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Kemampuan Computational Thinking (CT) adalah kemampuan penting abad ke-21 yang harus dimiliki oleh semua orang karena diprediksi akan menjadi keterampilan dasar layaknya membaca dan menulis. Kemampuan ini diyakini mampu mengantarkan generasi masa depan untuk dapat berhasil, baik dalam karier maupun kehidupan pribadinya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai kemampuan dekomposisi yang menjadi akar sekaligus kekuatan dari CT, dengan fokus pada kerangka Cognitive Computational Thinking. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII SMP Negeri yang ada di Kabupaten Sukabumi dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 35 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes tertulis, wawancara siswa dan guru. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang meliputi tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi, serta kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan dekomposisi CT siswa masih rendah. Hal ini disebabkan karena siswa belum pernah diberikan soal-soal berbasis CT dan guru juga belum familiar dengan kemampuan penting ini sehingga belum pernah menerapkannya pada pembelajaran di kelas.

This research aims to provide a bibliometric review of trends in using flipped classrooms in mathematics learning research. This research is essential to analyze the extent of the flipped classroom research trend in mathematics learning as a reference for future research in this research. Bibliometric analysis was used to analyze and classify bibliographic data by considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. The database used was Scopus using the Bibliometrix application. The search was carried out using the keywords "flipped classroom", "mathematics learning", and "K-12". The results revealed a total of 102 articles related to the keywords. The data showed increased publications over the last two decades, with 2023 being the year with the highest publication count. Apart from that, Indonesia had the highest rate of producing related articles. The most relevant author was Hew Khe Foon. The most cited article was "A self-regulated flipped classroom approach to improving students' learning performance in a mathematics course". The Indonesian Education University was the most productive affiliate related to this theme. Furthermore, the journal "Educational Technology and Society" was found to be the most prolific journal for publishing research outcomes. New themes emerged in flipped classroom research, such as conceptual and procedural knowledge. Future researchers are expected to utilize the research focus to determine the theme to be explored. It is recommended that further researchers incorporate the novelty discussed in this research.

Challenges in the 21st century are increasingly complex, technology is developing rapidly and competition is getting tougher. Therefore we need quality human resources that can keep up with and anticipate the times. The use of technology involves computational thinking (CT) skills which are closely related to the problem-solving process. The stages in computational thinking are part of mathematical thinking, meaning that learning mathematics can support students' CT skills. Through the development of digital pedagogical models in CT integrated mathematics learning, it can improve problem-solving skills. This research uses design based implementation research with 4 phases including; preliminary research, prototyping, results, and design principle. The participants were 28 grade 8 junior high school students who took part in two rounds of experiment in direct CT activities and digital CT activities. In this paper, we present an iterative mathematical problem-solving process in the digital pedagogy model. The computational task, environment, tool and practices were iteratively improved over two rounds to incorporate CT effectively in mathematics. The results from CT environment demonstrated that direct CT activities are more effective than digital CT activities in mathematical problem-solving. Based on empirical research, we summarize the characteristic of the digital pedagogy model from computational tasks, computational environment and tools, and computational practices in mathematical problem solving.

The aim of this research is to determine students' learning difficulties in completing diagnostic tests on linear function material. In managing data, quantitative procedures are used with the aim of reducing data. After that the data is analyzed using inductive data analysis and the processed data will be presented in narrative form. So this type of research is qualitative research. The subjects in this research were class IX students at a junior high school in Cianjur. The instruments used in this research were documentation, tests and interviews. The conclusions of the research results obtained include the types of student difficulties in straight line equation material are (1) difficulties in algorithmic abilities including a lack of planning abilities (strategy knowledge) and in solving abilities (algorithmic knowledge) which are shown from incomplete answers or lack of steps , the lack of accuracy of students in working; (2) difficulties in using the principle of linear functions, lack of mastery of the basics of algebra and lack of understanding (schematic knowledge) as indicated by difficulties in recognizing linear functions in contextual problems, errors in algebraic computations, difficulty in determining the point through which the line passes, and difficulty in apply the principle of parallel or perpendicular gradients; and (3) difficulties in using the concept including the inability to remember the concept, the inability to deduce useful information from a concept and the lack of understanding skills (schematic knowledge) which is shown by incompleteness in writing formulas. This research will be useful as a preliminary study in making learning designs to overcome student learning difficulties in linear function material based on empirical findings.

