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The paper presents ideas and initiatives from two ongoing Erasmus+ projects funded by the European Commission. Both projects use e-Learning as an enabler for communicating interesting and important learning contents that are believed to increase and improve employability prospects for the targeted groups of learners. The WINnovators project targets young women with reduced opportunities for quality education in different areas of STEM/STEAM and intends to demonstrate how their entrepreneurial skills can gradually grow by providing them with e-Learning incentives in such areas. The YNSPEED project intends to offer free MOOC courses addressing hot topics of modern society – artificial intelligence, sustainable development, and fake news. In the YNSPEED project, the target group of learners are young people (aged 16-29). It is believed that their interest in such important topics can be boosted by communicating the corresponding relevant learning content in a carefully designed way. The Shine a light metaphor is a common point and a common approach in both projects – e-Learning technology is used to facilitate informal education for the targeted learners and to indicate directions that often get either omitted or misunderstood in traditional schools.

Age waves is theoretical concept that take into account the importance of disordered cohort flows, mainly as by-product of demographic transition (fluctuating fertility and improved survival), but also external factors (especially wars). The primary age wave as a consequence of high births after the Second World War in Serbia did not remain an isolated phenomenon, but created a secondary cohort wave although the fertility indicators were declining, which is visible as the thickening of the pyramid base in 1981 due to the absolute increase in births. Cohort "tide" has influenced the shape of the pyramid to longer retain the properties of the stationary type because the baby boom generation reproduced the "echo" generation, which is a counterbalance to extreme demographic aging as the baby boom generation entered the contingent of the old population. A cohort analysis of the elderly population shows that the declining share of the elderly in a certain age group is typical for cohorts born during turbulent times, most often wars, while cohorts born afterwards form more numerous generations. A half-century characteristic of the Serbian population is an absolute increase of people older than 65, but it does not automatically mean an adequate increase in the relative share of the elderly because it depends on the number of other age groups and their cohort trajectories. The methodological tool that can valorize heterogeneity of the old population is important for societies with past oscillations in fertility and migratory movements. In this study, the usefulness of the arithmetic and geometric coefficients of aging was tested on the example of baby boom and baby bust generations and their position in the old population, revealing periods when rejuvenation or aging of the old has dominated., Kohortno talasanje je teorijski koncept koji uvažava značaj neregularnih kohortnih tokova kao nusprodukta demografske tranzicije (fluktuirajući fertilitet i produženo očekivano trajanje života), ali i eksternih faktora (posebno ratovi). Primarni "starosni talas" kao posledica visokog rađanja nakon Drugog svetskog rata nije ostao izolovan fenomen, već je generisao sekundarno kohortno talasanje što potvrđuje i zadebljanje baze piramide 1981. godine nastalo zbog apsolutnog povećanja rođenih. Kohortno talasanje je uticalo da oblik piramide duže zadrži svojstva stacionarnog tipa jer je bebi bum generacija reprodukovala "eho" generaciju, koja je predstavlja protivtežu ekstremnom demografskom starenju pošto je bebi bum generacija ušla u kontingnet starijih od 65 godina. Analiza starog stanovništva pokazuje da opadanje udela starih u određenoj starosnoj grupi po pravilu znači da je TA kohorta rođena tokom vremene turbulentnih vremena, najčešće ratova, dok oni rođeni posle ratova formiraju brojnije generacije. Ali treba naglasiti da apsolutni porast starijih od 65 godina, što je poluvekovna karakteristika stanovništva Srbije, ne znači i automatski adekvatan porast relativnog udela starijih jer on zavisi od broja ostalih starosnih grupa, ali i od kohortnih trajektorija. Novo metodološko rešenje dopušta da se valorizuje heterogenost starog stanovništva i čini se vrlo praktičnim u društvima u kojima je dolazilo do velikih oscilacija fertiliteta i izrazitih migratornih kretanja. U ovom istraživaju je testirana korisnost koeficijenta oštrine i dubine starenja na primeru krnjih i kompenzacionih generacija i njihovoj poziciji u starom stanovništvu, otkrivajući periode kada je dominiralo podmlađivanje starog stanovništva, odnosno kada je nastupalo izraženije starenje starih.

Population education is one of the strategic measures to encourage giving birth in low-fertility Serbia. The expected result is that such education may have an effect on reproductive intentions and overall people behavior. This study explores the thoughts about reproduction of three different student groups from the University of Belgrade, whereas their specific knowledge about demography ranges from basic to very good. The intention was to clarify whether awareness and knowledge about demographic problems change attitudes on reproduction of future highly educated people. The study was performed via a survey that was conducted among: Demography students, who have studied demographic phenomena for at least 3years, students who have taken only one course in demography during their studies and students who have not acquainted themselves with demographics throughout their studies. It is based on the students' views of ideal, desired and expected family size, on an evaluation of factors that affect reproduction, on identifying other beliefs relevant for future reproduction, as well as on a discussion with Demography students. Demographic education did not show to be an essential factor of differentiating reproductive norms of students. Collective rationality and a reflection of the economic crisis on reproductive intentions are dominant student responses.

Background: Technology-enhanced assessment (TEA) is a broad term that encompasses the diverse methods, by which technology can be used to support the management and delivery of assessment in educational institutions, in workplace and lifelong learning, in professional training and development, and so on. Purpose of Study: There is a new initiative at the University of Belgrade, Serbia, to explore computing technology underpinnings of the practice of TEA (computing underpinnings of the practice [CUP] of TEA), at universities and in schools in the country. Sources of Evidence: The CUP of TEA initiative starts from the current insight into current practices of assessment processes in different educational institutions. The data collected include assessment process descriptions from these institutions, specification of technologies used for the purpose, and specification of the educational profiles of participants in the process. Main Argument: The CUP of TEA initiative develops: A novel and comprehensive framework for TEA to lay the foundation for systematic, accurate, effective, and innovative application and use of TEA in educational institutions; specifically designated sets of information and communication technology (ICT) tools and services – ICT toolsets – that support practical application of TEA; several application cases that implement the TEA framework and use different ICT toolsets for TEA in different educational contexts, showcasing the integration of best TEA practices into curricula; and a set of policies that enable educational institutions and their teachers to officially establish the use of the framework for TEA in their courses and daily work. The CUP of TEA initiative covers both formative and summative assessment and supports formal, non-formal, and informal learning and assessment. Conclusions: The ultimate goal of the initiative is not just better, faster, and more informative assessment. It is the creation of a robust teaching and learning asse

