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The phylogeography of coastal plant species is shaped by contemporary and historical biogeographic processes. In this study, we aim to decipher the phylogeography of Derris trifoliata, a woody legume of relatively recent origin and wide distribution, in coastal areas in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) region.Genetic diversity and population structure were assessed by analyzing six nuclear and three chloroplast DNA sequences from 30 populations across the species' range. Phylogeography was inferred by estimating gene flow, divergence time, historical population size changes, and historical habitat suitability using paleoclimatic niche modeling.High genetic diversity was observed at the species level. The populations of three oceanic regions included in this study (i.e., Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and Pacific Ocean) formed distinct clades and likely diverged during the late Pleistocene. Potential barriers to gene flow were identified, including the Sunda and Sahul shelves, geographic distance, and current patterns of oceanic circulation. Analysis of changes in population size supported the bottleneck model, which was strengthened by estimates of habitat suitability across paleoclimatic conditions.The once widespread distribution of D. trifoliata was fragmented by changes in climatic suitability and biogeographic barriers that arose following sea-level changes during the Pleistocene. In addition, contemporary patterns of oceanic circulation and geographic distance between populations appear to maintain genetic differentiation across its distribution in the IWP.

Derris erythrocosta Boonprajan & Sirich., sp. nov., a new species of the genus Derris Lour. (Fabaceae) was discovered from Peninsular, Thailand. The taxon was considered as a distinct species in terms of integrative taxonomy approach. The overall morphology demonstrated that this species most resembled D. pubipetala. According to the macro-morphological and leaves micro-morphological studies, this taxon has several autapomorphies distinctively different from other Derris species, e.g., the presence of reddish midribs of the mature leaflets, sparsely hairy filaments, prominent hairs at base of anthers, and presence of glandular trichomes along the midrib. Additionally, HPLC fingerprints from phytochemical study of this species were also distinct. Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses strongly supported and clearly confirmed its status as a new of the genus Derris.

In 2018, the Natural History Museum (NHMUK, herbarium code: BM) undertook a pilot digitisation project together with the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (project Lead) and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to collectively digitise non-type herbarium material of the subtribe Phaseolinae and the genera Dalbergia L.f. and Pterocarpus Jacq. (rosewoods and padauk), all from the economically important family of legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). These taxonomic groups were chosen to provide specimen data for two potential use cases: 1) to support the development of dry beans as a sustainable and resilient crop; 2) to aid conservation and sustainable use of rosewoods and padauk. Collectively, these use case studies support the aims of the UK’s Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)-allocated, Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding. We present the images and metadata for 11,222 NHMUK specimens. The metadata includes label transcription and georeferencing, along with summary data on geographic, taxonomic, collector and temporal coverage. We also provide timings and the methodology for our transcription and georeferencing protocols. Approximately 35% of specimens digitised were collected in ODA-listed countries, in tropical Africa, but also in South East Asia and South America.

2. Derris tonkinensis Gagnepain (1913: 349). Type: — VIETNAM. Tonkin, baie d’Along, 3 July 1885, B. Balansa 1189 (lectotype: P00700373 image!, designated by Lôc & Vidal 2001: 78; isolectotypes: P00700374 image!). = Millettia boniana Gagnepain (1913: 351). Type: — VIETNAM. Tonkin, prov. Ha Nam, Vo Xa, 12 September 1891, H. F. Bon 4871 (lectotype designated here: P02141778 image!; isolectotypes: P02141779 image!, P02141780 image!, P00800923 image!), syn. nov. Millettia boniana was described by Gagnepain (1913: 351) as a new species based on a single flowering collection from Tonkin, Vietnam (H. F. Bon 4871, Fig. 5: A). This is a poorly known species. The species is known only from the type locality, and its fruit information is still not provided in any literature. Lôc & Vidal (2001) stated that this species was also found in one locality in Thailand, but did not provide any voucher information. In Flora of Thailand, Mattapha (2020) recorded 27 species of Millettia, but did not include this species. We did not find any other specimens of the species except for four sheets of type specimens from Vietnam. In the protologue, Gagnepain (1913) described the species with terminal and axillary inflorescences, although he was not sure about its growth habit (“Arbor vel frutex scandens?”). Both Millettia and Derris Loureiro (1790: 432) contain trees and climbers, but Millettia species usually bear axillary inflorecences (Song et al. 2021), while many species of Derris are often recorded with terminal inflorecences (Chen & Pedley 2010, Sirichamorn et al. 2012). Millettia boniana was also described with slender branches bearing whitish lenticels, estipellate leaflets, whitish flowers, glabrous petals, a standard petal without basal callosities and auricles, biauriculate wings, and fewer ovules per ovary (Gagnepain 1913). In these characters, M. boniana is also very similar to some species of the genus Derris such as D. tonkinensis. Specially, in the discussions of Millettia boniana, Gagnepain (1913) pointed out that the collector (H. F. Bon) of its type specimens wrote Derris on the label. Furthermore, we found that a flowering syntype of Derris tonkinensis, collected by H. F. Bon (3347, Fig. 5C) from Tonkin, Vietnam, is strikingly similar to the type specimens of M. boniana in morphology. In addition, a fruiting specimen that was collected by H. F. Bon (3381, Fig. 5D) is consistent with M. boniana in appearance, but it has indehiscent, thin and winged pods and belongs to D. tonkinensis. Millettia and Derris are very similar in morphological characters, especially when lacking fruiting material, and this has caused transfer of some species names between the two genera (Merrill 1910, How 1954, Song et al. 2017a, Song & Pan 2022). In fact, the lectotype (B. Balansa 1189, Fig. 5B) and isolectotypes of D. tonkinensis were recorded by Drake (1891: 188) as Millettia sp. Based on these analyses, M. boniana is proposed here as a new synonym of D. tonkinensis. In addition, in the protologue of M. boniana Gagnepain (1913) just cited Bon 4871, but did not specify the holotype. Lôc & Vidal (2001) provided the type information of M. boniana [“Type: Bon 4871, Viȇtnam, Nam Ha, Vo Xa, sept. 1891, fl. (holo-, P!; iso-, P!)”], which means presence of more than one duplicates of this gathering and all of them should be considered as syntypes (see Art. 7.11 Ex. 12 and Art. 40 Ex. 3, Turland et al. 2018). We traced four duplicates of this collection in P, of which three labelled “TYPE” and the fourth labelled “ISOTYPE”. We designate one of them (P00700373) with “TYPE” as the lectotype of M. boniana., Published as part of Song, Zhu-Qiu, Li, Shi-Jin, Vu, Quang Nam & Khang, Nguyen Sinh, 2022, Taxonomic notes on the genus Millettia (Fabaceae: Millettieae) in Vietnam, pp. 169-185 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on pages 179-181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7284336, {"references":["Gagnepain, F. (1913) Especes nouvelles de Millettia. Notulae Systematicae 2: 350 - 367.","Loc, P. K. & Vidal, J. E. (2001) Legumineuses-Papilionoideae-Millettieae. In: Morat, P. (ed.) Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam 30. Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, Paris, 191 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2001. tb 01334. x","Mattapha, S. (2020) Millettia. In: Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand. Vol. 4 Part 3.2. Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, pp. 421 - 450.","Loureiro, J. de (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes: quibus accedunt aliae observatae in Sinensi Imperio, Africa orientali, Indiaeque locis variis: omnes dispositae secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum. Typis, et Expensis Academicis, Ulyssipone, 882 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40199","Song, Z. Q., Pan, B., Li, B., Xu, D. X. & Li, S. J. (2021) Millettia lantsangensis is conspecific with Cruddasia insignis (Fabaceae). Phytotaxa 497 (1): 29 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 497.1.3","Chen, D. Z. & Pedley, L. (2010) Derris Loureiro. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China 10. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 166 - 170.","Sirichamorn, Y., Adema, F. A. C. B. & Van Welzen, P. C. (2012) The genera Aganope, Derris, and Paraderris (Fabaceae, Millettieae) in Thailand. Systematic Botany 37: 404 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364412 X 635467","Merrill, E. D. (1910) An enumeration of Philippine Leguminosae, with keys to the genera and species. Philippine Journal of Science 5 (2): 95 - 136.","How, F. C. (1954) A review of the Chinese species of Derris. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3: 207 - 236.","Song, Z. Q., Yan, K. J., Zhu, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, D. X. & Li, S. J. (2017 a) Millettia sapindifolia is a synonym of Derris yunnanensis (Leguminosae: Millettieae). Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (4): 404 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 01555","Song, Z. Q. & Pan, B. (2022) Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 531 (3): 230 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 531.3.4","Drake, D. C. E. (1891) Contributions a l'etude de la Flore du Tonkin. Enumeration des plantes de la famille des Legumineuses recueillies au Tonkin par M. Balansa en 1885 - 89. Journal de Botanique (Morot) 5: 185 - 194.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

1. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song in Song & Pan (2022: 238). ≡ Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ≡ Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ≡ Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: — CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250). Type: — INDIA. Upper Assam. C. Jenkins s.n. (lectotype: K001415586!, designated by Song & Pan 2022: 238; isolectotypes: CAL0000008147 image!, K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105 image!, NY!, P 02141837 image!, P 02141838 image!)., Published as part of Song, Zhu-Qiu, Li, Shi-Jin, Vu, Quang Nam & Khang, Nguyen Sinh, 2022, Taxonomic notes on the genus Millettia (Fabaceae: Millettieae) in Vietnam, pp. 169-185 in Phytotaxa 571 (2) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7284336, {"references":["Song, Z. Q. & Pan, B. (2022) Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 531 (3): 230 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 531.3.4","Hayata, B. (1920) Icones plantarum Formosanarum nec non et Contributiones ad Floram Formosanam Vol. 9. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 155 pp.","Hayata, B. (1913) Icones Plantarum Formosanarum nec non et Contributiones ad Floram Formosanam Vol. 3. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 222 pp.","Ohwi, J. (1936) Plantae Novae Japonicae (III). Journal of Japanese Botany 12 (9): 652 - 665.","Bentham, G. (1852) Leguminosae. In: Miquel, F. A. W. (ed.) Plantae Junghuhnianae Vol. 2. Sythoff, Leiden, 205 - 269."]}

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to isolate an antifungal compound from Derris indica (Lam) Bennett seed oil with various solvents and evaluation of its antifungal activity against the clinical species of Candida. Methods: D. indica seed hexane extract was tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans. Hexane extract was fractioned using different solvents through column chromatography (CC). Isolated compound D1 was identified and characterized using ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy. In vitro evaluation of D1 carried out against 12 Candida strains. In vivo evaluation of D1 carried out against T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, and C. albicans using an excision wound healing model on male Wistar rats. Results: Different concentrations of hexane extract showed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganism with varying minimum inhibitory concentration values. On fractionation with hexane-petroleum ether through CC, it yielded a crystalline fraction. Compound D1 characterized as a 3,5-bis (4,4’’-dimethoxy-[1,1’: 2’,1’’-terphenyl]-4’-yl)-4H-pyrazole-4,4-diol. A novel alkaloid compound from D. indica is a new report and proved to be inhibitory against C. albicans MTCC 3017 (14.83±0.28), MTCC 1637 (16.0±0.0), Candida glabrata MTCC 3814 (16.83±0.28) and MTCC 3014 (16.66±0.57), Candida tropicalis MTCC 230 (20.0±0.0), MTCC 1406 (12.33±0.57). C. glabrata MTCC 3981 was found to be resistant to the compound. In vivo studies showed no visual symptoms at the end of treatment indicating the therapeutic property of the compound. Conclusion: The D1 was found to be effective against human fungal pathogens and can be used as a base molecule in designing new antifungal drugs.