Linear equations and linear functions are important materials for students in developing their in-depth knowledge of arithmetic and algebra. However, there is a gap between potential development and actual development, which causes obstacles for students in understanding the concepts of these two materials. This gap results in other obstacles, including a fixed mindset in mathematics. The results of interviews with secondary school teachers in Indonesia also show that students have problems in number operations and motivation to learn mathematics. The design used in this study uses a descriptive qualitative study based on the results of literature studies, interviews with subject teachers, and the author's experience as an educator. This study also uses the theory of zone proximal development and mathematical mindset as a frame for preparing alternative material for equations and linear functions based on visual representations in mathematics. The results of this study contribute to providing alternative materials to reduce these barriers using a visual representation approach in mathematics. The author also provides alternative teaching arts to anticipate obstacles that arise when implementing mathematics material based on visual representation.

Didactically oriented research that considers the relationship between teachers, students and materials was vital. This research aimed to obtain an overview of the didactical situation in the learning process of whole number concepts as a basis for designing appropriate learning designs based on local culture for junior high school students in North Central Timor. The research method followed the stages of Didactical Design Research (DDR). The research instruments were observation sheets, interview guidelines, and documentation. Data analysis included prospective analysis, observation data, and post-observation data. The results revealed that student preparedness for learning posed a barrier to the otherwise smooth operation of instructor, student, and material interactions. Learning the concept of mixed operations of whole numbers was successful in terms of learning objectives achieved and learning that took place according to plan. The research concluded that the existence of the Topaze Effect and the Aging of Teaching Situations when learning whole number operations in the classroom. Didactical situated research contributes to define the scope and substance of didactics, focusing on the shared values and knowledge that underpin effective numbers instruction. Keywords: Didactical Situation, Integers, Local Culture, Numeracy Literacy

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan tes kemampuan translasi representasi matematis mahasiswa pendidikan matematika pada materi program linear. Metode penelitian dan pengembangan untuk menghasilkan instrumen menggunakan tujuh langkah dalam mengembangkan tes. Tahapan penelitian yang terdiri dari preliminer, evaluasi dan revisi, serta konfirmasi merupakan adaptasi dari tujuh langkah tersebut. Tahap preliminer memuat empat langkah pertama, yaitu mendefinisikan konstruk yang diukur, mendefinisikan populasi target, mengkaji tes-tes yang berkaitan, dan mengembangkan prototipe. Tahap kedua memuat langkah ke lima dan ke enam; mengevaluasi prototipe, memperbaiki tes. Tahap konfirmasi memuat langkah ketujuh, mengumpulkan bukti yang mendukung reliabilitas dan validitas instrumen. Pada tahap evaluasi dan revisi terdapat validasi dari ahli yang data kuantitatifnya dianalisis dengan metode Gregory dan data uji coba lapangan diolah dengan aplikasi winstep. Pengolahan data dari uji lapangan menghasilkan satu indikator tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan translasi pada indikator dari representasi verbal ke representasi simbolis. Produk akhir berupa instrumen kemampuan translasi representasi matematis mahasiswa yang terdiri dari empat buah soal uraian. Materi program linear mencakup pemodelan program linear, penyelesaian program linear menggunakan metode grafik dan simpleks, primal dan dual, serta kasus khusus pada program linear dengan delapan indikator. Kata Kunci: Translasi Representasi, Instrumen Representasi, Program Linear, Pengembangan Tes