Испитивање пограничног простора има дугу традицију. На основу богате научне литературе уочава се еволуција у истраживању овог простора, а тежиште проучавања се током времена премешта са географског, геостратешког и геополитичког аспекта на демографске, економске, социјалне, етничко-политичке и остале сфере истраживања. Пограничне општине у источном делу Србије најпре су се суочиле са проблемом депопулације почетком шездесетих година прошлог века, а наредне деценије су се суочиле са проблемом емиграције становништва. Иако су се ови процеси касније проширили на остале општине Србије, погранични простор је први апострофиран као простор који се суочава са демографским проблемима. Томе је у великој мери допринео и погранични положај, јер је током прошлог века, услед централистичког модела државе, близина границе утицала на повећање баријерности и изолације пограничних општина, што је у комбинацији са често неповољним географским, и тиме условљеним саобраћајним положајем, имало негативних утицаја на развој овог стратешки значајног подручја. Ови фактори и демографски трендови утицали су на стварање стереотипа да су пограничне општине периферне, неразвијене, заостале у економском развоју и суочене са бројним демографским проблемима. Неопходност детаљног демографског истраживања пограничног простора Србије проистекла је из чињенице да су се током друге половине 20. века и почетком 21. века одиграле крупне друштвене промене. Политичка дешавања током деведесетих година утицала су на промене граница, чиме је промењен погранични простор Србије. Општине које су некада биле централне добиле су погранични статус. Отуда можемо рећи да постоје старе и нове границе, што је у великој мери утицало на диференцираност пограничног простора Србије. За разлику од старих пограничних општина, које су се са демографским проблемима почеле суочавати шездесетих година прошлог века, период стицања пограничног положаја је значио почетак демографских проблема за већину нових пограничних општина..., Examination of the Serbian border area has a long tradition. Based on a rich scientific literature it can be seen evolution in the exploration of this space, and the focus of study over time is shifted from geographical, geostrategic and geopolitical aspects to demographic, economic, social, ethnic-political and other spheres of research. Border municipalities in the eastern part of Serbia first faced the problem of depopulation in the early sixties, and in the following decade, they faced the problem of emigration of the population. Although these processes later expanded to other municipalities of Serbia, the frontier area is the first apostrophe as a space that faces demographic problems. This was also greatly influenced by the border position, because over the past century, due to the centralist model of the state, the proximity of the border influenced the increase in the barrier and isolation of border municipalities, which is combined with often unfavorable geographical and traffic situation, had a negative impact on the development of this strategically important area. These factors and demographic trends have influenced the creation of stereotypes that border municipalities are peripheral, underdeveloped, lagging behind in economic development and facing numerous demographic problems. The necessity for a detailed demographic survey of the border area of Serbia stemmed from the fact that during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century major social changes took place. Political developments during the 1990s influenced the change of borders, which changed the border area of Serbia. Municipalities that were central received a border status. Hence we can say that there are old and new borders, which greatly influenced the differentiation of the border area of Serbia. Unlike the old border municipalities, which faced demographic problems in the sixties of the last century, the period of acquisition of the border position was the b

Postponement of the first marriage is most often associated with postponement of births and decline of fertility, and in research, almost as a rule, the focus is put on female population. Postponement of marriage is characteristic for both sexes, and the aim of this paper is to perceive this phenomenon from the "male angle". The focus of the analysis is put on the male population of two age groups, 35 to 49 and 40 to 49 years that never married. The prevalence of the phenomenon of postponement of first marriage among the male population is explored, the rural-urban model is determined and compared with the characteristics of this phenomenon of the opposite sex. The 2011 Census data at the level of NUTS2 regions was analysed. The results show that there is a gender-different rural-urban model of marriage postponement. The shares of unmarried women are higher in urban than in rural areas, while this pattern is reversed in the male population, Odlaganje sklapanja prvog braka najčešće ce dovodi u vezu sa odlaganjem rađanja i padom fertiliteta te ce u istraživanjima, gotovo no pravilu, u fokus stavlja žensko stanovništvo. Odlaganje braka karakteristično je za oba pola, a cilj ovog rada je da problematiku sagleda iz "muškog ugla" U fokusu analize je muško stanovništvo koje nikada nije sklopilo brak posmatrano kroz dva starosna raspona, 35 do 49, i 40 do 49 godina. U radu je izloženo istraživanje rasprostranjenosti fenomena odlaganja sklapanja prvog braka među muškim stanovništvom. Tako ce utvrđuje ruralno-urbani model odlaganja braka te ce poredi sa karakteristikama ove pojave kod suprotnog pola. Korišćeni su podaci Popisa iz 2011. godine na nivou NUTS2 regiona. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji rodno različit ruralno-urbani model odlaganja braka. Udeli neudatih viši su u gradskim nego u ruralnim sredinama, dok je kod muškog stanovništva ovaj patern obratan.

The border regions of Serbia are marked by numerous problems that arise from their peripheral position. They mostly encompass municipalities that are underdeveloped, as compared to the rest of the country; unfavourable demographic characteristics are manifested in the long-term depopulation and out-migration and progressive population ageing. The purpose of the study is to explore their heterogeneity. By means of cluster analysis, groups of municipalities were identified according to the degree of development and demographic characteristics. Starting from theoretical and methodological concepts used in defining peripheral and marginal areas, the degree of peripherality/marginality is determined in the border areas of Serbia. The introduction of a large number of demographic indicators enables a more detailed analysis of border regions of Serbia and the identification of advantages and disadvantages of their development potentials.

The objective of this investigation is to put in evidence the diff iculties what it entails the so declaimed sustainable rural tourism development. For that aim, we have chosen two tourism clusters of rural areas corresponding to the Upper and Lower Danube, in a country in Eastern Europe of medium development like as Serbia. The comparison is one of the essential principles of geographical research and in this case are allowed establish diff erences and similarities between a nature destination with strong deficiencies of infrastructure. On the other side, it is evident an increasing presence of international tourism and destination with better services and predominance of historical and cultural attractions, more oriented to local tourism. The exhaustive bibliographical and field research are complemented by a deep geostatistical analysis of information which are collected from year to year by municipalities. The results obtained are brought knowledge with views to a strategic planning on the path of sustainability., El objetivo de la presente investigación es poner en evidencia las dificultades que conlleva el tan declamado desarrollo turístico rural sostenible. Para ello se han elegido dos clusters de turismo rural correspondientes al Alto y el Bajo Danubio, en un país de Europa Oriental de desarrollo medio como es Serbia. La comparación es uno de los principios esenciales de la investigación geográfica y en este caso permitió establecer diferencias y semejanzas entre un destino de naturaleza, con fuertes carencias de infraestructura pero con creciente presencia de turismo internacional, y un destino con mejores servicios y con predominio de atractivos histórico - culturales, más orientado al turismo local. El exhaustivo relevamiento bibliográfico y de campo se complementó con un profundo análisis geo-estadístico de información que año a año recogen los municipios. Los resultados obtenidos aportan conocimientos con vistas a una planificación estratégica en el camino de la sostenibilidad.