Objective: The aim of the study was to isolate alkaloid compound from seed oil of Derris indica (Lam) Bennett where relevant antimicrobial properties in traditional medicines. Methods: The plant was selected based on their usage in traditional medicines and ethnopharmacological importance. Crude extract from D. indica seeds fractioned with different solvents through column chromatography. Isolated pure fraction was identified and characterized using UV, FTIR, 1HNMR and Mass spectroscopy. Results: D. indica seeds hexane extract on fractionation with ethyl acetate and methanol through column chromatography yielded a crystalline fraction. The fraction was identified as alkaloid group and characterized as a 2-(6-methoxyphenanthridin-8-yl) propan-2-ol. The compound is a new report from D. indica seed oil. Conclusion: The usage of D. indica plant is much in traditional health care for treatment of diseases. Isolation of alkaloid compound from D. indica seeds in traditional herbal medicines may be found a good source of drug discovery.

[THE INFLUENCE OF BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES BASED ON CROTON OIL AND DERRIS ROOT AGAINST BROWN PLANTHOPPER]. Brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stall) is a serious pest in rice. Using synthetic insecticide to control BPH is harmful for human health and can caused environmental pollution. The objective of this research is to find out ecofriendly insecticide to control BPH. Research has been conducted at Entomological laboratory, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor. It was designed with CRD, 16 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of botanical insecticides based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica. Each material was extracted by water, methanol, and xylene, and then tested by individually and combination, so there were 15 formulas and 1 control treatment (water). Third nymph BPH and IR64 rice variety were used in this research. Research was done in two methods, i.e. contact application and residual application. The result shows that there are 11 formulas which are prospective to be further developed i.e aqueous extraction (6 formulas) and combination extraction (aqueous with xylene and methanol (5 formulas). The aqueous extraction maybe the most prospective formulation since the technique could easily be adopted by farmers. Botanical pesticide based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica are very promising, therefore the research should be continued to find out the best formula of botanical insecticides for controlling BPH).

One of the problems in developing Nyawai plants is the attack of snail pests Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) at seedling level of the plants. Plant damage caused by these pests is quite large and causes seedling death. One of the control efforts that can be done is utilizing biomaterials which have molluscicidal properties (can kill mollusks). This study aimed to determine the toxicity of some extracts of biomaterial to control Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) pests. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The study used a factorial random design with 3 replications. The treatment consisted of four biomaterials namely sembung (Blumea balsamifera), gadung (Discorea hispida), tuba (Derris eliptica and betel nut (Areca catechu) with each concentration of 10.25.50 g/l. Each concentration used 4 snails as a test sample. The parameters observed were snail mortality, and Lethal Concentration (LC50 and LC95). The results showed that the gadung tuber extract had the highest toxicity as indicated by mortality of 75 % and the lowest LC95 value of 80.63 g/l. While the lowest toxicity is betel nut with mortality of 49.75 % and the highest LC95 value is 567.75 g/l. The Toxicity of tuba, pinang, and sembung are highest on 50 g/l concentration, excepted the gadung extract. In gadung extract, the highest toxicity was obtained on 10 g/l concentration. However, the application was consideration to the attack intensity of Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821) because the toxicity effect of biomaterial pesticide was slower than chemical molluscicide. Keywords: Achatina fulica (Ferussac, 1821), biomaterial, concentration, toxicity

