Rapid assessment, Stakeholder perceptions, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Scale (social sciences), Disruption, Business
Abstract

13 pages, 3 tables, 5 figures, The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies, M.C.M.'s research activity was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action (Grant agreement no. 835589, MIRROR Project). People at the Laboratory of Ecology have been funded by the PRIN-MAHRES project (Ministry of Italian Research; MUR - 017MHHWBN_003 Linea C) and by the Interreg Italia-Malta HARMONY 2016 (Grant C1-3.1-31). C. Pita and A. Nogueira would like to thank FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds. J.M.F. Babarro thanks project PID2019-106008RB-C21 for support through Spanish Government funds. The authors would like to thank also the ERASMUS+-FISHAQU project (No. 610071-EPP-1-2019-1-PT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP)

Published
2021

17. Bio-Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by a Halophilic Bacterium Salinivibrio sp.

Author

John J, Dineshram R, Hemalatha KR, Dhassiah MP, Gopal D, and Kumar A

Abstract

Synthetic dyes, extensively used in various industries, act as pollutants in the aquatic environment, and pose a significant threat to living beings. In the present study, we assessed the potential of a halophilic bacterium Salinivibrio kushneri HTSP isolated from a saltpan for decolorization and bioremediation of synthetic dyes. The genomic assessment of this strain revealed the presence of genes encoding the enzymes involved in decolorization mechanisms including FMN-dependent NADH azoreductase Clade III, which cleave the azo bond of the dye, and the enzymes involved in deamination and isomerization of intermediate compounds. The dye decolorization assay was performed using this bacterial strain on three water-soluble dyes in different concentrations: Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) G-250 (500-3,000 mg/L), Safranin, and Congo red (50-800 mg/L). Within 48 h, more than 80% of decolorization was observed in all tested concentrations of CBB G-250 and Congo red dyes. The rate of decolorization was the highest for Congo red followed by CBB G-250 and then Safranin. Using UV-Visible spectrometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, peaks were observed in the colored and decolorized solutions. The results indicated a breakdown of dyes upon decolorization, as some peaks were shifted and lost for different vibrations of aromatic rings, aliphatic groups (-CH 2 , -CH 3 ) and functional groups (-NH, -SO 3 H, and -SO 3 - ) in decolorized solutions. This study has shown the potential of S. kushneri HTSP to decolorize dyes in higher concentrations at a faster pace than previously reported bacterial strains. Thus, we propose that our isolated strain can be utilized as a potential dye decolorizer and biodegradative for wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 John, Dineshram, Hemalatha, Dhassiah, Gopal and Kumar.)

Published
2020
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