Komunikasi matematis dan kemandirian belajar siswa sangatlah penting dalam pembelajaran matematika. Ketika siswa memiliki kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan kemandirian belajar yang tinggi, maka tujuan pembelajaran di kelas akan mudah untuk dicapai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan antara komunikasi matematis siswa dan kemandirian belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa SMP Alkarim kelas VIII. Analisis data menggunakan metode mixed method (kualitatif dan kuantitatif). Data diperoleh dari tes tertulis dan wawancara kepada siswa. Hasil analisis data menggunakan uji kendall’s tau diperoleh nilai sig (2-tailed) 0,013 dan nilai correlation coefficient bernilai positif sebesar 0,554, dapat disimpulkan kemandirian belajar siswa memiliki hubungan yang kuat dan signifikan dengan komunikasi matematis siswa. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh rata-rata skor kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa adalah 55,4 dan rata-rata skor kemandirian belajar siswa adalah 63,9. Dari 2 siswa yang memiliki kemandirian belajar yang tinggi, ditemukan bahwa masing-masing siswa memiliki kemampuan komunikasi matematis di kategori yang berbeda yaitu, kategori tinggi dan kategori sedang.  Berbeda halnya, dengan siswa yang memiliki kemandirian belajar dengan kategori sedang, berdampak pada kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa yang berada dalam kategori sedang juga. Selanjutnya, siswa dengan kemandirian belajar rendah memiliki kemampuan komunikasi matematis yang berkategori rendah juga.

Kemampuan pemahaman konsep merupakan suatu kemampuan dasar atau inti dari pembelajaran matematika untuk memecahkan berbagai masalah yang berhubungan dengan matematika. Namun masih banyak ditemukan rendahnya kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa yang menunjukkan ketidakmampuan siswa dalam memahami konsep-konsep matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa SMP kelas VIII pada topik persegi panjang berdasarkan indikator pemahaman konsep yang dikemukakan oleh National Research Council. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 19 siswa kelas VIII pada salah satu SMP di Kota Bandung. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes tulis kemampuan pemahaman konsep yang berbentuk uraian dan telah diuji kelayakannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu terdapat satu siswa yang menguasai 3 indikator, 10 siswa menguasai 2 indikator, 7 siswa menguasai satu indikator, dan terdapat satu siswa yang tidak menguasai satupun indikator. Selanjutnya, 2 dari 19 siswa mampu menyatakan konsep secara verbal, 8 dari 19 siswa mampu mengklasifikasikan objek yang membentuk suatu konsep, 16 dari 19 siswa mampu mengaplikasikan konsep, 4 dari 19 siswa mampu menyajikan konsep dalam berbagai representasi matematika, dan tidak ada siswa yang mampu mengaitkan antar konsep matematika.

This research aims to analyze and describe the role of the Math-Talk learning community in improving students' mathematical communication. A qualitative approach was adopted in this study, which involved observing the learning process related to patterns, sequences, and number sequences through the Math-Talk learning community method. The written test involved 34 grade VIII junior high school (SMP) students at a public school in Bandung, Indonesia. The results show that the learning components of the Math-Talk learning community, namely: (a) questioning techniques; (b) explanation of mathematical thinking; (c) sources of mathematical ideas; and (d) responsibility for learning, have the potential to improve mathematical communication skills in students. The results of this study show the importance of implementing the Math-Talk method in the school mathematics curriculum to facilitate better and more effective mathematics communication between students and enrich their mathematics learning experience.

The surface area and volume of cubes and cuboids are mathematical concepts related to everyday life. However, many students need help learning this concept. This study aims to analyze the learning obstacles junior high school students encounter when solving mathematical representation problems on the concept of surface area and volume of cubes and cuboids. This study uses an interpretive paradigm which is part of Didactical Design Research (DDR). Students at one of the public junior high schools in Jambi City were given six questions related to mathematical representation after the researchers conducted classroom observations, which were then followed by interviews with students with high, moderate, and low representation abilities. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The results showed that students experienced three learning obstacles: ontogenic, epistemological, and didactical. Furthermore, the results of this study can be a consideration for teachers to create learning designs for surface area and volume of cubes and cuboids that can anticipate student learning obstacles and develop students' mathematical representation abilities.