1. Derris entadoides (Z. Wei) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Millettia entadoides Z. Wei (1985: 278, fig. 7). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Chen-Kang Hsien [Zhenkang County], mountain slope, 1500 m, March 1936, Chi-Wu Wang 72150 (holotype: PE, not seen; isotypes: A00283892!, KUN0645004!, LBG00094202!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 2 �� 2.5 mm, rounded to acute at apex. Leaves imparipinnate, 9���13-foliolate (usually 11), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 9.7���21.6 cm long, including petiole 5.1���11.6 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 4.5���12.8 �� 1.5���4.6 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed puberulent to glabrescent and glaucous beneath, acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 9���12 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules 5.5���6.5 mm long; stipels usually not persistent even on young leaves but occasionally present. Pseudoracemes 5���15 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed tawny hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide on the lower part of the inflorescence, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, ca. 1.3 cm long; pedicels 0.4���0.6 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, green at first and then becoming dark red, 4-lobed, with very short calyx lobes, pubescent outside, tube 2.5���3 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, 11.0���11.6 �� 10.5���11.5 mm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 2.5���3.0 mm long claw; wing blade glabrous, oblong, 8.7���9.0 �� 3.5 mm, with a 3.0��� 3.5 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 8.8���9.0 �� 3.8���4.5 mm, with a 3.0��� 3.5 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 11.5���12.0 mm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, with 5���6 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods compressed at first and becoming inflated with time, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 4.2���15.5 �� 2.2���5.1 �� 2 cm, pubescent, with a distinct beak at apex, without warts outside, usually indehiscent; sutures thickened; fruiting pedicels 0.4���0.6 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide. Seeds 1���4, large, dark brown, reniform, 3���3.7 �� 2.6���2.8 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to April, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 600���1500 m. Distribution: ��� China and Thailand. The species is first reported here for the flora of Thailand (Fig. 5). Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Yunnan: Cangyuan, 16 Jun. 1974, Y. H. Li 12254 (HITBC), 680���700 m, 19 Jun. 1974, Y. H. Li 12352 (HITBC, KUN, SYS); Jiangcheng, 22 Jun. 2011, S. S. Zhou 10147 (HITBC), 846 m, 19 June 2020, D. P. Ye 919 (HITBC); Jinghong, 755 m, 21 Nov. 2006, T. Zhang et al. SCSB-B-000273 (KUN), 1300 m, 1987, G. D. Tao 14594 (HITBC, IBSC), 750 m, 9 Aug. 1977, G. D. Tao 16715 (HITBC), 1000 m, 21 Apr. 1957, Sino-USSR Exped. 8056 (IBSC); Jinggu, 950 m, 6 Aug. 2001, H. Wang 4886 (HITBC, IBSC); Lancang, 1400 m, 21 Oct. 1989, G. D. Tao & X. W. Li 39719 (HITBC); Menghai, 1200 m, 29 Oct. 2012, J. W. Li 2683 (HITBC), 1179 m, 31 Mar. 2021, Z. Q. Song 2021019 (IBSC); Mengla, 900 m, 31 Oct. 1983, Exped. 23833 (HITBC), 963 m, 20 Aug. 2020, Z. Q. Song 202039 (IBSC), cultivation, 19 Aug. 2020, Z. Q. Song 202033 (IBSC); Pu���er, 800���1300 m, 20 September 1955, P. I. Mao 6140 (KUN), 900 m, 14 Aug. 1977, G. D. Tao 17384 (HITBC); Shuangjiang, 1050 m, 13 Nov. 1981, Anonymous 2035 (SWFC); Zhenkang, 1500 m, Mar. 1936, C. W. Wang 72150 (A, KUN, LBG). THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao District, 1400 m, 27 Sep. 1994, W. Nanakorn et al. 1846 (HITBC, IBSC). 2. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ��� Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ��� Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: ��� CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250), non Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Type: ��� INDIA. Upper Assam. Jenkins s.n. (Lectotype: K001415586!, designated here; isolectotypes: K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105!, NY!, P 02141837!, P 02141838!). = Millettia dunnii Merrill (1918: 139). Type: ��� CHINA. Guangdong, Boluo, Loh Fau [Luofu] Mountain, in thickets near So Liu Koon, 200 m, 13 August 1917, E. D. Merrill 10861 (holotype: PNH, may be destroyed, photo in A!; isotypes: CAS0007371!, NY00016340!, US 00003978!). = Millettia fooningensis Hu (1955: 360). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Foo-ning [Funing County], 550 m, 11 April 1940, Chi-Wu Wang 88378 (holotype: PE00022404!; isotypes: KUN0754399!, KUN0754400!, KUN0754601!, KUN0754602!, KUN0754603!, KUN0755303!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with white to brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 3.5 �� 3.0 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 13���17-foliolate (usually 13), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 21.8���38.8 cm long, including petiole 8.6��� 14.0 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 5.8���20.3 �� 2.3���6.1 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed pubescent to densely hairy beneath, acute to acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 10���16 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules ca. 5 mm long; stipels absent. Pseudoracemes 10.9���39.8 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 7���11 mm long on the lower part, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, pale purplish white to white, ca. 2.1���2.6 cm long; pedicels 0.7���1.2 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, dark red, 5-lobed, pubescent outside, with short calyx lobes, the lower lobe longest, ca. 2 mm long, 4 mm wide, the tube ca. 6 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, ca. 2.3 �� 2.1 cm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 3.5���4.5 mm long claw; wing blade pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, ca. 1.8 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 1.6 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 2.2 cm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, 2.2 cm long, with 6���8 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods inflated, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 6.0���14.6 �� 3.2���4.1 �� 3 cm, glabrous when mature, with a distinct beak at apex, densely covered with warts, usually indehiscent; fruiting pedicels 0.9 cm long. Seeds 1���5, large, dark brown, reniform, 2.1���3.3 �� 1.8���2.4 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to June, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 0���2500 m. Distribution: ��� Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 5). Notes: ���Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852) to Derris Lour. would lead to a later homonym because of the existence of Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913) is the next earliest legitimate name for this species. Therefore, according to Art. 11.4 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), we made the new combination Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song based on Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata. This new combination is not threatened by the nomen nudum ��� Derris taiwaniana Matsum. ���, which is merely cited as a synonym of Pongamia taiwaniana, and thus, an invalid name (Art. 36.1, Turland et al. 2018). Additional specimens examined. BHUTAN. Punakha District: 1350 m, 11 Oct. 1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 5598 (E, K); Tashigang: 1360 m, 18 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2039 (E, K), 1050 m, 28 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2350 (E), 3000 ft, 17 Aug. 1915, R. E. Cooper & A. K. Bulley 4504 (BM, E). CHINA. Chongqing: Banan, 19 Nov. 1940, C. Pei 7722 (NAS); Dazu, 100 m, 12 Jul. 1978, Anonymous 440 (SM); Fengdu, 590 m, 12 May 1964, J. A. Wang & Y. X. Wang 59 (CDBI); Hechuan, 11 May 1959, 1-Section 1586 (CDBI); Nanchuan, 500 m, 30 Oct. 1957, G. F. Li 65000 (IBSC, KUN, NAS), 800 m, 12 Oct. 1995, S. R. Yi 15680 (MO), 750 m, 21 Aug. 1990, Z. Y. Liu 12864 (IMC), 200 m, 20 Aug. 1996, Z. Y. Liu 2029201 (IMC); Rongchang, 27 May 1978, Anonymous 30 (SM); Tongliang, 500 m, 27 Aug. 1978, Anonymous 549 (SM); Wulong, 24 Sep. 1978, Anonymous 1224 (SM); Fujian: Dehua, 1250 m, 5 May 1930, P. C. Tsoong 193 (AU, IBSC, PE); Fuzhou, 2 Jun. 1951, T. J. Liu 112 (FJSI), Huaan, 10 Jun. 1959, S. M. Huang 5118 (IBSC), 710 m, 15 Apr. 1987, W. D. Han 20425 (NF), Huai Pin Hsiang, 16 Apr. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS), 11 Jul. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS); Longyan, 260 m, X. F. Zeng ZXF13580 (CZH); Nanan, 850 m, 31 May 1965, Fujian Exped. 2164 (NAS), Nanjing, 400 m, 26 Feb. 1989, H. B. Chen 2252 (FJSI), 450 m, 10 Apr. 1991, H. B. Chen 2553 (MO), 17 May 1942, J. He 1938 (FJSI, PE); Shanghang, 340 m, 5 Sep. 1983, Meihuashan Exped. 9 (FJSI); Xiamen, 27 Oct. 2019, Z. W. Mao 363 (AU); Yanping, 280 m, 24 May 1980, H. Y. Zou 477 (NF), 280 m, 21 Oct. 1980, H. Y. Zou 858 (NF), 14 May 1905, S. T. Dunn 2564 (IBSC); Yongchun, 702 m, 24 Oct. 2018, X. F. Zeng ZXF41394 (CZH); Yongtai, 203 m, 7 Nov. 2012, Q. Tian et al. TQ02522 (CSH), 230 m, 30 May 1931, Y. Lin 316 (AU, IBSC, PE); Guangdong: Boluo, 125 m, 13 Aug. 1917, C. O. Levine 1371 (A), Feb. 27 1930, H. T. Ho 60155 (IBK, NY, IBSC), 30 Jul. 1930, N. K. Chun 41461 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 26 Feb. 1930, S. P. Ko 50112 (NY, IBSC); Chaoan, 690 m, 6 Dec. 2009, X. F. Zeng 8719 (CZH), 510 m, 3 May 2009, X. F. Zeng ZXF6573 (CZH); Conghua, 24 Nov. 1958, Sino-Germany Exped. 