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[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Introduction Bangladesh ranks fifth among the 22 highest tuberculosis-burden countries in the world with an estimated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate of 246 cases per 100 [...], In 1998, the Damien Foundation Bangladesh invited semi-qualified, private 'gram dakter' (Bangla for 'village doctors') to participate in tuberculosis (TB) programmes in a population of 26 million people in rural Bangladesh. The organization trained 12 525 village doctors to not only refer suspected TB cases for free diagnosis but also to provide directly observed treatment (DOT) free of charge. Source of referral and place of DOT was recorded as part of the standardized TB recording and reporting system, which enabled us to quantify the contribution of village doctors to case detection rates and also allowed disaggregated cohort analysis of treatment outcome. During 2002 and 2003, 11% of all TB cases with positive sputum smears in the study area had been referred by village doctors; the rate of positive tests in patients referred by village doctors was 14.4%. 18 792 patients received DOT from village doctors, accounting for between 20% and 45% of patients on treatment during the 1998-2003 period. The treatment success rate was about 90% throughout the period. Urine samples taken during random checks of treatment compliance were positive for isoniazid in 98% of patients treated by village doctors. Within the framework of Public-Private Mix DOTS, services provided by semi-qualified private health care providers are a feasible and effective way to improve access to affordable high quality TB treatment in poor rural populations. The large informal health workforce that exists in resource poor countries can be used to achieve public health goals. Involvement of village doctors in TB control has now become national policy in Bangladesh. Resume Medecine informelle et lutte contre la tuberculose au Bangladesh ou comment transformer en ressources des elements consideres comme des handicaps En 1998, la Fondation Damien au Bangladesh a invite des <> (terme local designant les <>) partiellement qualifies et prives a participer aux programmes de lutte contre la tuberculose (TB) dont beneficient 26 millions d'habitants des zones rurales du Bangladesh. Cette organisation a forme 12 525 medecins de village non seulement a orienter les cas suspects de TB vers un diagnostic gratuit, mais egalement a delivrer un traitement sous observation directe (DOT) gratuit egalement. La source de la notification et le lieu d'administration du traitement DOT ont ete enregistres dans le cadre du systeme standardise d'enregistrement et de notification des cas de TB, ce qui a permis de quantifier la contribution en pourcentage des medecins de village a la detection des cas et de realiser une analyse desagregee des resultats du traitement au sein de la cohorte. De 2002 a 2003, les medecins de village avaient notifie 11% de l'ensemble des cas de TB a frottis positif recenses dans la zone etudiee et dirige 14,4 % des patients presentant un test positif vers un specialiste. Ces medecins avaient egalement delivre un traitement DOT a 18 792 malades, soit une proportion de 20 a 45 % des malades sous traitement pendant la periode 1998-2003. Le taux de succes du traitement etait de 90% pour cette meme periode. Des echantillons d'urine preleves au hasard pour controler l'observance du traitement etaient positifs pour l'isoniazide chez 98 % des malades traites par des medecins de village. Dans le cadre des programmes DOTS mixtes public/prive, les services fournis par les dispensateurs de soins de sante partiellement qualifies et prives offrent aux populations rurales demunies un moyen efficace pour acceder plus facilement a un traitement antituberculeux de qualite. Il est donc possible de faire appel aux importants moyens humains de la medecine informelle dans les pays pauvres pour realiser les objectifs de sante publique. La participation des medecins de village a la lutte contre la TB fait maintenant partie de la politique nationale du Bangladesh. Resumen Aprovechar al maximo los recursos: medicos de aldea informales y control de la tuberculosis en Bangladesh En 1998, la Fundacion Damien de Bangladesh invito a <> (<> en bangla) privados semicualificados a participar en programas de tuberculosis para una poblacion de 26 millones de personas del Bangladesh rural. La organizacion capacito a 12 525 medicos de aldea no solo para derivar los casos sospechosos de tuberculosis a servicios de diagnostico gratuito, sino tambien para proporcionar gratuitamente tratamiento bajo observacion directa (DOT). La fuente de derivacion y el lugar de administracion del DOT se registraron como parte del sistema normalizado de registro y notificacion de la tuberculosis, lo que nos permitio cuantificar la contribucion de los medicos de aldea a las tasas de deteccion de casos y, ademas, efectuar analisis de cohortes desglosados de los resultados terapeuticos. Durante 2002 y 2003, el 11% de todos los casos de tuberculosis con baciloscopia de esputo positiva en el area de estudio fueron derivados por medicos de aldea; la tasa de pruebas positivas entre los pacientes derivados pot esos medicos fue del 14,4%. 