This paper is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Stanovništvo (Population) journal, launched by the Center for demographic research in Belgrade in 1963. The anniversary is an opportunity to reflect on developments and trends in demography as a discipline, thus the paper points out certain specifics of these developments. The specifics discussed mirror the author's choice, which was guided primarily by the criterion of interestingness, but also by the intention to make a survey. Hence points about the development of demography are backed by insights made by a number of other demographers. The major source of references were papers and speeches given on similar occasions - anniversaries of journals, anniversaries of associations of demographers, as well as special issues of journals dedicated to theory and methodology. Certain points are also made based on other sources of reference. The major part of the paper is related to transformations of demography, which has started as a predominantly formal discipline and has developed into a social and interdisciplinary field. Topical and methodological expansion of demography induces mixed reactions among demographers. Ones welcome its diversification, whereas others see such changes as signs of abandoning the essence of demography. This makes it harder and harder to define the area of demographic research. Changes in demography are mostly studied from the standpoint of polarized dimensions: quantitative-qualitative, macro-micro, and, in the context of diversification, formal demography vs. population studies. Another important segment of development trends in demography is that of improving its vocabulary, which is affected by other fields related to demography. Terminological changes are also related to the specification of certain branches and subfields of demography. For instance, anthropological and spatial demography have roots in earlier development phases of demography. Still, these terms have become popular at, Za relativno kratko vreme, u drugoj polovini 20. veka, demografija se značajno razvila u teorijskom, empirijskom i aplikativnom smislu. Od statusa formalne naučne discipline sa jakom kvantitativnom metodološkom aparaturom, demografija je došla do statusa društvene nauke, koju odlikuje izrazita interdisciplinarnost. U poslednjih pola veka koncipirani su novi aspekti u istraživanju stanovništva, a nove teme aktuelizuju i proširuju demografsku problematiku. Sve veći broj podataka, ali i relevantnost određenih pitanja u sistemskoj determinisanosti demografskih procesa, preneli su teme od centralnih ka, naizgled, rubnim područjima demografije. Demografija poprima 'mešoviti karakter' jer se bavi i makro i mikro istraživanjima, koristi kvantitativne i kvalitativne metode. Uporedo sa ovim procesima bogati se demografska terminologija. Takođe se definišu i pojedine oblasti demografije koje upućuju na njenu fragmentaciju. Gotovo da bi se moglo reći da diverzifikacija predstavlja poslednju prepoznatljivu razvojnu fazu demografije, u 'lancu' od nastajanja, institucionalizovanja, i akceleracije razvoja i dokumentacione osnove. Sva ova pitanja se u radu razmatraju na osnovu uvida u odabrane naučne članke koji su upriličeni povodom demografskih jubileja, a posvećeni su razvoju i perspektivama same naučne discipline.

While the last century was the century of world population growth, according to demographers, the XXI century will be century of population aging. Statistics undoubtedly show that number of elderly will continue it’s growth in the future. If old age is seen as period of life with reduced physical and mental capabilities and increased disability, and demographic aging as increase of dependent population, trends are quite disturbing, at least in certain societal segments. In developed countries, this population category is no longer treated as passive or as a 'burden of society' and efforts are made for better social inclusion of older people. In contrast to growing interest in this phenomenon, the concepts that define the aging of the population remained stagnant. The aim of this paper is to introduce into domestic literature the term 'prospective age' as a dynamic category which is more affected with socio-historical conditions, not only with biological as traditional definition of aging suggested. Papers written by Sanderson and Scherbov offer new methodological options for study of population aging, because it takes into account the biometric rather than chronological approach. Calculation of prospective years is a simple operation that requires pair of the same number of remained life expectancy from life tables for two different periods (the year of concern is index, and the one we are comparing with is standard year), so that phrase '40s is the new 30s' or '70s the new 60s' gets scientific foundation. Average remaining years of life represent a realistic indicator suggesting increased capacity, activity and vitality of individuals, which is due to accepted demographic parameters still considered old. 'Prospective threshold' is defined as the age when life expectancy falls below 15 years (it is subjective choice made by Sanderson and Scherbov, which is also used in this paper) and during the elaboration of these ideas three demographic indicators was constructed, Dok je prošli vek bio vek porasta svetskog stanovništva, prema tvrdnjama demografa, XXI ce biti vek starenja stanovništva. Nasuprot rastućem interesovanju za ovaj fenomen, koncepti kojima se definiše starenje stanovništva su ostali stagnantni. Cilj ovog rada je da se u našu literaturu uvede pojam 'prospektivna starost' kao dinamička kategorija na koju utiču sve više društveno-istorijski uslovi, a ne samo biološki kao u tradicionalnoj definiciji starenja. Radovima Sandersona i Scherbova otvaraju se nove metodološke mogućnosti kada je izučavanje populacijskog starenja u pitanju, jer se koristi biometrijski, a ne hronološki pristup. Tako se 'prospektivni prag' definiše kao starost kada očekivano trajanje života pada ispod 15 godina, pa su tokom razrade ove ideje pomenuti autori konstruisali, tačnije redefinisali, tri pokazatelja demografske starosti zasnovana na prospektivnim godinama: (prospektivni) udeo starih lica, (prospektivnu) medijalnu starost i (prospektivni) koeficijent starosne zavisnosti starih. Uvažavanje prospektivne starosti u izračunavanju demografskog starenja ukazuje na proces podmlađivanja svetskog stanovništva sve do 2035. godine, duži i intenzivniji od onog koji definiše proporcija starih. U Srbiji je starost iskazana preko prospektivnog praga uvek bila viša nego preko retrospektivnih godina, odnosno udeo stanovnika sa očekivanim trajanjem života kraćim od 15 godina je konstantno bio veći od udela stanovnika starijih od 65 godina. Prema prospektivnom kriterijumu, razlike između muškaraca i žena skoro da ne postoje, tako da se dovodi u pitanje i široko prihvaćena feminizacija starih. Prospektivne godine su neophodna dopuna javnim politikama, posebno penzionom i zdravstvenom sistemu, jer u kombinaciji sa tradicionalnim pristupima mogu da stvore pravedniju raspodelu za sve starije i mlade građane.