This research aims to reveal the results of curriculum evaluations that refer to the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework. The assessment form uses the context, input, process, and product model, but this paper will only examine the product section analysis. This research is evaluation research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used observation, questionnaires, and interviews, then validated using triangulation, namely methods, sources, and expert group discussion forums. This study was analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, presentation, and conclusions. The results of the product section evaluation are as follows 1). The learning achievement of 3 aspects successfully achieved cognitive by 75%, practical at 75.51%, and psychomotor at 74.12%. 2). 99% of students have a Semester Grade Point Average that meets the criteria, and 3). 85.8% of graduates managed to get jobs according to the curriculum.

Kemampuan representasi matematis berkaitan dengan kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Representasi masalah yang sesuai adalah dasar untuk memahami masalah dan merencanakan solusinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan representasi matematis siswa berdasarkan tipe adversity quotient (AQ) dan self-efficacy (SE). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitiannya yaitu 5 siswa kelas XI IPA di Kota Bandung. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu tes kemampuan representasi, angket AQ dan SE. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik tes, angket, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan tahapan reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa dengan AQ climber dan SE sedang mampu membuat gambar untuk memperjelas masalah, menyelesaikan masalah dengan ekspresi matematis, membuat model matematika, dan menuliskan langkah penyelesaian dengan kata-kata, siswa dengan AQ camper dan SE tinggi mampu membuat gambar untuk memperjelas masalah, menyelesaikan masalah dengan ekspresi matematis, membuat model matematika, dan menyusun cerita sesuai dengan representasi yang disajikan, siswa dengan AQ camper dan SE sedang dan siswa dengan AQ camper dan SE rendah mampu menyelesaikan masalah dengan ekspresi matematis dan membuat model matematika, dan siswa dengan AQ quitter dan SE rendah tidak mampu memenuhi semua indikator kemampuan representasi. Mathematical representation ability is related to problem solving ability. An appropriate problem representation is the basis for understanding the problem and planning its solution. This study aims to describe the mathematics representation ability based on adversity quotient (AQ) and self-efficacy (SE). The study uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were 5 students of class XI IPA in Bandung City. The instrument used were representation ability tests, AQ, and SE questionnaires. Data collection techniques using test, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis techniques using data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The result showed that student with AQ Climber and moderate SE was able to make pictures to clarify problems, solve problems with mathematical expressions, make mathematical models, and write down steps to solve them with words, student with AQ camper and high SE was able to make pictures to clarify problems, solving problems with mathematical expressions, making mathematical models, and composing stories according to the representations presented, student with AQ camper and moderate SE and student with AQ camper and low SE was able to solve problems with mathematical expressions and make mathematical models, and student with AQ quitter and low SE was not able to meet all indicators of representational ability.

Researchers use open-ended as a learning method to help students improve their math skills. Each open investigation of mathematical knowledge produces mixed results for components of mathematical ability, each school level, and the content taught. There are more and more studies on open-ended questions nowadays. This study tested the effectiveness of the open-ended approach assisted by GeoGebra on students' mathematical creative thinking abilities. The use of meta-analysis techniques is to analyze the effect (effect size) of a preliminary study. The instruments used were coding protocol sheets and coding sheets/Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) programs to analyze data. The resulting findings are that there are differences in the research method with the most significant effect size in the quasi-experimental research method, the research year with the most significant effect size in the 2012-2022 research year, indexing journals with the most significant effect size on web indexing scientific journals; the type of publication that has the most critical influence on the kind of thesis publication. Furthermore, the GeoGebra-assisted open-ended approach to creative thinking ability has no significant effect when viewed from the research characteristics of the sample size and level of education.