18 792 pacientes recibieron DOT de los medicos ae aldea, lo que supone un 20%-45% de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento durante 1998-2003. La tasa de exito terapeutico fue de alrededor del 90% durante el periodo considerado. Las muestras de orina obtenidas en los controles aleatorios del cumplimiento del tratamiento fueron positivas a la isoniazida en el 98% de los pacientes tratados por los medicos de aldea. En el marco de la DOTS publicoprivada, los servicios ofrecidos por dispensadores de atencion sanitaria privados semicualificados son una opcion viable y eficaz para mejorar el acceso a un tratamiento antituberculoso asequible y de calidad en las poblaciones rurales pobres. La amplia fuerza laboral sanitaria informal existente en los paises con pocos recursos puede ser aprovechada para alcanzar metas de salud publica. La participacion de medicos de aldea en la lucha contra la tuberculosis ha pasado a format parte de la politica nacional en Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between obstetrical intervention and preterm birth in the United States between 1991 and 2006. METHODS: We assessed changes in preterm birth, cesarean delivery, labor induction, and associated risks. Logistic regression modeled the odds of preterm obstetrical intervention after risk adjustment. RESULTS: From 1991 to 2006, the percentage of singleton preterm births increased 13%. The cesarean delivery rate for singleton preterm births increased 47%, and the rate of induced labor doubled. In 2006, 51% of singleton preterm births were spontaneous vaginal deliveries, compared with 69% in 1991. After adjustment for demographic and medical risks, the mother of a preterm infant was 88% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.87, 1.90) more likely to have an obstetrical intervention in 2006 than in 1991. Using new birth certificate data from 19 states, we estimated that 42% of singleton preterm infants were delivered via induction or cesarean birth without spontaneous onset of labor. CONCLUSIONS: Obstetrical interventions were related to the increase in the US preterm birth rate between 1991 and 2006. The public health community can play a central role in reducing medically unnecessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant and parenting women have low engagement and poor retention in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse the implementation of an adapted experience-based codesign (EBCD) process involving SUD treatment staff and pregnant or parenting women with lived experience (WWLE) of SUD to launch a residential treatment service where women could coreside with their children and receive long term comprehensive treatment for dual diagnosis of SUD and mental illness., Methods: A process evaluation was conducted utilising five data sources: two sets of semistructured interviews with WWLE and SUD treatment staff, ethnographic observation and transcripts from group events, and meeting minutes. Based on the Integrated Promoting Action on Research in Health Services framework constructs (context, recipients, facilitation, innovation) researchers applied thematic analysis to determine main themes within each construct., Results: The full sample across the implementation totalled 34 individuals (WWLE = 13 and SUD staff = 21). The EBCD process engaged both cohorts and supported group cohesion and collaborative brainstorming. WWLE felt respected, emotionally safe to share, and empowered by participation. A cohesive, multidisciplinary codesign planning group, inclusive of WWLE, supported a more equitable codesign process. The need for a virtual platform due to the COVID-19 pandemic impeded human connection and relationship building. The complex environment of residential regulations and uncertainties during start-up phase of an organisation presented implementation challenges., Conclusion: These results highlight the feasibility of, and challenges to, effectively engaging WWLE in a codesign process. The findings also demonstrated a positive influence on WWLE's feelings of empowerment. Identified themes reinforce the purposeful components within EBCD that enhance participation, along with new insights to inform successful codesign with a vulnerable population. The author's team included a WWLE who collaborated throughout the full scope of the research process, enriching the overall research and ensuring the authenticity of the presentation