The importance of tourism in the context of economic and demographic recovery of certain regions has created an image of tourism as a development catalyst. Thus strategies of revitalization in depopulated and passive regions often consider tourism as an activity that can speed up the development and successfully valorize existing natural, cultural and demographic potentials. This "key" is used mainly in the absence of other development resources since tourism valorizes issues that other industries ignore (landscape features, ethnical heritage, authentic folk architecture, etc). In addition it is more difficult to recommend the right forms of tourism to be developed in depopulated regions, as well as to estimate the resulting economic and demographic effects. To this end, there are success stories, but there is also evidence of non-rational initiatives and projects that were never completed. This paper attempts to discover the most logical links between population development and tourism development, based on some important characteristics of population development. The characteristics used are overall population increase, population migrations, population structures and changes in households. They were selected because they best reflect not only direct, but also indirect multiplicative effects of tourism. Along with the theoretical and methodological background, the research is also supported by selected examples, interviews, and demographic analyzes. The effects are not universal. They depend on the region, the kind of tourism and the degree of its development, the demographic situation as it is, and the research approach, since global and local effects need not necessarily be unidirectional. Population increase initiated by tourism development is achieved due to the migration component, but the effects are most obvious at the level of tourist regions and their tourist centers. One can also note counter processes in some places that have tourist function. The level, Značaj koji je razvoj turizma imao za privredni i demografski oporavak pojedinih područja, stvorio mu je imidž razvojnog katalizatora. Stoga se često u strategijama revitalizacije depopulacionih i pasivnih krajeva turizam navodi kao delatnost koja će pospešiti razvoj, uspešno valorizovati postojeće prirodne, kulturne i demografske potencijale. Ovakav "ključ" je uglavnom prisutan u odsustvu drugih razvojnih resursa, jer turizam vrednuje ono što je za druge privredne grane nebitno (pejzažne karakteristike, etno nasleđe, autentičnost narodnog graditeljstva, itd). Pri tom se teže procenjuje kakve oblike turizma treba razvijati u depopulacionim krajevima i kakve privredne i demografske efekte treba očekivati. Pored uspešnih primera postoje i oni koje govore o neracionalnim inicijativama i nikad završenim projektima. U ovom radu se kroz nekoliko bitnih elemenata demografskog razvitka pokušava otkriti koje su njegove najlogičnije sprege sa razvojem turizma. Tako su izdvojeni: ukupna dinamika stanovništva, migracije stanovništva, strukture stanovništva i promene u domaćinstvima, jer se u njima najbolje oslikavaju direktna, ali i posredna multiplikativna dejstva turizma. Istraživanje je osim teorijsko metodološke osnove, potkrepljeno odabranim primerima, zasnovano na rezultatima intervjua i demografske analize. Efekti nisu univerzalni i zavise od područja gde se razvijaju, vrste i stepena razvijenosti turizma, zatečenog demografskog stanja, kao i nivoa istraživanja, jer globalni i lokalni efekti ne moraju biti jednosmerni. Porast stanovništva izazvan razvojem turizma se ostvaruje zahvaljujući migratornoj komponenti, ali su efekti najočigledniji na nivou turističkih regija i turističkih centara unutar njih, dok se u pojedinim mestima sa turističkom funkcijom može zapaziti i suprotan proces. Stepen razvijenosti turizma i stav društva prema razvoju turizma određuju osećaj perspektivnosti koji je okosnica u motivaciji za preseljenje. Najneposredniji efekti se ogledaju u granskom

The process of demographic ageing is one of the most apparent features of the demographic development of Serbia. The increase of the percentage of aged population is also present in Belgrade, although Belgrade itself, being the center of immigration and the major urban agglomeration, has a specific population development. This paper analyzes the dynamics and demographic features of the citizens of Belgrade older than 60, in the period between 1981 and 2000. It discusses the changes in gender and age distribution of this population group, as well as the processes of ageing and feminization of the elders. It also indicates related differences between the municipalities of Belgrade, as well as between the City of Belgrade, the Settlement of Belgrade and the settlements of Belgrade outside the inner urban zone., Proces demografskog starenja jedna je od osnovnih karakteristika demografskog razvitka Srbije. Povećanje udela starog stanovništva dešava se i u Beogradu iako Beograd, kao imigracioni centar i glavnu gradsku aglomeraciju, odlikuju specifičnosti populacionog razvitka. U radu se analiziraju dinamika i demografske osobenosti stanovništva Beograda starijeg od 60 godina u periodu 1981-2002. godina. Istražuju se promene njegovog polnog i starosnog sastava, odnosno proces starenja starih i feminizacije starih. Takođe se ukazuje na razlike po opštinama i na relaciji Grad Beograd - Naselje Beograd - naselja van užeg gradskog jezgra.

Important changes in the reproduction of Vojvodina population happened in the second half of XX century. In the end of the century, the society was ruined. A large inflow of refugees in that period, as well as a social and economic situation inappropriate for making birth giving decisions, raised the questions like how such conditions have influenced the fertility in the population, and whether the trends have continued. This paper analyzes several fertility indicators in Vojvodina over the last five decades focusing especially on the 1990s and early 2000s, in order to explain the major tendencies and the intensity of changes. It shows changes in the number of live births, specific fertility rates, total fertility rates, cohort fertility, woman’s age at first birth, and divorce frequency., U drugoj polovini 20. veka u Vojvodini su se desile velike promene u reprodukciji stanovništva. Kraj veka obeležilo je razaranje društva. Veliki priliv izbeglica u tom periodu i nepovoljan društveni i ekonomski ambijent za donošenje odluka o rađanju su otvarali pitanja kako se to odrazilo na plodnost stanovništva i da li su se trendovi nastavili. U radu se kroz nekoliko pokazatelja plodnosti u pedesetogodišnjem periodu, sa posebnim akcentom na devedesete i početak novog veka, osvetljavaju osnovne tendencije i intenzitet promena. Predstavljene su promene u broju živorođenih, specifičnim stopama fertiliteta, prosečnom broju dece po ženi, generacijskom fertilitetu, starost pri rađanju prvog deteta i učestalost razvoda.

The paper analyzes the meaning of the phrase "the woman’s status in the society" that is recognized in demography as an important cultural factor of demographic development and transitional changes. The analysis indicates qualitative shifts in the woman’s status and simultaneously reveals its importance at present, not only in traditional, but also in modern and developed societies. On the other hand, it explains the importance of sex as a biodemographic determinant, and introduces the concept of gender that sheds another light on the concepts of sex and woman’s status in the society and integrates them. Gender regimes that subsume the inferiority of women in public and private social structures are examined from demographic perspective, albeit only in those phenomenological aspects that can be supported by demographic research, theories, and analyses. To this end, the paper analyzes the effects of strengthening gender equalities on the fertility and mortality transitions, the gender’s impact on the population distribution by sex in South Asian countries, and highlights the key role of gender in interpreting certain social and economic structures. It also stresses the establishing of gender equality as an important element of population policies. The global dimension of the patriarchal society is illustrated through a series of examples of demographic phenomena from various societies. Gender regimes underlie all of these phenomena. The paper puts foreword certain theoretical hypotheses about gender inequalities, and finds their connections with demographic behaviors and demographic indicators. Finally, it summarizes the role of demography in gender (in)equality research and the demographic perspective of the way and the speed the demographic equality is being established. Demography is seen as an irreplaceable discipline in examining gender inequalities, especially at the global level. With the advance of qualitative methods in demography and with its multidisciplin, U radu se polazi od sintagme "pozicija žene u društvu", koja se u demografiji uvažava kao važan kulturološki faktor demografskog razvitka i tranzicionih promena. Ukazuje se na kvalitativne pomake u ženskom statusu i istovremeno otkriva aktuelnost ovog pitanja, ne samo u tradicionalnim, već i modernim građanskim društvima. Sa druge strane, objašnjava se značenje pola kao biodemografske determinante i uvodi pojam roda koji prethodnim pojmovima daje novu dimenziju i integriše ih. Rodni režimi, koji podrazumevaju podređenost žena u javnim i privatnim socijalnim strukturama, sagledavaju se iz demografske perspektive, samo u onim fenomenološkim aspektima koji se mogu podržati demografskim istraživanjima, teorijom i analizama. Tako se prati značaj jačanja rodnih ravnopravnosti za tranziciju fertiliteta i mortaliteta, sagledava uticaj rodnosti na polni sastav stanovništva u južnoazijskim zemljama, a rodnost se koristi i kao ključ tumačenja pojedinih socio-ekonomskih struktura. Takođe se ističe da uspostavljanje rodne ravnopravnosti postaje relevantan element populacione politike. Niz primera o demografskim pojavama iz različitih društava, u čijoj se pozadini nalaze rodni režimi, ilustruju globalnost patrijarhalnog poretka. U radu se iznose pojedini teorijski postulati o rodnim nejednakostima, nalazi njihova konekcija sa demografskim ponašanjima i demografskim pokazateljima. Na kraju se sumira kakvo je mesto demografije u istraživanju rodnih (ne)jednakosti, i kakvu nam perspektivu o načinu i brzini uspostavljanja rodne ravnopravnosti ona nudi. Demografija se prikazuje kao disciplina koja ima nezamenljivo mesto u ispitivanju rodnih nejednakosti, prvenstveno na globalnom nivou. Sa razvojem kvalitativnih metoda u demografiji i njenim poimanjem kao multidisciplinarne nauke, demografija postaje još bliskija problematici "ženskog pitanja".