Several previous types of research showed that students had obstacles in understanding the concept of linear equations. These obstacles occur because the designed learning cannot facilitate student learning trajectories, thus causing low learning outcomes. This research aimed to design and develop a learning trajectory for the linear equations in one variable material as a systematic set of activities through Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) instruction using a dynamo-powered toy car. This design is referred to as a Local Instructional Theory (LIT) in teaching the linear equations in one variable material. The research method used is the method of design research, following the stages of preliminary design, teaching experiment, and retrospective analysis. The research subjects in the teaching experiment were grade VII students of a state junior high school in Bandung City. Data were collected from various sources, namely student worksheets, teacher and student observation sheets, documentation, interview, and video recording of the learning course. This study analyzes the validity of the research through a qualitative research perspective, and reliability refers to the quality of the survey itself. The research results described the performance of the LIT-based design for linear equations in one variable learning in STEM instruction in four meetings. The research was concluded with the generation of one local instructional theory that is valid, practical, and effective in guiding a set of instructional activities to build an understanding of the linear equations in one variable material through STEM instruction using a dynamo-powered toy car.

Mathematical resilience is a multidimensional construct in positive psychology focusing on mental health. The education system in Indonesia changed the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This pandemic event provides an opportunity for academics to take further academic decisions in the future. Good mathematical resilience skills are needed to prepare students to carry out the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively examine mathematical resilience skills using a blended learning model during a pandemic. This type of research uses case study research and is descriptive. The research was conducted on fourth-semester students of the 2020-2021 academic year at a private university in Cirebon, West Java, with research subjects consisting of 37 students. The data was obtained from a mathematical resilience questionnaire in linear program lectures using a blended learning model. Collecting data using a questionnaire instrument was analyzed using the formula for the distribution of frequencies and percentages. The results showed that students' mathematical resilience skills using blended learning in the Linear Program courses during the Covid-19 pandemic were good; previous research on the Linear Program courses obtained good results of resilience abilities but in different samples. The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic does not have much effect on mathematical resilience abilities.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kemampuan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa calon guru sekolah menengah berdasarkan tahapan Polya pada penerapan konsep bangun layang-layang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yang dilakukan pada 10 mahasiswa calon guru matematika semester 8, di salah satu perguruan tinggi swasta di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes, observasi, dan wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan melalui triangulasi data berdasarkan hasil tes, observasi dan wawancara. Analisis nilai mata kuliah geometri terdapat lima kategori tinggi (KT), tiga kategori sedang (KS) dan dua kategori rendah (KR). Triangulasi data menunjukkan bahwa seluruh mahasiswa calon guru KT, KS, dan KR tidak memeriksa kembali sousi yang diperoleh dalam menyelesaikan soal pemecahan masalah. Mahasiswa KT melakukan tahap penyelesaian maslah sampai pada tahap 3, terdapat dua mahasiswa yang memperoleh solusi yang benar, satu mahasiswa memperoleh solusi yang salah disebabkan kesalahan operasi hitung, dua mahasiswa tidak mempeleh solusi disebabkan kurang teliti dalam membaca soal dan kesulitan operasi hitung. Mahasiswa KS, tahap penyelesaian maslah sampai pada tahap 3, terdapat satu mahasiswa yang memperoleh solusi yang benar, dua mahasiswa memperoleh solusi yang salah disebabkan kesalahan operasi hitung. Mahasiswa KR, satu mahasiswa menyelesaikan masalah sampai pada tahap 3, memperoleh solusi namun solusinya salah disebabkan kesalahan operasi hitung, satu mahasiswa tidak memahami soal yang diberikan dan lupa konsep yang harus digunakan dalam menyelesaikan masalah.