of women in recovery's perspective. Utilising the codesign approach to design and implement new services should improve health equity by enhancing patient engagement and retention in care., Patient Contribution: Parenting WWLE of residential SUD treatment were involved in the full scope of the research process and the implementation being evaluated. For the actual codesign work WWLE were key members of the codesign planning team that met weekly throughout the implementation to plan, implement, problem solve and adapt the process over an 18 month timeframe. As is appropriate for codesign the actual ongoing workgroup participants had average 50% WWLE participation. For the research team, this research is a culmination of the lead author's doctoral dissertation. One member of the five-person dissertation committee was a recovery coach and a WWLE. She was an active participant across the entire research process overseeing and influencing the research design, conduct of the study, analysis, interpretation of findings and approval of the final manuscript. The findings were member checked with the larger codesign planning group that had additional WWLE members., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To examine cross-national differences in gestational age over time in the U.S. and across three wealthy countries in 2020 as well as examine patterns of birth timing by hour of the day in home and spontaneous vaginal hospital births in the three countries., Methods: We did a comparative cohort analysis with data on gestational age and the timing of birth from the United States, England and the Netherlands, comparing hospital and home births. For overall gestational age comparisons, we drew on national birth cohorts from the U.S. (1990, 2014 & 2020), the Netherlands (2014 & 2020) and England (2020). Birth timing data was drawn from national data from the U.S. (2014 & 2020), the Netherlands (2014) and from a large representative sample from England (2008-10). We compared timing of births by hour of the day in hospital and home births in all three countries., Results: The U.S. overall mean gestational age distribution, based on last menstrual period, decreased by more than half a week between 1990 (39.1 weeks) and 2020 (38.5 weeks). The 2020 U.S. gestational age distribution (76% births prior to 40 weeks) was distinct from England (60%) and the Netherlands (56%). The gestational age distribution and timing of home births was comparable in the three countries. Home births peaked in early morning between 2:00 am and 5:00 am. In England and the Netherlands, hospital spontaneous vaginal births showed a generally similar timing pattern to home births. In the U.S., the pattern was reversed with a prolonged peak of spontaneous vaginal hospital births between 8:00 am to 5:00 pm., Conclusions: The findings suggest organizational priorities can potentially disturb natural patterns of gestation and birth timing with a potential to improve U.S. perinatal outcomes with organizational models that more closely resemble those of England and the Netherlands., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Declercq et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The midwifery model of care is a human rights-based approach (HRBA) that is unique and appropriate for the majority of healthy pregnant women, yet full expression may be limited within the medical model. Midwifery centers are facilities designed specifically to enable the practice of midwifery. In high resource countries, they have been shown to be cost effective, evidence-based, avoid over medicalization, and provide safe, efficient and satisfying care., Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to assess the impact of three models of care on women's experiences of respect, and trust in maternity care provision, both before and during the pandemic in Bangladesh, as well as their fear and knowledge around COVID-19, during the pandemic. The models were: "fully enabled midwifery" ("FEM") in freestanding midwifery centers; "midwifery and medicine" ("MAM") in medical facilities with midwives working alongside nurses and doctors; and "no midwifery" ("NoM") in medical facilities without midwives. Phone survey data were collected and analyzed from all women (n = 1,191) who delivered from Jan 2020-June 2020 at seven health care facilities in Bangladesh. Comparison of means, ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and effect size were used to explore the differences in outcomes across time periods., Findings: Pre-pandemic, women served by the FEM model reported significantly higher rates of trust and respect (p<0·001) compared to the NoM model, and significantly higher rates of trust (p<0·001) compared to MAM. During the pandemic, in the FEM model, the experiences of respect and trust did not change significantly from the pre-pandemic rates, and were significantly higher than both the MAM and NoM models (p < 0·001). Additionally, during the pandemic, women served by the FEM model had the lowest experience of COVID fear (p<0·001)., Interpretation: Fully enabled midwifery in midwifery centers had a significantly positive effect on woman's experience of respect and trust in care compared to the other models, even in the context of a pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 Stevens et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