The development of reprogenetics during the last two decades of the XX century has brought a new age of reproduction. The paper surveys different types of reprogenetics in a wider sense, i.e. different assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that include manipulation of female reproductive cell out of a woman's womb. Development of reprogenetics is documented by available quantitative indicators of the number and success of ART procedures in developed countries at the beginning of the XXI century. Since 1978, when the first baby was born from in vitro fertilization, the number of children born that way has reached 1% of all children, and in some countries even over 3%. Moreover, existing documentation is incomplete and does not include all forms of assisted reproduction - in reality, the importance of assisted reproduction is even higher and becomes demographically significant. Hence the paper indicates existing and potential effects of the ART development on the demographic development i.e. on specific demographic aspects of this phenomenon. It also points out the effects on the level of fertility, on the changes of direct fertility determinants, and on the levels of mortality and infant mortality, as well as a new understanding of birth control, the possibility of affecting biological structures, and the changes of the fundaments of marriage and family. Development perspectives of reprogenetics are also being raised in the context of bioethical discussions and indicate ethical dilemmas related to assisted reproduction. Solutions to the dilemmas define the scope of applying new reproductive technologies in the future., Razvoj reprogenetike u poslednje dve decenije 20. veka uveo nas je u novo doba reprodukcije. U radu se daje pregled osnovnih vidova reprogenetike u njenom širem značenju, tj. različiti oblici asistiranih reproduktivnih tehnologija (ART) koji podrazumevaju manipulaciju jajnom ćelijom van tela žene. Razvoj reprogenetike se dokumentuje dostupnim kvantitativnim pokazateljima o broju i uspešnosti ART procedura u razvijenom svetu, na početku 21. veka. Od 1978. godine, kada je uz pomoć vantelesne oplodnje rođena jedna beba, broj rođenja je dostigao takav nivo da u ukupnom broju rođenja participira sa 1%, a u pojedinim zemljama i preko 3%. S obzirom da postojeća dokumentacija nije potpuna, kao i da njom nisu obuhvaćeni svi oblici veštačke reprodukcije, realni značaj potpomognute oplodnje je još veći i dobija demografsku signifikantnost. Stoga se u radu ukazuje na postojeće i potencijalne uticaje razvoja ART na demografski razvitak odnosno ukazuje se na pojedine demografske aspekte ovog fenomena. Poentiraju se: uticaj na nivo fertiliteta, menjanje neposrednih faktora fertiliteta uticaj na nivo mortinataliteta i mortaliteta odojčadi, novo poimanje kontrole rađanja mogućnost uticaja na biološke strukture, menjanje osnova braka i porodice. Perspektive razvoja reprogenetike stavljaju se u kontekst bioetičkih rasprava i daju osnovne naznake etičkih dilema vezanih za asistirane reprodukcije. Njihovo rešavanje definiše obim primene novih reproduktivnih tehnologija u budućnosti.

Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације је oпадање фертилитета у насељима Сремска Митровица и Шабац, односно историјско-демографска компаративна анализа опадања фертилитета и услова деловања сродних варијабли (пре свега нупцијалитета) од 1900. до 2011. године. Циљ докторске дисертације је да се прикажу, анализирају и упореде варијабле и сви релевантни чиниоци кретања и особина фертилитета у Сремској Митровици и Шапцу у посматраном периоду. Задатак дисертације да паралелно прикаже различите демографске трендове ових насеља, да утврди историјску условљеност разлика,статистичку међузависност параметара фертилитета, нупцијалитета и диворцијалитета, али и остави довољно простора за претпостављање будућих трендова на основу временског обухвата више од једног века. Методологија истраживања је базирана на релевантним мерама за обраду и анализу фертилитета и нупцијалитета, као на додатним статистичким методима. Резултати су показали да су се транзиција фертилитета и нупцијалитета различито одвијале и у другачијим интензитетима у овим насељима, па је тако и веза између свих варијабли имала различит интензитет. Утвђено је да су различити историјски, односно културни и геополитички оквири, имали утицај на прихватање норми у свим сферама живота, па тако и у сфери репродуктивних и брачних норми. Традиционалнија и отворенија средина, етничка и верска хомогеност, развој у оквирима друштва и државе високог фертилитета, наспрам модерније, западно оријентисане средине, са композитном етничком и верском структуром, уз нискофертилитетни и затворенији оквир репродукције и брачности, услови су који су дали печат демографском развоју ова два насеља., Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je opadanje fertiliteta u naseljima Sremska Mitrovica i Šabac, odnosno istorijsko-demografska komparativna analiza opadanja fertiliteta i uslova delovanja srodnih varijabli (pre svega nupcijaliteta) od 1900. do 2011. godine. Cilj doktorske disertacije je da se prikažu, analiziraju i uporede varijable i svi relevantni činioci kretanja i osobina fertiliteta u Sremskoj Mitrovici i Šapcu u posmatranom periodu. Zadatak disertacije da paralelno prikaže različite demografske trendove ovih naselja, da utvrdi istorijsku uslovljenost razlika,statističku međuzavisnost parametara fertiliteta, nupcijaliteta i divorcijaliteta, ali i ostavi dovoljno prostora za pretpostavljanje budućih trendova na osnovu vremenskog obuhvata više od jednog veka. Metodologija istraživanja je bazirana na relevantnim merama za obradu i analizu fertiliteta i nupcijaliteta, kao na dodatnim statističkim metodima. Rezultati su pokazali da su se tranzicija fertiliteta i nupcijaliteta različito odvijale i u drugačijim intenzitetima u ovim naseljima, pa je tako i veza između svih varijabli imala različit intenzitet. Utvđeno je da su različiti istorijski, odnosno kulturni i geopolitički okviri, imali uticaj na prihvatanje normi u svim sferama života, pa tako i u sferi reproduktivnih i bračnih normi. Tradicionalnija i otvorenija sredina, etnička i verska homogenost, razvoj u okvirima društva i države visokog fertiliteta, naspram modernije, zapadno orijentisane sredine, sa kompozitnom etničkom i verskom strukturom, uz niskofertilitetni i zatvoreniji okvir reprodukcije i bračnosti, uslovi su koji su dali pečat demografskom razvoju ova dva naselja., Topic of doctoral thesis is fertility decline in settlements such as Sremska Mitrovica and Šabac, or rather historical-demography comparative analysis of fertility decline and conditions in which affine variables (primarily nupciality) operate in period of 1900 to 2011. Main aim is to show, analyze and compare variables, as well as all relevant factors of fertility trend in observed period for Sremska Mitrovica and Šabac. Given task is to show in parallel way different demographic trends for mentioned settlements and to determine historical differences conditionality, statistical correlation of fertility parameters, nupciality and divoriciality, but leave enough space for next assumptions in future trends for given period of one century. Research methodology is based on relevant measures for fertility and nupciality processing and analysis, as well as on additional statistical methods. Results have shown that fertility and nupciality transition occurred with different intensity in mentioned settlement, and because of that link betwen variables had different intensity. It has been found that different historical, or rather cultural and geo -political circumstances influenced acceptance of norms in all life spheres, like reproductive and matrimony sphere of life. More traditional and open-minded surrounding, ethnic and religious homogeneity, development in countries and societies with high fertility, versus more modern surrounding oriented towards west, with composite ethnic and religious structure, with low fertility and more closed framework for reproduction and matrimony, circumstances which gave demographic stamp on development of mentioned two settlements.