Abstract AMT ability is one of the skills that is a priority to be developed in learning mathematics in universities. This research aims to test the effect of hybrid learning and enjoyment learning in improving Advance Mathematical Thinking of prospective teacher students moderated by learning style. This research is a quantitative research that aims to examine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The sample in this study is conducted by purposive sampling based on certain criteria. The research data is obtained by distributing questionnaires to the mathematics education program student at University X in Bandung City. The data collected is analyzed by path analysis assisted by Smart PLS application. Smart PLS analysis in this study is carried out in 2 stages which are the analysis of the outer model and the inner model. Analysis of the inner model is aimed at (1) testing the validity and reliability of the instrument and (2) performing the r-square test to determine the percentage of influence. The test results show that learning enjoyment and hybrid learning have a significant positive effect on advanced mathematics learning. The learning styles in this study have not been able to moderate the relationship between hybrid learning and enjoy learning on Advance Mathematical Thinking. Hybrid learning can be used as an alternative or learning solution in improving advanced mathematical learning. Keywords: hybrid learning, Advance Mathematical Thinking, enjoyment learning, prospective teacher students, learning style Abstrak Kemampuan AMT merupakan salah satu kemampuan matematis yang menjadi prioritas untuk dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran matematika di perguruan tinggi. Penelitian Ini Bertujuan Untuk Menguji Pengaruh Hybrid Learning dan Enjoyment Learning Dalam Meningkatkan Berpikir Advance Mathematical Thinking of Prospective Teacher Students dimoderasi Gaya Belajar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertjuan untuk menguji pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen. Sample dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan purposive sampling dengan berdasarkan beberapa kriteria tertentu. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan menyebar quesioner pada mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Matematika di Universitas X di Kota Bandung. Data yang terkumpul dianalisa dengan analisis path berbantuan aplikasi Smart PLS. Analisis smart PLS pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 2 tahapan yaitu analisa outer model dan inner model. Analisa inner model untuk 1) menguji validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen serta 2) melakukan uji r square untuk mengetahui presentase pengaruh. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa enjoyment learning dan Hybrid learning berpengaruh secara positif signifikan terhadap Advance mathematic learning. Adapun, gaya belajar dalam penelitianini belum mampu memoderasi hubungan hybrid learning dan enjoyment learning terhadap Advance Mathematic Thinking. Hybrid learning dapat dapat dijadikan alternatif atau solusi pembelajaran dalam meningkatkan Advance Mathematic Learning. Kata kunci: pembelajaran hibrid, Advance Mathematical Thinking, kenikmatan belajar, mahasiswa calon guru, gaya belajar

The background of this research was the development of blended learning in teaching mathematics. This study aimed to determine the benefits of blended learning in teaching mathematics by analyzing previous research. The method in this study is a systematic literature review (SLR), it descriptive based survey in the form of an analysis of 25 articles from the Science Direct database in the 2010-2020 period. The results showed that there are many benefits of blended learning in mathematic, which includes: to improve mathematical thinking skills, develop good perceptions, improve learning outcomes, increase self-regulation, increase thinking/problem-solving skills, improve communication skills, increase student participation, simplify the assessment process, increase computational thinking skills, and critical thinking skills. The most significant benefit of blended learning is student learning outcomes, shown in 52% of the articles. The research implies the importance of supporting teachers in identifying the objectives of blended learning.

This study aims to analyze the errors of students with HOTS abilities at high, medium and low levels and identify student errors in solving HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skill) type questions in terms of gender. This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach. The research subjects were selected 3 male students and 3 female students, each of which the HOTS ability level was high, medium and low consisting of 2 students. Data collection techniques used HOTS-type tests and interviews. The analytical framework was developed based on Newman's theory of error categories. The data obtained were tested for validity through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability tests. The results showed several differences in the types and percentages of errors made by male and female subjects in solving HOTS-type questions. The biggest mistakes made by both genders in the material of number patterns, sequences, and series are misunderstandings of 33.33%, followed by errors in determining the final answer of 23.02%, transformation errors of 22.22%, errors in the completion process of 20.63%, and finally, reading errors of 0.79%. It can be seen that the female gender makes more mistakes by 57.14% compared to the male gender by 41.86%.

The Advanced Mathematical Thinking (AMT) ability is one of the prioritized mathematical abilities needed to be developed in learning mathematics during tertiary education. The present study sought to test the effectiveness of hybrid learning in improving students' advanced mathematical thinking. The research used a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. The subject of this study was students of a mathematics education study program at a university in Bandung who attended lecture for the multi-variable in a calculus course. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Of the many variable calculus classes consisting of 2 classes, one class was chosen as the experiment group and the other class as the control group. The sample consists of 40 people for each group. Data analysis used the MANOVA test with normality and homogeneity tests as a prerequisite test. The results showed a difference in AMT's significance between the hybrid learning and conventional groups, where hybrid learning had a higher AMT. Other than that, there is a difference in the significance of AMT between the high motivation group and the low motivation group, where high motivation has a higher AMT, and there is an interaction of learning models and motivational factors to increase AMT. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01288 Full Text: PDF