1158 (IBSC); Dabu, 500 m, 2 Nov. 1996, B. H. Chen et al. 83 (IBSC), 350 m, 11 May 1984, Dabu Exped. 489 (IBSC); Dongguan, 2500 ft, 16���17 Mar. 1932, S. Y. Lau 20102 (A, NY, IBSC, SYS); Gaozhou, 6 May 1929, Y. Tsiang 2163 (IBK, IBSC, SYS); Guangzhou, 27 May 1924, To & Tsang 12170 (A, BM, E, MO, NAS, P, US), 16 May 1935, Y. Tsiang 392 (IBK); Heping, 298 m, 1 Jul. 2002, C. M. Tam Y06622 (JJF, SZG); Heyuan, 14 Apr. 1930, C. L. Tso 21552 (IBSC); Huidong, 24 May 1983, B. Y. Chen et al. 461 (IBSC); Jiaoling, 650 m, 25 May 1957, L. Teng 4898 (IBSC, NAS, PE); Lechang, 450 m, 4 Aug. 1986, B. Y. Chen et al. 2626 (IBK, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20268 (NY, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20271 (IBSC), 17 May 1934, S. P. Ko 54519 (IBK, IBSC, NAS), 300 m, 24 May 1934, S. P. Kuo 80676 (IBSC), 23 Aug. 1950, T. S. Chu 104 (IBSC); Liannan, 18 May 1951, T. S. Chu 60986 (IBSC); Lianzhou, 27 May 1951, T. S. Chu 730 (IBSC); Longchuan, 24 Jul. 1990, B. H. Chen 992 (IBSC); Longmen, 250 m, 17 May 1986, Nanling Exped. 2155 (IBSC); Maoming, 280 m, 30 Apr. 1957, Zhanjiang Exped. 4087 (IBSC); Nanxiong, 21 Aug. 1985, Z. Y. Li 739 (MO); Qujiang, 14 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 624 (MO); Raoping, 16 Apr. 1931, N. K. Chun 42677 (IBK, IBSC); Ruyuan, 20 Aug. 1935, C. S. Chung 10867 (IBSC), 25 Oct. 1938, S. K. Lau 29096 (IBK, IBSC), 21 Jul. 1941, S. K. Lau 29618 (IBSC); Shenzhen, 9 Dec. 1999, F. W. Xing & Y. X. Zhang 12126 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Oct. 1992, J. F. Chen 2275 (SZG), 100���200 m, 25 Apr. 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 587 (PE, SZG), 100���200 m, 10 May 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 1291 (PE, SZG); Shixing, 150 m, 11 Aug. 1958, L. Teng 7166 (IBSC, NAS), 27 Jul. 1985, X. B. Ye 35010 (MO); Wengyuan, 22 Sep. 1933, S. K. Lau 2382 (A, SYS), 23 Nov. 1939, S. K. Lau 25293 (IBK, IBSC); Xinfeng, 1���19 Jun. 1938, Y. W. Taam 859 (P, IBSC); Xinxing, 3 Oct. 1958, Y. S. Lau 2434 (IBSC); Xinyi, 18 Jul. 1931, C. Wang 30979 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 25 Apr. 1932, C. Wang 32211 (IBK), 29 Nov. 1951, T. S. Chu 1137 (IBSC); Yangchun, 4 Nov. 1935, C. Wang 38641 (IBK, IBSC), 300 m, 6 Sep. 1990, Yunkai Exped. 46 (IBSC); Yangshan, 29 Jul. 1936, L. Teng 206 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Sep. 1985, Nanling Exped. 1463 (IBSC), Jul. ���Sep. 1932, T. M. Tsui 762 (A, MO, NY, IBSC, NAS, PE, SYS); Yingde, 18 Oct. 1931, Anonymous 61400 (IBSC), 11 May 1931, H. Y. Liang 60953 (IBK, IBSC, PE), 14 Jan. 1929, Y. K. Wang 510 (A, IBSC, K, MO, P, PE), 9 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 576 (MO); Yunfou, 10���22 Feb. 1928, Y. Tsiang 1892 (NAS); Yunfu, 26 Mar. 1955, C. Wang & L. Teng 501 (IBSC), 19 Nov. 1934, L. Teng 10116 (IBSC); Zhaoqing, 6 Jun. 1975, G. L. Shi 11457 (IBSC), 9 Aug. 1977, G. L. Shi 13089 (IBSC); Guangxi: Baise, 20 Apr. 1936, Kwangsi Prov. Mus. 11188 (IBSC), 2000 ft, 12 Sep. 1928, R. C. Ching 7359 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS); Bama, 26 Apr. 1957, Y. K. Li P01014 (IBK); Cangwu, 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9954 (IBSC), 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9956 (IBK, KUN, LBG); Chongzuo, 251 m, 27 Mar. 2015, Y. T. Peng et al. 451402150327042LY (GXMG); Dahua, 355 m, 23 Apr. 2018, D. X. Nong et al. 451029180423017LY (GXMG); Daxin, 29 Jul. 2016, Y. T. Peng et al. 451424160729013LY (GXMG), 26 Jul. 1958, Z. X. Zhang et al. 3842 (IBK); Debao, 613 m, 26 Jun. 2015, Debao Exped. 451024160626122LY (GXMG, IBK); Donglan, 200 m, 18 Jan. 1958, C. C. Chang 11364 (IBK, IBSC); Du���an, 21 Apr. 1978, Du���an Exped. 4-10-0232 (GXMI), 5 Jul. 1957, Y. K. Li P01613 (IBK); Fengshan, 933 m, 2 Apr. 2013, B. Y. Huang et al. 451223130402046LY (GXMG), 696 m, 25 Aug. 2013, D. X. Nong et al. 451223130825037LY (GXMG), 750 m, 26 Oct. 2012, H. Z. Lv et al. 451223121026048LY (GXMG); Fusui, 24 Apr. 1957, S. H. Chun 12047 (IBK, IBSC, KUN); Guanyang, 209 m, 26 Nov. 2015, Guanyang Exped. 450327151126006LY (GXMG, IBK); Guilin, 28 Oct. 1950, C. S. Chung 808606 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Hechi, 11 Jun. 1928, Anonymous 92059 (IBK); Hengxian, 30 Apr. 1957, Z. Z. Chen 50352 (IBK); Hexian, 200 m, 20 Oct. 1989, Daguishan Exped. 81028 (GXMI); Huanjiang, 500 m, 23 Oct. 1991, Dian-Qian-Gui Exped. 70158 (IBK), 236 m, 20 Jul. 2013, Huangjiang Exped. 451226130720003LY (GXMG, IBK); Jingxi, 26 Jul. 1977, Y. Lin 3-54276 (GXMI); Jinxiu, 24 Feb. 1954, Anonymous 24 (IBK), 18 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14381 (IBSC), 310 m, 19 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14411 (MO, IBSC), 500 m, 22 Nov. 1981, Dayaoshan Exped. 811983 (GXMI), 9 May 1929, S. S. Sin 8222 (IBSC), 28 Jun. 1934, S. S. Sin 23356 (IBK, IBSC), 11 Dec. 1958, Y. C. Chen 1163 (IBK); Laibin, 3 Aug. 1977, Y. A. Shi 574-92 (GXMI); Leye, 5 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33022 (IBK), 1250 m, 14 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33115 (IBK), 23 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 10173 (GXMI), 19 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 11115 (GXMI), 882 m, 10 Sep. 2013, X. Y. Huang et al. 451028130910030LY (GXMG); Lingchuan, 615 m, 17 May 2013, Lingchuan Exped. 450323130517016LY (GXMG, IBK); Lingui, 12 Jan. 1953, L. H. Chun 93247 (IBK, MO, IBSC, PE), 189 m, 11 Aug. 2015, Lingui Exped. 450322150811023LY (GXMG), 12 May 1964, X. Z. Zheng 249 (GXMI); Lingyun, 18 Jul. 1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 711 (P), 21 Dec. 1958, C. T. Ting & J. Z. Wang 1336 (NAS), 17 Apr. 1957, C. Wang 43053 (IBSC), 8 Dec. 1984, Guangxi Exped. 327 (GXMI), 350 m, 10 Sep. 1989, Huanan Exped. 1180 (IBSC), 450 m, 8 Oct. 1989, Huanan Exped. 2338 (IBSC), 617 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Lingyun Exped. 451027130321036 (GXMG, GXMI), 14 Jul. 1937, S. K. Lau 28639 (IBK, IBSC, KUN, PE); Longan, 24 Apr. 1978, X. X. Chen & Y. P. Huang 2-281 (GXMI); Longlin, 650 m, 24 Jul. 1959, Anonymous 604 (HGAS), 24 Jul. 1959, Anshun Exped. 604 (KUN), 800 m, 5 Nov. 1957, C. C. Chang 10812 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 1 May 1957, C. F. Liang & T. L. Wu 32033 (IBK, IBSC), 560 m, 14 Oct. 1957, Nanzhidi 4593 (IBK, IBSC), 1000 m, 10 Sep. 1987, S. Q. Tang et al. 130 (IBK); Longsheng, 480 m, 13 May 2014, Longsheng Exped. 450328140513016LY (GXMG), 3 May 1987, X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang 6133 (GXMI); Longzhou, 550 m, 23 Dec. 1957, P. C. Tam 57590 (IBSC); Luocheng, 21 Apr. 1978, Luocheng Exped. 4-1-086 (GXMI), 179 m, 21 Apr. 2013, Luocheng Exped. 451225130421004LY (IBK); Nandan, 2500 m, 22 Jun. 1937, C. Wang 40840 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Nanning, 25 Mar. 1959, D. Fang 1907 (GXMI); Napo, 1400 m, 9 Dec. 1958, C. C. Chang 13506 (IBK, IBSC), 19 Oct. 1962, C. C. Lee 1215 (IBK), 22 Dec. 1958, C. T. Li 602312 (IBK, PE), 1250 m, 4 Jan. 1959, C. T. Li 602533 (IBK), 1200 m, 23 Apr. 1981, D. Fang et al. 22420 (GXMI), 10 Oct. 1935, S. P. Ko 55892 (IBSC); Ningming, 12 Oct. 1958, C. C. Chang 12167 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 9 Jun. 1959, H. Q. Li 40911 (IBK), 15 Nov. 1959, X. F. Deng 10591 (IBK); Pingguo, 13 Oct. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451023151013061LY (GXMG); Pingle, 22 Dec. 1958, S. Q. Zhong A62834 (KUN, PE); Pingxiang, 377 m, 15 Apr. 2016, Y. Y. Xie et al. 451481160415005LY (GXMG); Qinxian, 330 m, 1 Aug. 1958, C. C. Chen 490 (IBSC); Quanzhou, 344 m, 30 Jan. 2013, Quanzhou Exped. 450324130130027LY (GXMG, IBK); Rongshui, 700 m, 5 Jun. 1959, Liuzhou Exped. 2346 (IBK); Shanglin, 19 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-432 (GXMI), 20 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-439 (GXMI); Shangsi, 13 Jul. 1959, H. Q. Li 40865 (IBK), 30 m, 7 Jan. 1944, S. H. Chun 4288 (IBSC); Tiandeng, 7, Published as part of Song, Zhuqiu & Pan, Bo, 2022, Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa and M. entadoides to Derris (Fabaceae), supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 230-248 in Phytotaxa 531 (3) on pages 237-239, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5886324, {"references":["Wei, Z. (1985) A revision of the Chinese Millettia (Papilionoideae) (cont.). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23: 275 - 292.","Hayata, B. (1913) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 3. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 222 pp.","Hayata, B. (1920) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, Vol. 9. Taihoku (Government of Formosa), Taipei City, 155 pp.","Ohwi, J. (1936) Plantae Novae Japonicae (III). Journal of Japanese Botany 12 (9): 652 - 665.","Bentham, G. (1852) Leguminosae. In: Miquel, F. A. W. (Ed.) Plantae Junghuhnianae 2. Sythoff, Leiden, pp. 205 - 269.","Merrill, E. D. (1922) New or noteworthy Bornean plants: Part II. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 86: 312 - 342.","Merrill, E. D. (1918) Notes on the flora of Loh Fau Mountain, Kwangtung. Philippine Journal of Science 13 (3): 123 - 162.","Hu, H. H. (1955) Six new species of Millettia from China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3 (3): 355 - 360.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. H., Li, D. Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J., Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, pp. 1 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

2. Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song, comb. nov. ��� Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913: 79) ��� Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata) Hayata (1920: 22) ��� Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi (1936: 660). Type: ��� CHINA. Taiwan, Taibei, Sankakuyu, 1902, K. Nagai s.n. (syntype, not seen); CHINA. Taiwan, 13 March, S. Yokoyama 27 (syntype, K001414935!). = Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852: 250), non Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Type: ��� INDIA. Upper Assam. Jenkins s.n. (Lectotype: K001415586!, designated here; isolectotypes: K001415584!, K001415585!, L0019105!, NY!, P 02141837!, P 02141838!). = Millettia dunnii Merrill (1918: 139). Type: ��� CHINA. Guangdong, Boluo, Loh Fau [Luofu] Mountain, in thickets near So Liu Koon, 200 m, 13 August 1917, E. D. Merrill 10861 (holotype: PNH, may be destroyed, photo in A!; isotypes: CAS0007371!, NY00016340!, US 00003978!). = Millettia fooningensis Hu (1955: 360). Type: ��� CHINA. Yunnan, Foo-ning [Funing County], 550 m, 11 April 1940, Chi-Wu Wang 88378 (holotype: PE00022404!; isotypes: KUN0754399!, KUN0754400!, KUN0754601!, KUN0754602!, KUN0754603!, KUN0755303!). Liana large, climbing. Stems cylindric, dark brown, densely scattered with white to brown lenticels, pithy inside; young shoots yellow tomentose, glabrescent when mature. Stipules ovate-triangular, ca. 3.5 �� 3.0 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 13���17-foliolate (usually 13), juvenile at anthesis, reddish when young; rachis 21.8���38.8 cm long, including petiole 8.6��� 14.0 cm long; leaflet blades oblanceolate to oblong, 5.8���20.3 �� 2.3���6.1 cm (ratio usually 2���4), papery to subleathery, glabrous above, appressed pubescent to densely hairy beneath, acute to acuminate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base; lateral veins 10���16 on each side of midvein, obvious, looped near margin; petiolules ca. 5 mm long; stipels absent. Pseudoracemes 10.9���39.8 cm long, usually inserted in the leafless axil of leaf on the lower part of branchlets of current year; rachis appressed hairy; brachyblasts distinct, wart-like or knob-like, up to 7���11 mm long on the lower part, with 3���5 flowers on the top of each brachyblast; bracts inserted at base of brachyblasts and pedicels; bracteoles 2, inserted at the base of calyx. Flowers pink, pale purplish white to white, ca. 2.1���2.6 cm long; pedicels 0.7���1.2 cm long, appressed tawny hairy; calyx campanulate, dark red, 5-lobed, pubescent outside, with short calyx lobes, the lower lobe longest, ca. 2 mm long, 4 mm wide, the tube ca. 6 mm long; standard blade glabrous, suborbicular, ca. 2.3 �� 2.1 cm, reflexed, emarginate at the apex, with a yellow-green patch and a 3.5���4.5 mm long claw; wing blade pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, ca. 1.8 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; keel blade pocketed at side, pubescent on the outer surface at apex, oblong, 1.6 �� 0.7 cm, with a 7 mm long claw; stamen 10, monadelphous, 2.2 cm long, with two small openings (fenestrae) at base; floral disk indistinct; ovary appressed hairy, 2.2 cm long, with 6���8 ovules; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma minutely capitate. Pods inflated, slightly to deeply constricted between seeds, 6.0���14.6 �� 3.2���4.1 �� 3 cm, glabrous when mature, with a distinct beak at apex, densely covered with warts, usually indehiscent; fruiting pedicels 0.9 cm long. Seeds 1���5, large, dark brown, reniform, 2.1���3.3 �� 1.8���2.4 cm. Phenology and habitat: ���Flowering from March to June, and fruiting from April to next March. The flowers and leaves develop together. It grows in evergreen forests at elevations of 0���2500 m. Distribution: ��� Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 5). Notes: ���Transfer of Millettia pachycarpa Bentham (1852) to Derris Lour. would lead to a later homonym because of the existence of Derris pachycarpa Merrill (1922: 312). Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata (1913) is the next earliest legitimate name for this species. Therefore, according to Art. 11.4 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), we made the new combination Derris taiwaniana (Hayata) Z.Q. Song based on Pongamia taiwaniana Hayata. This new combination is not threatened by the nomen nudum ��� Derris taiwaniana Matsum. ���, which is merely cited as a synonym of Pongamia taiwaniana, and thus, an invalid name (Art. 36.1, Turland et al. 2018). Additional specimens examined. BHUTAN. Punakha District: 1350 m, 11 Oct. 1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 5598 (E, K); Tashigang: 1360 m, 18 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2039 (E, K), 1050 m, 28 Jun. 1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2350 (E), 3000 ft, 17 Aug. 1915, R. E. Cooper & A. K. Bulley 4504 (BM, E). CHINA. Chongqing: Banan, 19 Nov. 1940, C. Pei 7722 (NAS); Dazu, 100 m, 12 Jul. 1978, Anonymous 440 (SM); Fengdu, 590 m, 12 May 1964, J. A. Wang & Y. X. Wang 59 (CDBI); Hechuan, 11 May 1959, 1-Section 1586 (CDBI); Nanchuan, 500 m, 30 Oct. 1957, G. F. Li 65000 (IBSC, KUN, NAS), 800 m, 12 Oct. 1995, S. R. Yi 15680 (MO), 750 m, 21 Aug. 1990, Z. Y. Liu 12864 (IMC), 200 m, 20 Aug. 1996, Z. Y. Liu 2029201 (IMC); Rongchang, 27 May 1978, Anonymous 30 (SM); Tongliang, 500 m, 27 Aug. 1978, Anonymous 549 (SM); Wulong, 24 Sep. 1978, Anonymous 1224 (SM); Fujian: Dehua, 1250 m, 5 May 1930, P. C. Tsoong 193 (AU, IBSC, PE); Fuzhou, 2 Jun. 1951, T. J. Liu 112 (FJSI), Huaan, 10 Jun. 1959, S. M. Huang 5118 (IBSC), 710 m, 15 Apr. 1987, W. D. Han 20425 (NF), Huai Pin Hsiang, 16 Apr. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS), 11 Jul. 1937, H. Migo s.n. (NAS); Longyan, 260 m, X. F. Zeng ZXF13580 (CZH); Nanan, 850 m, 31 May 1965, Fujian Exped. 2164 (NAS), Nanjing, 400 m, 26 Feb. 1989, H. B. Chen 2252 (FJSI), 450 m, 10 Apr. 1991, H. B. Chen 2553 (MO), 17 May 1942, J. He 1938 (FJSI, PE); Shanghang, 340 m, 5 Sep. 1983, Meihuashan Exped. 9 (FJSI); Xiamen, 27 Oct. 2019, Z. W. Mao 363 (AU); Yanping, 280 m, 24 May 1980, H. Y. Zou 477 (NF), 280 m, 21 Oct. 1980, H. Y. Zou 858 (NF), 14 May 1905, S. T. Dunn 2564 (IBSC); Yongchun, 702 m, 24 Oct. 2018, X. F. Zeng ZXF41394 (CZH); Yongtai, 203 m, 7 Nov. 2012, Q. Tian et al. TQ02522 (CSH), 230 m, 30 May 1931, Y. Lin 316 (AU, IBSC, PE); Guangdong: Boluo, 125 m, 13 Aug. 1917, C. O. Levine 1371 (A), Feb. 27 1930, H. T. Ho 60155 (IBK, NY, IBSC), 30 Jul. 1930, N. K. Chun 41461 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 26 Feb. 1930, S. P. Ko 50112 (NY, IBSC); Chaoan, 690 m, 6 Dec. 2009, X. F. Zeng 8719 (CZH), 510 m, 3 May 2009, X. F. Zeng ZXF6573 (CZH); Conghua, 24 Nov. 1958, Sino-Germany Exped. 1158 (IBSC); Dabu, 500 m, 2 Nov. 1996, B. H. Chen et al. 83 (IBSC), 350 m, 11 May 1984, Dabu Exped. 489 (IBSC); Dongguan, 2500 ft, 16���17 Mar. 1932, S. Y. Lau 20102 (A, NY, IBSC, SYS); Gaozhou, 6 May 1929, Y. Tsiang 2163 (IBK, IBSC, SYS); Guangzhou, 27 May 1924, To & Tsang 12170 (A, BM, E, MO, NAS, P, US), 16 May 1935, Y. Tsiang 392 (IBK); Heping, 298 m, 1 Jul. 2002, C. M. Tam Y06622 (JJF, SZG); Heyuan, 14 Apr. 1930, C. L. Tso 21552 (IBSC); Huidong, 24 May 1983, B. Y. Chen et al. 461 (IBSC); Jiaoling, 650 m, 25 May 1957, L. Teng 4898 (IBSC, NAS, PE); Lechang, 450 m, 4 Aug. 1986, B. Y. Chen et al. 2626 (IBK, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20268 (NY, IBSC), 8 May 1929, C. L. Tso 20271 (IBSC), 17 May 1934, S. P. Ko 54519 (IBK, IBSC, NAS), 300 m, 24 May 1934, S. P. Kuo 80676 (IBSC), 23 Aug. 1950, T. S. Chu 104 (IBSC); Liannan, 18 May 1951, T. S. Chu 60986 (IBSC); Lianzhou, 27 May 1951, T. S. Chu 730 (IBSC); Longchuan, 24 Jul. 1990, B. H. Chen 992 (IBSC); Longmen, 250 m, 17 May 1986, Nanling Exped. 2155 (IBSC); Maoming, 280 m, 30 Apr. 1957, Zhanjiang Exped. 4087 (IBSC); Nanxiong, 21 Aug. 1985, Z. Y. Li 739 (MO); Qujiang, 14 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 624 (MO); Raoping, 16 Apr. 1931, N. K. Chun 42677 (IBK, IBSC); Ruyuan, 20 Aug. 1935, C. S. Chung 10867 (IBSC), 25 Oct. 1938, S. K. Lau 29096 (IBK, IBSC), 21 Jul. 1941, S. K. Lau 29618 (IBSC); Shenzhen, 9 Dec. 1999, F. W. Xing & Y. X. Zhang 12126 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Oct. 1992, J. F. Chen 2275 (SZG), 100���200 m, 25 Apr. 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 587 (PE, SZG), 100���200 m, 10 May 2005, S. Z. Zhang et al. 1291 (PE, SZG); Shixing, 150 m, 11 Aug. 1958, L. Teng 7166 (IBSC, NAS), 27 Jul. 1985, X. B. Ye 35010 (MO); Wengyuan, 22 Sep. 1933, S. K. Lau 2382 (A, SYS), 23 Nov. 1939, S. K. Lau 25293 (IBK, IBSC); Xinfeng, 1���19 Jun. 1938, Y. W. Taam 859 (P, IBSC); Xinxing, 3 Oct. 1958, Y. S. Lau 2434 (IBSC); Xinyi, 18 Jul. 1931, C. Wang 30979 (IBK, IBSC, SYS), 25 Apr. 1932, C. Wang 32211 (IBK), 29 Nov. 1951, T. S. Chu 1137 (IBSC); Yangchun, 4 Nov. 1935, C. Wang 38641 (IBK, IBSC), 300 m, 6 Sep. 1990, Yunkai Exped. 46 (IBSC); Yangshan, 29 Jul. 1936, L. Teng 206 (IBSC), 400 m, 17 Sep. 1985, Nanling Exped. 1463 (IBSC), Jul. ���Sep. 1932, T. M. Tsui 762 (A, MO, NY, IBSC, NAS, PE, SYS); Yingde, 18 Oct. 1931, Anonymous 61400 (IBSC), 11 May 1931, H. Y. Liang 60953 (IBK, IBSC, PE), 14 Jan. 1929, Y. K. Wang 510 (A, IBSC, K, MO, P, PE), 9 Jun. 1985, Z. Y. Li 576 (MO); Yunfou, 10���22 Feb. 1928, Y. Tsiang 1892 (NAS); Yunfu, 26 Mar. 1955, C. Wang & L. Teng 501 (IBSC), 19 Nov. 1934, L. Teng 10116 (IBSC); Zhaoqing, 6 Jun. 1975, G. L. Shi 11457 (IBSC), 9 Aug. 1977, G. L. Shi 13089 (IBSC); Guangxi: Baise, 20 Apr. 1936, Kwangsi Prov. Mus. 11188 (IBSC), 2000 ft, 12 Sep. 1928, R. C. Ching 7359 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS); Bama, 26 Apr. 1957, Y. K. Li P01014 (IBK); Cangwu, 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9954 (IBSC), 200 m, 21 Jul. 1956, S. H. Chun 9956 (IBK, KUN, LBG); Chongzuo, 251 m, 27 Mar. 2015, Y. T. Peng et al. 451402150327042LY (GXMG); Dahua, 355 m, 23 Apr. 2018, D. X. Nong et al. 451029180423017LY (GXMG); Daxin, 29 Jul. 2016, Y. T. Peng et al. 451424160729013LY (GXMG), 26 Jul. 1958, Z. X. Zhang et al. 3842 (IBK); Debao, 613 m, 26 Jun. 2015, Debao Exped. 