Предмет истраживања јесте потрошња домаћинстава на чији ниво и структуру, између осталог, утичу старост носиоца домаћинства и демографске карактеристике чланова домаћинства. Опште прихваћен начин увођења старости у разматрање потрошње домаћинстава јесте преко старости носиоца домаћинства, који се иначе користи у економетријским истраживањима потрошње становништва. Са друге стране, циљ овог истраживања је да на примеру домаћинстава у Србији утврди утицај старости као демографске одреднице на структуру личне потрошње, као и да објасни смер и интензитет утицаја посматраних демографских карактеристика домаћинстава. Промене у демографским структурама неминовно воде и до промена у структури личне потрошње. Отуда би објашњење утицаја старосне структуре на структуру личне потрошње водило потпунијем разумевању промена у обиму и структури личне потрошње..., The main objective of this research is identification and explanation of changes in the structure of private consumption as a function of the age of an individual. However, it is not possible to isolate and measure the consumption of individual which is being realized within the household. Yet, it is possible to make a compromise and instead of an individual, as an observation unit to take the household. The reason why in this type of research individual can not be the subject of research, lies in the definition of the household. Generally accepted way of introducing age into household consumption research is through the age of the household head, which is used in econometric studies of household consumption. On the other hand, the aim of this study is to, in the case of households in Serbia, determine the influence of age as the demographic characteristics of the structure of private consumption, as well as to explain the direction and intensity of the impact of the observed demographic characteristics of households. Changes in the demographic structure will inevitably lead to changes in the structure of private consumption. Hence, the explanation of the impact of the population age structure on the structure of private consumption would led to a more complete understanding of changes in the scope and structure of household consumption...

Демографска транзиција условљена недовољним рађањем карактерише савремене негативне демографске процесе који су започети у земљама Европе, а током друге половине 20.века постају одлика развијених земаља и земаља у развоју усвајањем ниских репродуктивних норми. Овај период одликује Друга демографска транзиција са променама у систему вредности, породичним односима и фертилитетним одликама становништва, као и са усвајањем метода контроле рађања. Простор Тимочке крајине се одликује демографском транзицијом плодности женског становништва већ крајем 19.века, условљавајући негативни тренд демографског развоја који представља претечу екстремно ниског фертилитета Србије. Ови процеси су детерминисани историјским процесима на овом простору, култролошким, етничким, историјским наслеђем и укорењеним облицима репродуктивног понашања становништва, тако да је поред друштвеног, привредног и економског развоја, значајна и специфичност демографског развитка простора. Трансформација проширене у просту репродукцију, и достизање нивоа фертилитета женског становништва недовољног за просту замену генерација детерминише на самом почетку 21.века, да се овај простор Срије, налази у одмаклој фази демографске транзиције са дубоком биолошком депопулацијом. Достигнути ниво транзиције фертилитета и транзиције контроле рађања на простору Тимочке крајине праћен је и интензивним просторним кретањима кроз историјске етапе, наглашавајући губитак популационе снаге којим се одликује овај простор више од једног века, као и другим одликама становништва и друштва одређених историјских етапа. Зато је значајно и научно оправдано сагледати ове феномене и кроз доступне изворе научне и стручне литературе са подацима о овом простору. Циљ у овој докторској дисертацији је утврдити и научно аргументовати основне карактеристике и специфичности демографског развитка, транзиције фертилитета и 5 транзиције контроле рађања Тимочке крајине..., The demographic transition caused by insufficient birth rate is characteristic for modern negative demographic processes which started in European countries, and during the second half of the 20th century became a distinctive feature of developed and developing countries by accepting low reproductive norms. This period is marked as Second demographic transition with changes in value system, family relations and fertility features of the population, as well as accepting the methods of birth control. The Timocka krajina region started having a demographic transition of the fertility of female population at the end of the 19th century, which caused a negative trend of demographic development leading to an extremely low fertility rate in Serbia. These processes are determined by historical events in this region and by cultural, ethnical and historical legacy and forms of reproductive behavior of the population, so that beside social, industrial and economical factors, another important factor is the specific demographic development of the region. The transformation from expanded to simple reproduction rate and reaching the fertility level of female population which is inadequate for the plain replacement of generations determines that this region of Serbia is in the late phase of a demographic transition towards deep biological depopulation. The reached level of fertility transition and birth control transition in Timocka krajina region is accompanied by intensive migration through historical times, which marks the loss of work force which was characteristic for this area for more than a century like other features of the population and societies at different historical times. Thus it is important and scientifically justified to observe these phenomena through available sources of scientific and technical publications about this region. The aim of this dissertation is determining and scientifically argumenting the basic characteristics and specificity of demographic dev

The main objective of this research is identification and explanation of changes in the structure of private consumption as a function of the age of an individual. However, it is not possible to isolate and measure the consumption of individual which is being realized within the household. Yet, it is possible to make a compromise and instead of an individual, as an observation unit to take the household. The reason why in this type of research individual can not be the subject of research, lies in the definition of the household. Generally accepted way of introducing age into household consumption research is through the age of the household head, which is used in econometric studies of household consumption. On the other hand, the aim of this study is to, in the case of households in Serbia, determine the influence of age as the demographic characteristics of the structure of private consumption, as well as to explain the direction and intensity of the impact of the observed demographic characteristics of households. Changes in the demographic structure will inevitably lead to changes in the structure of private consumption. Hence, the explanation of the impact of the population age structure on the structure of private consumption would led to a more complete understanding of changes in the scope and structure of household consumption..., Predmet istraživanja jeste potrošnja domaćinstava na čiji nivo i strukturu, između ostalog, utiču starost nosioca domaćinstva i demografske karakteristike članova domaćinstva. Opšte prihvaćen način uvođenja starosti u razmatranje potrošnje domaćinstava jeste preko starosti nosioca domaćinstva, koji se inače koristi u ekonometrijskim istraživanjima potrošnje stanovništva. Sa druge strane, cilj ovog istraživanja je da na primeru domaćinstava u Srbiji utvrdi uticaj starosti kao demografske odrednice na strukturu lične potrošnje, kao i da objasni smer i intenzitet uticaja posmatranih demografskih karakteristika domaćinstava. Promene u demografskim strukturama neminovno vode i do promena u strukturi lične potrošnje. Otuda bi objašnjenje uticaja starosne strukture na strukturu lične potrošnje vodilo potpunijem razumevanju promena u obimu i strukturi lične potrošnje...

