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NF-kappa-B is a cytoplasmic transcription factor which is translocated to the nucleus upon the dissociation of the inhibitory I-kappa-B. In addition to I-kappa-B, pp40, a rel-associated protein, is also inhibitory to NF-kappa-B. The mechanism by which pp40 and I-kappa-B inhibits DNA binding of NF-kappa-B and rel was elucidated by mutagenesis of conserved residues. The results showed that four of the five ankyrin repeats and the C-terminal region of pp40 are required for rel/NF-kappa-B inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA binding requires physical association with pp40.

To elucidate the effect of early life dietary nutrient level and vitamin D source during gilt development on progeny growth performance, equal number of weaning age piglets (n = 72) were selected from each of 4 sow treatments group. All pigs were fed a common 3,000 ppm zinc diet for first two weeks postweaning to allow for accommodating the weaning process. At the beginning of week 3, pigs were sorted by sow parity and BW within gender and stratified based on maternal dietary treatments. Dietary treatments during gilt development period included two levels of dietary nutrients (Adeq: optimal growing diet that exceed NRC 2012 recommendation or Low: moderate slow growing diet that SID lys and ME levels were gradually reduced by 0.03% and 0 kcal/kg, 0.15% and 146 kcal/kg, and 0.15% and 150 kcal/kg, respectively) and two sources of vitamin D [StD: 1653 IU cholecalciferol/kg or HyD: 500 IU cholecalciferol/kg + 50 mcg calcifediol (ROVIMIX HY.D DSM Nutritional Products North America)] during development phase 1 (23 to 57 kg), 2 (57 to 91 kg), and 3 (91 until breeding). Dietary nutrient level treatment was withdrawn during gestation and lactation stages, while sows remained on their vitamin D treatments. Progeny were fed with a 6-phase feeding regimen as nursery phase 3 (14 d) and 4 (14 d), grower phase 1 (28 d) and 2 (28 d), and finisher phase 1 (28 d) and 2 (28 d). All pigs were transferred to a commercial processing plant where carcass characteristics were measured. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) with maternal diet nutrient level, vitamin D source and the interaction as fixed effects. Progeny born from sows fed HyD diets had greater ADG in overall grower/finisher phases (P = 0.04) and during the whole trial (P = 0.03). This weight gain improvement increased the final BW, HCW, and yield percentage over StD derived progeny by 3.19 kg, 3.56 kg and 0.11% (P = 0.04, 0.02 and < 0.01), respectively. Dietary nutrient level had limited effect on progeny ADG and BW during the preslaughter period. The maternal vitamin D source did not affect progeny ADFI but overall G:F tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in pigs sourced from dams fed HyD. A maternal vitamin D by nutrient level interaction was observed for ADFI during grower/finisher phases (P = 0.05) and overall (P = 0.07) because progeny from gilts fed a low nutrient level had greater intake than cohorts from gilts fed an adequate nutrient diet, while ADFI was similar for all offspring from gilts fed HyD diets. These results indicate that manipulating nutrients during gilt development, or feeding HyD rather than StD to reproducing sows, can affect growth of their progeny to slaughter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary nutrient level and vitamin D source during gilt development on sow reproductive performance and longevity. Three groups of gilts (n = 60 in each group, PIC Camborough) were received at 9 weeks of age (average BW: 21.2 ± 0.67 kg) and assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments comprised two levels of dietary nutrients (Adeq: optimal growing diets that exceed NRC 2012 recommendations or Low: moderate slow growing diet that SID lys and ME levels were gradually reduced by 0.03% and 0 kcal/kg, 0.15% and 146 kcal/kg, and 0.15% and 150 kcal/kg, respectively) and two sources of vitamin D [StD: 1653 IU cholecalciferol/kg or HyD: 500 IU cholecalciferol/kg + 50 mcg calcifediol (ROVIMIX HY-D DSM Nutritional Products North America)] during development phase 1 (22 to 57 kg), 2 (57 to 91 kg), and 3 (91 until breeding). Dietary nutrient level treatment was withdrawn during gestation and lactation stages, while sows remained on their vitamin D treatments through three reproduction cycles. Replacement gilts (n = 12 in each cycle) were handled and treated the same as the initial three groups of gilts and introduced to each group at the end of each cycle. Gilts fed Low diets had decreased ADG (P = 0.01), lighter BW (P < 0.01), increased ADFI (P < 0.01), and poorer feed efficiency during development (P < 0.01) when compared with gilts fed Adeq. Gilts fed Low were lighter (149.8 kg) than the Adeq (153.9 kg) fed gilts. Sows fed Low diets during their development had reduced number of stillborn (P < 0.01), 0.79 more pigs born alive (P = 0.10), and weaned a total of 238 more pigs than Adeq sows (2,127 vs 1,889, P < 0.01). Numerically greater lactation intake allowed sows developed using Low diets to have greater backfat at weaning compared with those developed using Adeq diets (weaning backfat: 13.0 vs 11.9 mm, P = 0.03). Gilts and sows fed HyD had significantly greater born alive litter weight (P = 0.03) due to numerical greater born alive (14.2 vs 13.47, P = 0.14) but average born alive piglet BW (P = 0.86) was not different. Piglets from sows fed HyD_Low diets had greater preweaning mortality compared with piglets from sows fed StD_ Low diets because of greater number of pigs born alive observed in HyD_Low sows (1.323.vs.1,143, P = 0.02). Interestingly, a total of 5 sows that were culled due to lameness were all from the first cycle and StD treatment. Moreover, the percentage of sows rebred tended to be greater in sows fed HyD diets (P=0.08). These data indicate that the level of dietary nutrients fed during gilt's development and feeding HyD continuously from gilt development through subsequent reproductive phases, modulated reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]