451024160626122LY (GXMG, IBK); Donglan, 200 m, 18 Jan. 1958, C. C. Chang 11364 (IBK, IBSC); Du���an, 21 Apr. 1978, Du���an Exped. 4-10-0232 (GXMI), 5 Jul. 1957, Y. K. Li P01613 (IBK); Fengshan, 933 m, 2 Apr. 2013, B. Y. Huang et al. 451223130402046LY (GXMG), 696 m, 25 Aug. 2013, D. X. Nong et al. 451223130825037LY (GXMG), 750 m, 26 Oct. 2012, H. Z. Lv et al. 451223121026048LY (GXMG); Fusui, 24 Apr. 1957, S. H. Chun 12047 (IBK, IBSC, KUN); Guanyang, 209 m, 26 Nov. 2015, Guanyang Exped. 450327151126006LY (GXMG, IBK); Guilin, 28 Oct. 1950, C. S. Chung 808606 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Hechi, 11 Jun. 1928, Anonymous 92059 (IBK); Hengxian, 30 Apr. 1957, Z. Z. Chen 50352 (IBK); Hexian, 200 m, 20 Oct. 1989, Daguishan Exped. 81028 (GXMI); Huanjiang, 500 m, 23 Oct. 1991, Dian-Qian-Gui Exped. 70158 (IBK), 236 m, 20 Jul. 2013, Huangjiang Exped. 451226130720003LY (GXMG, IBK); Jingxi, 26 Jul. 1977, Y. Lin 3-54276 (GXMI); Jinxiu, 24 Feb. 1954, Anonymous 24 (IBK), 18 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14381 (IBSC), 310 m, 19 Apr. 1982, Dayaoshan Exped. 14411 (MO, IBSC), 500 m, 22 Nov. 1981, Dayaoshan Exped. 811983 (GXMI), 9 May 1929, S. S. Sin 8222 (IBSC), 28 Jun. 1934, S. S. Sin 23356 (IBK, IBSC), 11 Dec. 1958, Y. C. Chen 1163 (IBK); Laibin, 3 Aug. 1977, Y. A. Shi 574-92 (GXMI); Leye, 5 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33022 (IBK), 1250 m, 14 May 1960, Lingle Exped. 33115 (IBK), 23 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 10173 (GXMI), 19 Jun. 1960, N. K. Liang 11115 (GXMI), 882 m, 10 Sep. 2013, X. Y. Huang et al. 451028130910030LY (GXMG); Lingchuan, 615 m, 17 May 2013, Lingchuan Exped. 450323130517016LY (GXMG, IBK); Lingui, 12 Jan. 1953, L. H. Chun 93247 (IBK, MO, IBSC, PE), 189 m, 11 Aug. 2015, Lingui Exped. 450322150811023LY (GXMG), 12 May 1964, X. Z. Zheng 249 (GXMI); Lingyun, 18 Jul. 1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 711 (P), 21 Dec. 1958, C. T. Ting & J. Z. Wang 1336 (NAS), 17 Apr. 1957, C. Wang 43053 (IBSC), 8 Dec. 1984, Guangxi Exped. 327 (GXMI), 350 m, 10 Sep. 1989, Huanan Exped. 1180 (IBSC), 450 m, 8 Oct. 1989, Huanan Exped. 2338 (IBSC), 617 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Lingyun Exped. 451027130321036 (GXMG, GXMI), 14 Jul. 1937, S. K. Lau 28639 (IBK, IBSC, KUN, PE); Longan, 24 Apr. 1978, X. X. Chen & Y. P. Huang 2-281 (GXMI); Longlin, 650 m, 24 Jul. 1959, Anonymous 604 (HGAS), 24 Jul. 1959, Anshun Exped. 604 (KUN), 800 m, 5 Nov. 1957, C. C. Chang 10812 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 1 May 1957, C. F. Liang & T. L. Wu 32033 (IBK, IBSC), 560 m, 14 Oct. 1957, Nanzhidi 4593 (IBK, IBSC), 1000 m, 10 Sep. 1987, S. Q. Tang et al. 130 (IBK); Longsheng, 480 m, 13 May 2014, Longsheng Exped. 450328140513016LY (GXMG), 3 May 1987, X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang 6133 (GXMI); Longzhou, 550 m, 23 Dec. 1957, P. C. Tam 57590 (IBSC); Luocheng, 21 Apr. 1978, Luocheng Exped. 4-1-086 (GXMI), 179 m, 21 Apr. 2013, Luocheng Exped. 451225130421004LY (IBK); Nandan, 2500 m, 22 Jun. 1937, C. Wang 40840 (IBK, IBSC, PE); Nanning, 25 Mar. 1959, D. Fang 1907 (GXMI); Napo, 1400 m, 9 Dec. 1958, C. C. Chang 13506 (IBK, IBSC), 19 Oct. 1962, C. C. Lee 1215 (IBK), 22 Dec. 1958, C. T. Li 602312 (IBK, PE), 1250 m, 4 Jan. 1959, C. T. Li 602533 (IBK), 1200 m, 23 Apr. 1981, D. Fang et al. 22420 (GXMI), 10 Oct. 1935, S. P. Ko 55892 (IBSC); Ningming, 12 Oct. 1958, C. C. Chang 12167 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 9 Jun. 1959, H. Q. Li 40911 (IBK), 15 Nov. 1959, X. F. Deng 10591 (IBK); Pingguo, 13 Oct. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451023151013061LY (GXMG); Pingle, 22 Dec. 1958, S. Q. Zhong A62834 (KUN, PE); Pingxiang, 377 m, 15 Apr. 2016, Y. Y. Xie et al. 451481160415005LY (GXMG); Qinxian, 330 m, 1 Aug. 1958, C. C. Chen 490 (IBSC); Quanzhou, 344 m, 30 Jan. 2013, Quanzhou Exped. 450324130130027LY (GXMG, IBK); Rongshui, 700 m, 5 Jun. 1959, Liuzhou Exped. 2346 (IBK); Shanglin, 19 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-432 (GXMI), 20 Apr. 1978, Shanglin Exped. 2-439 (GXMI); Shangsi, 13 Jul. 1959, H. Q. Li 40865 (IBK), 30 m, 7 Jan. 1944, S. H. Chun 4288 (IBSC); Tiandeng, 730 m, 29 Apr. 2015, H. Z. Lv et al. 451425150429044LY (GXMG); Tiandong, 17 Sep. 1977, S. G. Wang 3-15226 (GXMI), 146 m, 26 Mar. 2018, Tiandong Exped. 451022180326024LY (GXMG); Tian���e, 23 Aug. 1958, C. T. Li 601326 (IBK, KUN), 17 Jul. 1977, Tiane Exped. 4-6-613 (GXMI); Tianlin, 200 m, 5 Jun. 1958, C. T. Li 600614 (IBK, IBSC, KUN), 16 Jun. 1936, H. Y. Liang 67725 (IBK, IBSC), 600 m, 18 Apr. 1989, Hongshuihe Exped. 89-69 (PE), 320 m, 21 Mar. 2013, Tianlin Exped. 451029130321001 (GXMG), 1072 m, 22 Apr. 2013, Tianlin Exped. 4510291300422040 (GXMG); Tianyang, 21 Nov. 2002, N. Li et al. 11280 (SZG), 676 m, 23 May 2016, Tianyang Exped. 451021160523031LY (GXMG); Tze-an, 1400 ft, 3 Jul. 1928, R. C. Ching 6341 (A, NY, US, IBSC, NAS, PE); Wuming, 21 Apr. 1978, G. G. Xie 2-106 (GXMI); Xingan, 400 m, 16 May 2016, Xingan Exped. 450325160516005LY (GXMG); Yangshuo, 9 May 1954, C. S. Chung 31292 (IBK), 280 m, 1 Nov. 1963, Z. Z. Chen 53271 (IBK); Yao-shan, S. S. Sin 592 (IBSC); Yongfu, 425 m, 25 Mar. 2013, Yongfu Exped. 450326130325030LY (GXMG, IBK); Yulin, 26 May 1959, Y. K. Li 404459 (IBK); Zhaoping, 26 Oct. 1958, Y. K. Li 403556 (IBK, IBSC). Guizhou: Anlong, 1000 m, 12 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 2393 (NAS, PE), 500 m, 14 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 2616 (NAS), 1100 m, 9 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3185 (HGAS, NAS), 700 m, 16 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3449 (HGAS), 1200 m, 15 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3534 (HGAS), 1300 m, 20 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3646 (HGAS), 900 m, 24 May 1960, Guizhou Exped. 3741 (HGAS), 1100 m, 12 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 4343 (HGAS), 1700 m, 15 Jun. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 4534 (NAS), 28 Sep. 1985, J. B. Zuo 75-007 (GFS); Bijie, 648 m, 22 Nov. 2016, S. Y. Peng 522401161122009LY (GZTM); Ceheng, 600 m, 3 May 2005, F. C. Wang 637 (HITBC, PE), 4 Nov. 1930, Y. Tsiang 9204 (A, NY, IBSC, NAS), 23 Oct. 1980, Z. L. Ding & H. H. Zhang 25 (GFS); Chishui, 500 m, 10 Apr. 1959, Bijie Exped. 1162 (KUN), 850 m, 25 Sep. 1959, Bijie Exped. 1744 (KUN), 430 m, 27 Jul. 1998, D. X. Wang 2073 (GFS), 28 Mar. 1986, H. H. Zhang 1204 (GFS), 5 Apr. 1986, H. H. Zhang 1322 (GFS), 500 m, 22 Jul. 1995, Z. T. Wang & Z. Y. Cao 57 (PE); Congjiang, 430 m, 7 May 1982, J. M. Yuan 838 (HGAS); Daozhen, 393 m, 13 May 2016, Pucha Sect. 520325160513545LY (GZTM), 650 m, 7 Jun. 2003, Z. Y. Liu et al. 2032994 (IMC); Dejiang, 720 m, Guizhou Uni. Exped. DJ-0135 (GZAC), 493 m, 2 May 2016, M. C. Wang 520381160502097LY (GZTM), 473 m, 21 May 2016, X. G. Lu 522227160521025LY (GZTM); Dushan, 984 m, M. T. An DS-0561 (GZAC), 330 m, 25 Aug. 1930, Y. Tsiang 6679 (A, IBSC, NAS); Guanling, 24 Nov. 1935, S. W. Teng 1675 (IBSC); Guiding, 1908, J. Cavalerie 3340 (K); Huangping, 1299 m, 23 Mar. 2017, M. C. Wang 520402170323407LY (GZTM); Jinping, 9 Jun. 1965, J. M. Wang 1196 (GFS); Kaiyang, 610 m, 23 Sep. 1983, M. Z. Yang 1570 (HGAS), 900 m, 24 Sep. 1983, M. Z. Yang 1664 (HGAS); Libo, 25 Jul. 1959, Libo Exped. 1384 (HGAS, PE), 730 m, 8 May 1981, M. Z. Yang 810274 (HGAS), 350 m, 2 May 1983, X. H. Song 657 (NF), 650 m, 22 May 1983, X. H. Song 857 (NF), 780 m, 1 Oct. 1983, X. H. Song 1111 (NF), 350 m, 2 May 1983, Xiang-Hou Song et al. 657 (K, MO), 650 m, 22 May 1983, Xiang-Hou Song et al. 857 (K), 545 m, 14 May 1982, Y. K. Li 9427 (HGAS, PE); Liping, 350 m, 16 Jun. 1981, D. F. Huang 766 (HGAS, NAS); Luodian, 200 m, 27 Mar. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 44 (HGAS), 180 m, 29 Mar. 1960, Guizhou Exped. 375 (HGAS), 621 m, 2 Nov. 2015, Luodian Exped. 522728151102005LY (GZTM), 1026 m, 23 Oct. 2015, M. C. Wang GYZ20151023017 (GYBG), 600 m, 6 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 257 (HGAS, KUN), 200 m, 8 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 368 (KUN), 10 Apr. 1959, S. Guizhou Exped. 766 (HGAS); Pingtang, 22 Apr. 1965, Anonymous 31 (HGAS), 700 m, 22 Apr. 1965, Anonymous 74 (HGAS); Renhuai, 10 Oct. 1929, P. C. Tsoong 146 (PE); Rongjiang, 480 m, 2 Aug. 1965, Z. P. Jian et al. 51357 (HGAS, KUN); Sandu, 630 m, 29 Aug. 2004, J. Y. Ping 31 (HITBC, PE), 6 Jan. 1960, S. Guizhou Exped. 21 (HGAS), 500��� 303 m, 27 Oct. 1980, Y. K. 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Rotenone ([2R-(2α,6aα,12aα)]-1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-[1]benzopyran[3,4-b]furo [2,3-h][1]benzopyran-6(6aH)-one) is a naturally occurring compound derived from the roots and stems of Derris, Tephrosia, Lonchocarpus and Mundulea plant species. Since its discovery at the end of the 19th century, rotenone has been widely used as a pesticide for controlling insects, ticks and lice, and as a piscicide for management of nuisance fish in lakes and reservoirs. In 2000, Betarbet et al. reproduced most of the behavioural, biochemical and pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) in rotenone-treated rats. Since that time, rotenone has received much attention as it would be one of the environmental neurotoxins implicated in etiopathogenesis of PD. Moreover, it represents a common experimental model to investigate the underlying mechanisms leading to PD and evaluate the new potential therapies for the disease. In the current general review, we aimed to address recent advances in the hazards of the environmental applications of rotenone and discuss the updates on the rotenone model of PD and whether it is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of the disease.