The aim of this research is to show trajectories of population ageing in Serbia according to chronological and prospective criteria. The data used are from the complete period life tables published around the census years from 1953 to 2011. The emphasis is on the most recent period, since these data allow us to incorporate a regional dimension into the study, and to carry out the analysis at the municipal level. Throughout this study period, the prospective age threshold in Serbia was below the retrospective threshold; as a consequence, the proportion of people with a life expectancy of 15 years or less was consistently higher than the share of people aged 65 or older. Only the most recently available data for 2010/2012 indicate that the share of the population with a life expectancy of 15 years or less was the same as the share of the population aged 65+, albeit with uneven contributions by the male and female populations. Indeed, the use of the prospective approach highlights the unfavourable mortality conditions in Serbia, which are not made clear when only the chronological approach to population ageing is applied.

This study presents results of exploration study on the specific features involved in the process of unintentional meeting partners via Internet in Serbia. The research was conducted using the method of focus groups, consisting of 28 people, who have had personal experience of meeting and communicating with their partners online, and successful continuing of the relationship in the offline world. They perceive more advantages than disadvantages in using the Internet as a means of communication with other people, assessing online space as a suitable environment for communication in which emotional intimacy can be achieved, despite the absence of social cues.

This article highlights the patterns of Advanced Producer Services (APS) in Belgrade and relates them to contemporary spatial and economic intrametropolitan transformations. The locational strategies of APS have influenced the creation of another center called New Belgrade next to the traditional central business district (CBD). Over the last ten years, government planning documents and the location preferences of foreign firms have made New Belgrade the most attractive business location in Serbia. In a sample of the leading APS firms in Belgrade, 129 firms are analyzed in terms of firm sector, ownership, and location. The results confirm the multipolar-monocentric pattern, which appears to be a common feature in many European cities.

Population policy measures address all fertile women in Serbia, and the aim is to mobilize the largest number of women to give birth. Although strong response is desirable, not all women react, or at least not to the same extent, to the population policy measures which are financially based in Serbia. In this paper our intention was to identify which categories of fertile women could give greatest demographic benefit in the near future considering current population policy measures. We assumed that age and socioeconomic characteristics are the most relevant for the different response of women. Considering past structural changes of women population, and population projection results, we tried to define which categories of fertile women can give the greatest demographic benefit to the increase of birth level until 2041.

Having in mind the dynamics of agricultural and rural population, the process of demographic transition in Serbia, and the transition of Serbian economy from primary to service sector, on one side, and from central-planned to market economy on the other side, the aim of this thesis is to prove the shift in the primary occupation of rural population. In circumstances where direct investments in the rural economy are very limited, and unlike the period of industrialization the chances of non-agricultural employment of the rural population are significantly reduced, the choice of primary occupation of the rural population and the diversification of rural economy and incomes rely on personal and local resources, technical or human, whose full engagement is linked to practice of selfemployment and entrepreneurship. In the strategies of agricultural development, especially newer strategies of rural development, untraditional agricultural activities and newly non-agricultural jobs are considered to be the main factors of sustainable development in villages. That is why this thesis studies modern economic-geographical and demographical changes of agrarian space in Serbia from the economy activities and incomes diversification standpoint. It is thought that the population of rural parts of Serbia recognized the problems that are decrease of agriculture, insecure income sources and strong emigrations towards urban parts of the country, and reacted to these globalization challenges by developing new forms of activity. It is also thought that the diversification of agricultural activities, the multi-functionality of agriculture and pluriactivity of agricultural population slow down the rural population emigrations. More non-agricultural jobs of higher quality in rural regions could slow down the gender-selective emigrations of the population capable of work and reproduction, which is especially important in the context of reducing gender gap in Serbian villages and in the conte, Imajući na umu dinamiku poljoprivrednog i seoskog stanovništva, proces demografske tranzicije u Republici Srbiji (u daljem tekstu Srbiji) i tranziciju srpske ekonomije od primarnog sektora ka sektoru usluga, sa jedne strane, i od centralno-planske ka tržišnoj ekonomiji sa druge, ova teza nastoji da empirijski dokaže zaokret u izboru primarnog zanimanja seoskog stanovništva. U uslovima kada su direktne investicije u seosku ekonomiju veoma ograničene, a za razliku od perioda industrijalizacije šanse za nepoljoprivredno zapošljavanje seoskog stanovništva značajno redukovane, izbor primarnog zanimanja seoske populacije i diverzifikacija seoske ekonomije i prihoda oslonjena je na lične i lokalne resurse, materijalne ili ljudske, čije je puno angažovanje vezano za praksu samozapoljavanja i preduzetništva. U startegijama razvoja poljoprivrede a posebno u novijim strategijama ruralnog razvoja, netradicionalne poljoprivredne aktivnosti i novostvoreni nepoljoprivredni poslovi smatraju se ključnim faktorima održivog razvoja sela. Zato se u ovoj tezi savremene ekonomsko-geografske i demografske promene agrarnog prostora Srbije, istražuju sa stanovišta diverzifikacije ekonomskih aktivnosti i načina na koji diverzifikacija aktivnosti i prihoda može uticati na održiv demografski razvoj. Pretpostavlja se da je stanovništvo slabo urbanizovanog prostora Srbije, prepoznavši problem kontinuiranog slabljenje poljoprivrede, neizvesnih izvora prihoda i snažne emigracije, na izazove ekonomske globalizacije odgovorilo razvojem novih formi privređivanja. Takođe se pretpostavlja da diverzifikacija poljoprivrednih aktivnosti, multifunkcionalnost poljoprivrede i pluriaktivnost poljoprivrednog stanovništva doprinose usporavanju emigracije seoskog stanovništva. Više kvalitetnijih nepoljoprivrednih poslova u seoskim sredinama moglo bi usporiti po polu selektivno iseljavanje radno i reproduktivno sposobnog stanovništva, što je posebno važno u kontekstu redukovanja polnog debalansa u srpskim selima

The paper identifies the features of fertility in the population of Belgrade that can be regarded as a manifestation of the second demographic transition. The analysis focuses on fertility decline, its age model, birth postponing, extramarital births, and exclusion from reproduction. It compares the municipalities constituting the inner city to those belonging to the suburbs, and checks whether the fertility changes correspond to the context of the second demographic transition., U radu se markiraju odlike fertiliteta stanovništva Beograda koje se mogu posmatrati kao manifestacija druge demografske tranzicije. Osnovni predmet analiza su: pad fertiliteta, njegov starosni model, odlaganje rađanja, vanbračna rođenja i neučestvovanje u reprodukciji. Kompariraju se opštine užeg gradskog jezgra i prigradske, i proverava da li promene u fertilitetu odgovaraju kontekstu teorije druge demografske tranzicije.