We examined the relationship between obstetrical intervention and preterm birth in the United States between 2014 and 2019. This observational study analyzed 2014-2019 US birth data to assess changes in preterm birth, cesarean delivery, induction of labor, and associated risks. Logistic regression modeled the odds of preterm obstetrical intervention (no labor cesarean or induction) after risk adjustment. The percentage of singleton preterm births in the United States increased by 9.4% from 2014-2019. The percent of singleton, preterm births delivered by cesarean increased by 6.0%, while the percent with induction of labor increased by 39.1%. The percentage of singleton preterm births where obstetrical intervention (no labor cesarean or induction) potentially impacted the gestational age at delivery increased from 47.6% in 2014 to 54.9% in 2019. Preterm interventions were 13% more likely overall in 2019 compared to 2014 and 17% more likely among late preterm births, after controlling for demographic and medical risk factors. Compared to non-Hispanic White women, Non-Hispanic Black women had a higher risk of preterm obstetric interventions. Preterm infants have higher morbidity and mortality rates than term infants, thus any increase in the preterm birth rate is concerning. A renewed effort to understand the trends in preterm interventions is needed to ensure that obstetrical interventions are evidence-based and are limited to those cases where they optimize outcomes for both mothers and babies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

To better understand age-related disparities in US maternal mortality, we analyzed 2016-2017 vital statistics mortality data with cause-of-death literal text (actual words written on the death certificate) added. We created a subset of confirmed maternal deaths which had pregnancy mentions in the cause-of-death literals. Primary cause of death was identified and recoded using cause-of-death literals. Age-related disparities were examined both overall and by primary cause. Compared to women <35, the 2016-2017 US maternal mortality rate was twice as high for women aged 35-39, four times higher for women aged 40-44, and 11 times higher for women aged 45-54 years. Obstetric hemorrhage was the leading cause of death for women aged 35+ with rates 4 times higher than for women <35, followed by postpartum cardiomyopathy with a 3-fold greater risk. Obstetric embolism, eclampsia/preeclampsia, and Other complications of obstetric surgery and procedures each had a two-fold greater risk of death for women aged 35+. Together these 5 causes of death accounted for 70.9% of the elevated maternal mortality risk for women aged 35+. The excess maternal mortality risk for women aged 35+ was focused among a few causes of death and much of this excess mortality is preventable. Early detection and treatment, as well as continued care during the postpartum year is critical to preventing these deaths. The Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health has promulgated patient safety bundles with specific interventions that health care systems can adopt in an effort to prevent these deaths., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Heterozygous mutations in HNF1B cause the complex syndrome renal cysts and diabetes (RCAD), characterized by developmental abnormalities of the kidneys, genital tracts and pancreas, and a variety of renal, pancreas and liver dysfunctions. The pathogenesis underlying this syndrome remains unclear as mice with heterozygous null mutations have no phenotype, while constitutive/conditional Hnf1b ablation leads to more severe phenotypes. We generated a novel mouse model carrying an identified human mutation at the intron-2 splice donor site. Unlike heterozygous mice previously characterized, mice heterozygous for the splicing mutation exhibited decreased HNF1B protein levels and bilateral renal cysts from embryonic day 15, originated from glomeruli, early proximal tubules (PTs) and intermediate nephron segments, concurrently with delayed PT differentiation, hydronephrosis and rare genital tract anomalies. Consistently, mRNA sequencing showed that most downregulated genes in embryonic kidneys were primarily expressed in early PTs and the loop of Henle and involved in ion/drug transport, organic acid and lipid metabolic processes, while