The present work aims to study the pharmacological studies such as physico-chemical and phytochemical screening on Dregea volubilis and Derris trifoliate. The samples were collected, washed, dried in hot air oven and were grinded to form fine powder. Both the powders were subjected to various physic-chemical tests such as ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and loss on drying. Solvent optimization was carried out and it was found that water and organic solvent Methanol showed best extractive values. Further Methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening which showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins and phenols were present in both the plants. Saponins were only present in Dregea volubilis plant powder.

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) is one of the main problem in the cultivation of chili. This study was aimed to discover about the extract of leaf extract of cattapa (Terminalia catappa L) and leaf extract of derris (Derris elliptica) against the growth of Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnosis in chilli. The study was conducted at the Mycology Laboratory of Institute Vegetables Research Indonesia, on July - September 2018. The study used a randomized design complete (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: leaf extract of derris (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), leaf extract of cattapa (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), and control (without treatment). The result showed that the leaf extract of derris more effective to suppress the conidial production of C. capsici. Development of colonies diameter leaf extract of derris was relatively smaller (3.24-4.31 cm), while for the treatment of leaf extract of cattapa showed larger colony size (6.02-6.82 cm).

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the nervous system. The pathogenesis of PD is not yet clear. However, it has been reported that many factors including age, environmental factors, and genetic factors are included. Rotenone is one of the naturally occurring insecticides found in many plants of the Derris, Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia and Mundulea species. It is also one of the classic neurotoxic drugs to produce PD models. Ndfip1 has been reported to be a neuroprotective protein in the brain. Therefore, in this study, we examined the expression of Ndfip1 in the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone-induced PD models in MES23.5 dopaminergic cells. Our results showed that rotenone has a concentration-dependent and time-dependent impairment effect on MES23.5 cells. When the concentration of rotenone was 25 nmol/L, the viability of the cells was significantly decreased at 24 hrs. Further study showed that the expression of Ndfip1 increased in the mRNA levels at 6 hrs after 25 nmol/L rotenone treatment. The protein levels of Ndfip1 increased at 3 hrs, 6 hrs and decreased at 12 hrs after 100 nmol/L rotenone treatment. This indicates that rotenone caused damage to MES23.5 dopaminergic cells, which is accompanied by a decrease of Ndfip1.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V72018041659 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1659

Objective To evaluate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil obtained from roots of Derris floribunda (D. floribunda) (Miq.) Benth, and its main constituent nerolidol against the Mexican mite Tetranychus mexicanus (T. mexicanus) (McGregor). Methods The essential oil from the roots of D. floribunda collected in the Amazon region (Brazil) was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS analysis. The acaricidal activities of this essential oil and nerolidol, were evaluated by recording the number of dead females (mortality) and eggs (fertility). Results The essential oil showed sesquiterpenes as major volatile components. Nerolidol, the main component, represented 68.5% of the total composition of the essential oil. D. floribunda essential oil and nerolidol showed acaricidal activity, with LC50 of 9.61 μg/mL air and 9.2 μg/mL air, respectively, over a 72 h period. In addition, both the essential oil and nerolidol significantly reduced the fecundity of T. mexicanus. Conclusions Due to the economic importance of T. mexicanus and the lack of new pesticides, our data are very promising in the search for efficient and safer acaricidal products. Furthermore, this is the first report about the chemical composition and bioactivity of the essential oil of the Amazon plant species D. floribunda.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. has been used as active ingredient in Thai traditional medicine recipes for pain treatment. Dry stem powder and ethanolic extract also recommended in Thailand National List of Essential Medicines (NLEMs) for musculoskeletal pain treatment as herbal medicine. However, no summarization of clinical effect and safety has been evaluated. Objective Our study aimed to determine the clinical effects and safety of D. scandens for musculoskeletal pain treatment compared with standard regimen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods International and Thai databases were searched from inception through August 2015. Comparative randomized controlled trials investigating oral D. scandens for musculoskeletal pain were included. Outcomes of interest included level of pain and adverse event. Mean changes of the outcomes from baseline were compared between D. scandens and NSAIDs by calculating mean difference. Results From 42 articles identified, 4 studies involving a total of 414 patients were included for efficacy analysis. The effects of oral D. scandens on reducing pain score were no different from those of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at any time points (3, 7, 14 days and overall). The overall pain reduction in the D. scandens group was not inferior to treatment with NSAIDs (weighted mean difference 0.06; 95% CI: −0.20, 0.31) without evident of heterogeneity (I 2 =0.00%, p=0.768). When compared, the adverse events (AEs) of D. scandens showed no different relative risk with NSAIDs. The major adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion D. scandens may be considered as an alternative for musculoskeletal pain reduction.

Background Natural products are a potential source for cancer chemotherapeutic development. This current study was performed to investigate the anti-tumor potential of 5,7,4⿲-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (TD) and lupalbigenin (LB), plant flavonoids found in Derris scandens Benth (family: Leguminosae), in cancer and normal cell lines. Methods The human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, the human colon cancer cell line SW-620, and the mouse fibroblast cell line L-929 were used to test their anti-cancer activity. Apoptotic cell levels were measured by staining with annexin-V and propidium iodide and Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the apoptotic mechanism. Results The results revealed that TD and LB showed specific cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. To elucidate mode of cell death via cytotoxic activities, breast cancer cell lines were treated. TD and LB induced MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to apoptosis, with the highest number of apoptotic cells at 24 and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, TD and LB inhibited cell cycle progression via up-regulation of p21. Both compounds stimulated apoptosis through down-regulation of bcl-2, up-regulation of bax and releasing of cytochrome C proteins. Conclusions TD and LB have significant anti-cancer effects against human breast cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis through mitochondria signaling pathways, and may be potential anti-cancer agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

Rotenone is a neurotoxin derived from Derris roots or yam bean of genus Derris or Lonchocarpus It is known to cause Parkinson-like symptoms and is a potent electron transport inhibitor. Rotenone was detected in postmortem specimens in a fatal case of rotenone poisoning with an organic pesticide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with an information-dependent acquisition and MS-MS library search. The forensic specimens were prepared by solid-phase extraction with a Bond Elut(®) Certify cartridge. The mobile phase comprised 5 mM ammonium formate in 10% methanol and 5 mM ammonium formate in 90% methanol. The assay was linear over the range from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L (r(2) = 0.995). The limit of detection and quantitation in the blood were 0.001 mg/L (signal-to-noise, S/N = 3) and 0.003 mg/L (S/N = 10), respectively. The intraday accuracy and precision for rotenone that were determined by five replicates at 0.02, 0.10 and 1.0 mg/L in blood were

Derris scandens (ROXB.) BENTH. (Fabaceae) is used as an alternative treatment for cancer in Thai traditional medicine. Investigation of the topoisomerase II (Top2) poison of compounds isolated from this plant may reveal new drug leads for the treatment of cancer. Bioassay-guided isolation was performed on an extract of D. scandens stems using a yeast cell-based assay. A yeast strain expressing the top2-1 temperature-sensitive mutant was used to assay Top2 activity. At the permissive temperature of 25°C, yeast cells were highly sensitive to Top2 poison agents. At the semi-permissive temperature of 30°C, where enzyme activity was present but greatly diminished, cells displayed only marginal sensitivity. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of two known isoflavones: 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (1) and lupalbigenin (2). These two compounds also displayed cytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines, KB, MCF-7 and NCI-H187. In conclusion, Top2 poison agents from D. scandens are reported for the first time, substantiating the use of D. scandens in Thai traditional medicine for cancer treatment.

Infestation of pests on the field crops has resulted losses on its productivity yearly. Moreover, over usage of pesticides has also affected consumer's health as pesticides residues are detected inside the post-harvested crops. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the accumulation of rotenone Derris sp. in leaves, stem and fruit of terong plant (Solanum melongena) through the degradation rate (k) and half-life (t1/2) of sprayed rotenone extract. The sprayed rotenone was prepared by using an optimized binary solvent mixture of 95% (v/v) acetone and ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethansulfonate [BMIM] [OTf] via normal soaking extraction method. The same extraction method was used on the plant parts by using only 95% (v/v) of acetone. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used in analysing rotenone and [BMIM][OTf] traces. The results indicate that the degradation rates of 20ppm were (1.35 ± 0.02 day-1 for leaves; 1.89 ± 0.07 day-1 for fruit) faster than 1000ppm of rotenone extract (0.24 ± 0.00 day-1 for leaves; 0.21 ± 0.01 day-1 for stem; 0.31 ± 0.01 day-1 for fruit) (p

Synthetic insecticides are effective in controlling insect pests but can also harm nontarget organisms and the environment. During the last 40 years, there has been an increasing interest in alternative insecticides, particularly those derived from plants, commonly known as botanical insecticides. However, commercially available botanical insecticides remain limited. Rotenone is one of the earliest identified compounds and was used as fish poison and pest management. Due to its link with Parkinson disease, the use of rotenone was banned in many developed countries. Rotenone used to be isolated from Derris spp. and Lonchocarpus spp., and it can also be isolated from Tephrosia species. In this article, we present basic botanical information on selected Tephrosia species and their major compounds related to insecticidal activities and highlight the current use of extracts derived from some species, Tephrosia vogelii in particular, for control of insect pests in stored grains and crop production. The crude extracts contain multiple bioactive compounds, mainly rotenone, deguelin, rotenolone, and tephrosin, which act in either additive or synergistic fashion, resulting in effective control of insect pests. There are about 400 species in the genus Tephrosia, and species and even strains or variants vary greatly in these active compounds. We argue that a systematic evaluation of bioactive compounds in different species are needed, and species or strains with high insecticidal activities should be selected for use in the sustainable control of insect pests.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Streptococcus mutans is a dominant causative pathogen of dental caries, which is a major oral health problem affecting million people worldwide. Derris reticulata is a medicinal plant possessing antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. None the less, its effects on growth and cariogenic properties of S. mutans has not been clearly established. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti cariogenic activities of the D. reticulata ethanolic stem extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TLC analysis was performed to authenticate the D. reticulata sample. Minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using broth dilution and drop plate methods, respectively. Sucrose dependent and sucrose independent-adherences, biofilm formation and glycolytic pH drop assays were performed to evaluate the anticariogenic activity. RESULTS The ethanolic stem extract of D. reticulata possessed the antibacterial activity against S. mutans with the MIC and MBC of 0.875±0.250 and 1.750±0.500 mg mL-1, respectively. The extract at the lower concentrations of sub-MIC also had significant inhibitory actions against the cariogenic properties of S. mutans, including surface adherence, biofilm formation and glycolytic acid production. CONCLUSION The D. reticulata stem extract had a substantial anticariogenic activities and thus potentially be developed as an oral health care product for dental caries prevention in the near future.

Some ichthyotoxic plants are study object aiming to discover promising substances in the field of Biotechnology, in search of plant extracts which can be used or even transformed into natural insecticides. This paper presents a bibliographical survey in order to check the traditional use of ichthyotoxic plants as bioinsecticide. Among the plants identified as ichthyotoxic, the most cited in traditional use are those from the genera Derris, Serjania, Lonchocarpus, Magonia, and Tephrosia. The survey suggests that ichthyotoxic plant extracts can contain classes of chemical compounds such as isoflavonoids and tannins with a bioinsecticidal effect and, thus, they can be used in Biotechnology, contributing to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides that present a high toxicity level. RESUMOUso de plantas ictiotóxicas como bioinseticida: revisão de literatura. Algumas plantas ictiotóxicas são objeto de estudos com a finalidade de descobrir substâncias promissoras no campo da Biotecnologia, na busca de extratos vegetais que possam ser usados ou mesmo transformados em inseticidas naturais. Esse artigo apresenta uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o uso tradicional de plantas ictiotóxicas como bioinseticida. Entre as plantas identificadas como ictiotóxicas, as mais citadas no uso tradicional são as dos gêneros Derris, Serjania, Lonchocarpus, Magonia e Tephrosia. A pesquisa sugere que extratos de plantas ictiotóxicas podem conter classes de compostos químicos, como isoflavonoides e taninos, com efeito bioinseticida e, assim, podem ser usados na Biotecnologia, contribuindo na redução do uso de inseticidas sintéticos que possuem alto nível de toxicidade.