The paper promotes the use of novel Web services in the daily work and research of social scientists and other professionals. The case presented in the paper pertains to demographers and their research, but the technology used is generic and can be easily instantiated for use by other social science researchers. Specifically, the case covers facilitating collaboration between a university research group in the field of demography and professionals in the field of demographic statistics. The technology used is a set of new Web services developed as parts of an EU research project. The paper explains the case itself and the motivation for using the services, describes the services themselves, and discusses the experience acquired and the benefits and lessons learned by using the services so far.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion of urban-rural distribution of population in Serbia. In the context of European regional policy, the work focuses specifically on the definition of rural regions and changes in the participation of rural regions in the distribution of total population. The rural regions are defined in this paper according to the original methodology of the Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), recently modified - in 2010. Based on the degree of rurality, we divide the regions in three categories. The basic hypothesis is the increase of rurality, alongside with the decrease of total population. Results made from 2003 to 2010 confirmed this hypothesis., Cilj ovog rada je doprinos diskusiji o urbano-ruralnoj distribuciji stanovništva u Srbiji. U kontekstu evropske regionalne politike, rad se posebno fokusira na definisanje ruralnih regiona i promene učešća ruralnih regiona u raspodeli ukupne populacije. U radu se koristi originalna metodologija Organizacije za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj, koja je 2010 revidirana i unapređena. Metodologija podrazumeva trihotomnu prostornu podelu na osnovu merenja gustine naseljenosti. Osnovna hipoteza je da se stepen ruralnosti u Srbiji povećava sa opadanjem ukupnog stanovništva i stepenom generalizacije teritorije. Rezultati su potvrdili pretpostavku, jer je u periodu 2003-2010. godina, sa smanjenjem broja stanovnika stepen ruralnosti rastao.

Most of higher education in demography is still based on traditional replication of top-down structures of lecture delivery in classrooms. Although transition to using Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) approaches can be beneficial for both students and teachers of demography, conservative attitudes and barriers exist that often prevent even initial efforts towards such a transition. This paper recommends a number of practices to start with in efforts to make this transition possible. Specifically, it provides recommendations on how to introduce new Web technologies in teaching demography at the university level in order to increase students' motivation and interest. The recommendations exceed the boundaries of demography as the area of teaching, and can be extended to other non-technical disciplines as well.

This article explores potential benefits that professional demographers can have from using new web technologies in their activities and work. To this end, the article focuses on the users of these technologies, not on the technologies themselves. The technologies are explained only very briefly, and then the article emphasizes two demography-related case studies: demographic research and higher education in demography. The article uses the findings from a recent investigation on how these technologies are used in other scientific disciplines to argue for their more extensive use in demography.

In this work are considered certain theoretical aspects of the relation local-global in tourism. The authors emphasize some cause-and-consequence manifestations of globalization in tourism, and indicate the links and relationships (temporal, spatial, conceptual) of the local system in the framework of the global tourist motions. Also, by comparing mass and non-mass forms of touristic movements, the authors interpret the relations of the local and the global. What are the effects of the globalization of tourism upon the local development, and what may be the future meaning of the local in the development of tourism?., U ovom radu razmatraju se izvesni teorijski aspekti relacije lokalno-globalno u turizmu. Autori izdvajaju neka uzročno-posledična ispoljavanja globalizacije u turizmu, i upućuju na veze i odnose (prostorne, vremenske pojmovne) lokalnog sistema u sklopu globalnih turističkih kretanja. Takođe se kroz komparaciju masovnih i nemasovnih oblika turističkih kretanja tumače relacije lokalnog i globalnog. Koje efekte globalizacija turizma ima na lokalni razvoj i koje može biti buduće značenje lokalnog u razvoju turizma?.

The paper describes possibilities of integrating geographic information systems and expert systems. A model of combining these two classes of software systems is also proposed. Existing examples of coupling geographic information systems with expert systems are limited to using expert systems as add-on modules on top of geographic information systems i.e. to cooperation of two separated systems. According to the proposed model such a cooperation is only a subset of the possibilities for integrating these systems. The model also allows for much deeper coupling of geographic information systems and expert systems hence it is called expert geographic information systems. Describing some existing as well as some potential applications in which these two kinds of systems are combined we show some advantages of such integrated systems over traditional geographic information systems, U radu je opisana mogućnost integracije geografskih informacionih sistema i ekspertnih sistema. Takođe je predložen i jedan mogući model povezivanja te dve klase softverskih sistema. Postojeći primeri kombinovanja geografskih informacionih sistema i ekspertnih sistema svode se na korišćenje ekspertnih sistema kao dodatka geografskim informacionim sistemima odnosno na kooperaciju dva odvojena sistema. To predstavlja prema predloženom modelu samo jedan podskup mogućnosti za integraciju ovih sistema. Model opisan u radu omogućuje i znatno dublje prožimanje ekspertnih sistema i geografskih informacionih sistema zbog čega je i nazvan ekspertni geografski informacioni sistemi. Kroz opis nekih postojećih kao i nekih potencijalnih aplikacija u kojima se te dve vrste sistema kombinuju, prikazane su prednosti takvih integrisanih sistema nad standardnim geografskim informacionim sistemima.

U radu je opisana mogućnost integracije geografskih informacionih sistema i ekspertnih sistema. Takođe je predložen i jedan mogući model povezivanja te dve klase softverskih sistema. Postojeći primeri kombinovanja geografskih informacionih sistema i ekspertnih sistema svode se na korišćenje ekspertnih sistema kao dodatka geografskim informacionim sistemima odnosno na kooperaciju dva odvojena sistema. To predstavlja prema predloženom modelu samo jedan podskup mogućnosti za integraciju ovih sistema. Model opisan u radu omogućuje i znatno dublje prožimanje ekspertnih sistema i geografskih informacionih sistema zbog čega je i nazvan ekspertni geografski informacioni sistemi. Kroz opis nekih postojećih kao i nekih potencijalnih aplikacija u kojima se te dve vrste sistema kombinuju, prikazane su prednosti takvih integrisanih sistema nad standardnim geografskim informacionim sistemima., The paper describes possibilities of integrating geographic information systems and expert systems. A model of combining these two classes of software systems is also proposed. Existing examples of coupling geographic information systems with expert systems are limited to using expert systems as add-on modules on top of geographic information systems i.e. to cooperation of two separated systems. According to the proposed model such a cooperation is only a subset of the possibilities for integrating these systems. The model also allows for much deeper coupling of geographic information systems and expert systems hence it is called expert geographic information systems. Describing some existing as well as some potential applications in which these two kinds of systems are combined we show some advantages of such integrated systems over traditional geographic information systems