the expression of previously identified targets upon Hnf1b ablation, including cystic disease genes, was weakly or not affected. Postnatal analyses revealed renal abnormalities, ranging from glomerular cysts to hydronephrosis and, rarely, multicystic dysplasia. Urinary proteomics uncovered a particular profile predictive of progressive decline in kidney function and fibrosis, and displayed common features with a recently reported urine proteome in an RCAD pediatric cohort. Altogether, our results show that reduced HNF1B levels lead to developmental disease phenotypes associated with the deregulation of a subset of HNF1B targets. They further suggest that this model represents a unique clinical/pathological viable model of the RCAD disease., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Changes in data collection and processing of US maternal mortality data across states over time have led to inconsistencies in maternal death reporting. Our purpose was to identify possible misclassification of maternal deaths and to apply alternative coding methods to improve specificity of maternal causes. We analyzed 2016-2017 US vital statistics mortality data with cause-of-death literals (actual words written on the death certificate) added. We developed an alternative coding strategy to code the "primary cause of death" defined as the most likely cause that led to death. We recoded deaths with or without literal pregnancy mentions to maternal and non-maternal causes, respectively. Originally coded and recoded data were compared for overall maternal deaths and for a subset of deaths originally coded to ill-defined causes. Among 1691 originally coded maternal deaths, 597 (35.3%) remained a maternal death upon recoding and 1094 (64.7%) were recoded to non-maternal causes. The most common maternal causes were eclampsia and preeclampsia, obstetric embolism, postpartum cardiomyopathy, and obstetric hemorrhage. The most common non-maternal causes were diseases of the circulatory system and cancer, similar to the leading causes of death among all reproductive-age women (excluding injuries). Among 735 records originally coded to ill-defined causes, 94% were recoded to more specific, informative causes from literal text. Eighteen deaths originally coded as non-maternal mentioned pregnancy in the literals and were recoded as maternal deaths. Literal text provides more detailed information on cause of death which is often lost during coding. We found evidence of both underreporting and overreporting of maternal deaths, with possible overreporting predominant. Accurate data is essential for measuring the effectiveness of maternal mortality reduction programs., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: The rate of induction of labor in the U.S. has risen from 9.6% in 1990 to 25.7% in 2018, including 31.7% of first-time births. Recent studies that have examined inductions have been small qualitative studies or relied on either medical records or administrative data. This study examines induction from the perspective of those women who experienced it, with a particular focus on the prevalence and predictors of inductions for nonmedical indications, women's experience of pressure to induce labor and the relationship between the attempt to medically initiate labor and cesarean section., Methods: Study data are drawn from the 2119 respondents to the Listening to Mothers in California survey who were planning to have a vaginal birth in 2016. Mothers were asked if there had been an attempt to medically initiate labor, if it actually started labor, if they felt pressured to have the induction, if they had a cesarean and the reason for the induction. Reasons for induction were classified as either medically indicated or elective., Results: Almost half (47%) of our respondents indicated an attempt was made to medically induce their labor, and 71% of those attempts initiated labor. More than a third of the attempts (37%) were elective. Attempted induction overall was most strongly associated with giving birth at 41+ weeks (aOR 3.28; 95% C.I. 2.21-4.87). Elective inductions were more likely among multiparous mothers and in pregnancies at 39 or 40 weeks. The perception of being pressured to have labor induced was related to higher levels of education, maternal preference for less medical intervention in birth, having an obstetrician compared to a midwife and gestational ages of 41+ weeks. Cesarean birth was more likely in the case of overall induction (aOR 1.51; 95% C.I. 1.11-2.07) and especially following a failed attempt at labor induction (aOR 4.50; 95% C.I. 2.93-6.90)., Conclusion: Clinicians counselling mothers concerning the need for labor induction should be aware of mothers' perceptions about birth and engage in true shared decision making in order to avoid the maternal perception of being pressured into labor induction.