Rotenone, isolated from roots of derris plant, has been shown to possess various biological activities, which lead to attempting to develop a potent drug against several diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that rotenone has the potential to induce several adverse effects such as a neurodegenerative disease. Radiolytic transformation of the rotenone with gamma-irradiation created a new product, named rotenoisin B. The present work was designed to investigate the anticancer activity of rotenoisin B with low toxicity and its molecular mechanism in hepatic cancer cells compared to a parent compound, rotenone. Our results showed rotenoisin B inhibited hepatic cancer cells' proliferation in a dose dependent manner and increased in apoptotic cells. Interestingly, rotenoisin B showed low toxic effects on normal cells compared to rotenone. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential has been decreased, which leads to cytochrome c release. Down regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels as well as the up regulation of proapoptotic Bax levels were observed. The cleaved PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) level increased as well. Moreover, phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 slightly up regulated and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased as well as cell cycle arrest predominantly at the G(2)/M phase observed. These results suggest that rotenoisin B might be a potent anticancer candidate similar to rotenone in hepatic cancer cells with low toxicity to normal cells even at high concentrations compared to rotenone.

Insecticidal and antifeeding activities of 29 commercialized eco-friendly organic products for managing plant diseases and insect pests against Plutella xylostella larvae, Spodoptera exigua larvae, Frankliniella occidentalis adults, and Myzus persicae adults were tested using spraying and leaf dipping bioassays under laboratory conditions. Products containing 60% Sophora extract (EOIS) and mixtures (EOISm) with Sophora extract, Stemona japonica extract, Melia azedarach extract, and Nepeta cataria extract as well as mixtures (EOISc) with Sophora extract, Chenopodium ambrosioides extract, and Melia azedarach extract as active ingredients showed strong insecticidal activity at recommended concentration against P. xylostella larvae. At half concentration, their insecticidal activities were decreased under 50%. The EOIS gave good insecticidal activity against S. exigua larvae and also showed 85% and 95% insecticidal activity at 24 and 48 hours after treatment to F. occidentalis adults, respectively. For M. persicae adults, EOISm and mixtures (EOIR) containing rape seed extract, neem extract, and castar oil produced 93% and 68% insecticidal activity, but their activities did not be increased at double concentration. EOISm only showed 100% contact toxicity against M. persicae adults exposed to dipping leaves. Interestingly, the insecticidal activity of EOIR and EOICi (citronella oil and derris extract) against M. persicae adults was increased with exposed time and concentration. In addition, EOICe (cedar oil), EOIS, EOISm, EOISc, EOIM (microorganism), EOIR, EOIPe (plant extract), and EOIT (tea tree extract) gave strong antifeeding activity against S. exigua and P. xylostella larvae. EOIB, EOIBs, EOIM, EOICi, and EOIMc showed above 70% antifeeding activity to the lepidopteran larvae. These results indicate that mixtures containing 2 to 3 plant extracts with Sophora extract show good activities against insect pests, although the difference of insecticidal and antifeeding activities was produced depending on both a tested insect species and an active ingredient or concentration.

Operationally simple, stereocontrolled semisyntheses of the anticancer rotenoids elliptone and 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone, isolated from Derris elliptica and Derris trifoliata, respectively, are described. Inspired by the work of Singhal, elliptone was prepared from rotenone via a dihydroxylation-oxidative cleavage, chemoselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and acid-catalyzed elimination sequence. Elaboration of elliptone to 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone was achieved via a diastereoselective chromium-mediated Étard-like hydroxylation. The semisynthesis of elliptone constitutes an improvement over previous methods in terms of safety, scalability, and yield, while the first synthesis of 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone is also described.

Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract from the fruits of Derris indica has led to the isolation of a new furanoflavonoid derivative, 4′-hydroxypinnatin (1), and five known compounds. Pinnatin (2) showed strong cytotoxicity against cholangiocarcinoma (KKU-100) and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines with IC50 values of 6.0 ± 2.7 and 9.0 ± 4.1 μg/ml, respectively, and showed maximal cell killing effect of about 88–90%. Flavone 5 exhibited the most cytotoxicity against KKU-100 but it showed moderate efficacy (Emax = 50.7%).

Rotenone is a biopesticide with an amazing effect on aquatic life and insect pests. In Asia, it can be isolated from Derris species roots (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis). The previous study revealed the comparable efficiency of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in extracting a high yield of rotenone (isoflavonoid) to binary ionic liquid solvent system ([BMIM]OTf) and organic solvent (acetone). Therefore, this study intends to analyze the optimum parameters (solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate) in extracting the highest yield of rotenone extract at a much lower cost and in a more environmental friendly method by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). By using RSM, linear polynomial equations were obtained for predicting the concentration and yield of rotenone extracted. The verification experiment confirmed the validity of both of the predicted models. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate were 2 : 8 (DES : acetonitrile), 19.34 hours, and 199.32 rpm, respectively. At the optimum condition of the rotenone extraction process using DES binary solvent system, this resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in a rotenone concentration of 0.49 ± 0.07 mg/ml and yield of 0.35 ± 0.06 (%, w/w) as compared to the control extract (acetonitrile only). In fact, the rotenone concentration and yield were significantly influenced by binary solvent ratio and extraction time (P<0.05) but not by means of agitation rate. For that reason, the optimal extraction condition using alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a green additive in the extraction medium cocktail has increased the potential of enhancing the rotenone concentration and yield extracted.

Derris solorioides is described as a new species and illustrated. This species is only the second calciphilous and true-paniculate species of Derris ever recorded. The species was found in isolated and protected limestone areas surrounded by agricultural areas in Nakhon Sawan province, North-Central Thailand. It is characterized by its rather smaller flowers but with more ovules than other species of Derris, and 1-winged pods showing a dark-coloured pericarp around the seeds without thickening of the pericarp. The characters of the pods are similar to those found in Solori, a genus once synonymized with Derris and, therefore, the epithet ‘solorioides’ was assigned. This species appeared to be a distinct taxon in the molecular phylogeny, separate from its morphologically highly similar species, D. marginata. It is also a member of a lineage of Derris consisting of species with a deviating type of inflorescence: intermediate forms and true panicles, which is quite uncommon in this genus. The relationship with its closely related species is discussed, and a key to the species of Derris in the ‘deviating type of inflorescence’ clade is presented.

Antifungal activity of the D. indica (Lam.) Bennet. extractives collected in CHCl 3 and methanol were tested against seven pathogenic fungi F. vasinfectum , A. fumigatus, A. niger , A. flavus, Mucor sp., C. albicans and P. notatum at concentrations of 50 and 200 ?g/disc along with a standard Nystatin (50 ?g/disc). The fruit shell extract showed activity index against C. albicans and P. notatum . The leaf and the root bark extracts were responsive on A. fumigatus, C. albicans , P. notatum and F. vasinfectum . For the root wood extract F. vasinfectum , A. fumigatus,, C. albicans were responsive. For the seed, stem bark and stem wood extract showed activity index against A. flavus , C. albicans , A. fumigatus P. notatum and Mucor sp. According to the intensity of activity indices D. indica extracts (CHCl 3 ) could be arranged in a descending order of fruit shell > leaf > root bark > root wood > seed >stem wood> stem bark extract. For the MeOH extracts the fruit shell, leaf, root bark and root wood extracts showed activity indices against A. fumigatus, C. albicans , P. notatum , Mucor sp., F vasinfectum , and A. flavus . In case of the seed, stem bark and stem wood extracts A. flavus , C. albicans , A. fumigatus , P. notatum and Mucor sp. were responsive. According to the intensity of activity indices D. indica extracts (MeOH) could be arranged in a descending order of fruit shell > leaf > root bark > root wood >seed> stem bark > stem wood extract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20122 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 61-65, 2012

Enhancing of radioresponsiveness of tumors by using radiosensitizers is a promising approach to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy. Recently, the ethanolic extract of the medicinal plant, Derris scandens Benth has been identified as a potent radiosensitizer of human colon cancer HT29 cells. However, cell death mechanisms underlying radiosensitization activity of D scandens extract have not been identified. Here, we show that treatment of HT-29 cells with D scandens extract in combination with gamma irradiation synergistically sensitizes HT-29 cells to cell lethality by apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, the extract was found to decrease Erk1/2 activation. These findings suggest that D scandens extract mediates radiosensitization via at least two distinct modes of cell death and silences pro-survival signaling in HT-29 cells.

Derris solorioides is described as a new species and illustrated. This species is only the second calciphilous and true-paniculate species of Derris ever recorded. The species was found in isolated and protected limestone areas surrounded by agricultural areas in Nakhon Sawan province, North-Central Thailand. It is characterized by its rather smaller flowers but with more ovules than other species of Derris, and 1-winged pods showing a dark-coloured pericarp around the seeds without thickening of the pericarp. The characters of the pods are similar to those found in Solori, a genus once synonymized with Derris and, therefore, the epithet ‘solorioides’ was assigned. This species appeared to be a distinct taxon in the molecular phylogeny, separate from its morphologically highly similar species, D. marginata. It is also a member of a lineage of Derris consisting of species with a deviating type of inflorescence: intermediate forms and true panicles, which is quite uncommon in this genus. The relationship with its closely related species is discussed, and a key to the species of Derris in the ‘deviating type of inflorescence’ clade is presented.

Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus is one of the main pests of oil palm plants. The Oryctes rhinoceros control of being commonly used is synthetic insecticides. However, it is unwise useable to cause negative impacts on humans and the agricultural environment. Therefore, an alternative insecticide that is safer and environmentally friendly is needed, such as tuba root (Derris elliptica Benth.). The research was conducted in a Plant Pest laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, from July to August 2018. This study aims to obtain an effective concentration of tuba root extract to control Oryctes rhinoceros larvae. The research was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consists of five treatments and four replications. The treatment used is the concentration of tuba root extracts 0 g.l-1 of water, 25 g.l-1 of water, 50 g.l-1 of water, 75 g.l-1 of water and 100 g.l-1 of water. The result in them showing that the application of tuba root extract at a concentration of 75 g.l-1 was able to decrease O. rhinoceros larvae population with a total mortality of 82.5%. The lethal concentration to kill 50% of O. rhinoceros larvae population was 1.0% or equal to 10 g.l-1 of tuba root extract, while the lethal concentration to kill 95% of O. rhinoceros larvae population was 30.6% or equal to 306 g.l-1 tuba root extract.