The purpose of this study is to find out the calculus teaching material using GeoGebra, knowing the results of expert validation in terms of multimedia and material, and knowing the effectiveness of using calculus teaching material using GeoGebra. The research method used is research and development. The research subjects were 155 students in Departement of Mathematics Education at Universitas Suryakancana. The results of the validation of media experts using the Kendall test, sig. = 0.062 > 0.05 (Ho accepted) means that the calculus teaching material using GeoGebra is feasible to use. The results of the validation of the material using the Kendall test, sig. = 0.065 > 0.05 (Ho accepted) means that the material content is appropriate. The results of tests on 155 students in Departement of Mathematics Education at Universitas Suryakancana, an average percentage of 78% of students answered strongly agree and 15% answered agreed, meaning that calculus teaching material using GeoGebra is effectively used.

The study aimed to analyze the interaction effect teaching models and cognitive style field dependent (FD)-field independent (FI) to students’ mathematical problem-solving ability (MPSA), as well as students' MPSA differences based on teaching models and cognitive styles. Participants in this study were 145 junior high school students, with details of 50 students learning through the Connect, Organize, Reflect, and Extend Realistic Mathematics Education (CORE RME) model, 49 students use the CORE model, and 46 students use the Conventional model. Data collection tools used are the MPSA test, and the group embedded figure test (GEFT). The MPSA test finds out that there are interaction effect teaching models and cognitive styles on students' MPSA, as well as a significant difference in MPSA students who study through the CORE RME model, CORE model, and Conventional model. Based on cognitive style, between students who study through CORE RME model, CORE model, and Conventional model found that there was no significant difference in MPSA between FI students. Furthermore, there were significant differences in MPSA between FD students and also MPSA of FI students better than MPSA FD students. Therefore, teaching models and student cognitive styles are very important to be considered in the learning process, so students are able to solve mathematical problems.

This study aimed to examine students 'attitudes or perceptions of mathematics learning, attitudes towards the Application of PQ4R (Preview, Question, Read, Reflection, Recite, Review) Learning Strategies, and problem posing mathematical problems. Data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive data analysis, and quantitative analysis was carried out using the Likert scale. The population in this study were Year 11 students in the city of Bandung, and the sample was one of Year 11 Social classroom as the experimental class, selected by purposive sampling. The sample was given treatment using PQ4R learning. The results showed that students taking PQ4R learning had significant attitudes towards mathematics. This can be seen from the high interest and motivation. Student responses to PQ4R learning and questions were also very good. This provides good information about students' attitudes towards learning mathematics in high school so that they can apply good and correct mathematics. Learning mathematics requires an analysis of students' attitudes to feel happy and motivated in learning mathematics on an ongoing basis.

The purpose of this study was to describe how to implement the REACT strategy to develop students’ mathematical representation, reasoning, and disposition ability. This research was a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The subject of this study was grade 8 junior high school student in Bandung. Data collection techniques in this study with observations, interviews, and documentation. Based on data analysis results, it could be concluded that REACT strategies can be applied to develop a mathematical representation, reasoning, and disposition ability that engages students actively. Implementation of the REACT strategy runs smoothly and gets enthusiastic responses from students. The application of REACT strategies should be undertaken sustainably so that the learning objectives can be achieved by integrating various mathematical skills that were capable.

This research aims at developing local instruction theory for learning combinations by using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). This research uses a design research approach, Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT), developed from a series of activities to obtain a better understanding about combinations at Senior High School (SHS) students. Theoretical development is supported by an interactive process in designing learning activities, conducting teaching experiment and conducting retrospective analysis to contribute to combinations of Local Instruction Theory (LIT). An understanding of combinations emerges and develops during classroom learning activities. Qualitative analysis of teaching experiments shows that by using local instruction theory teaching materials that characterize RME students are able to develop their understanding about a combination.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan belajar yang dialami mahasiswa pada materi aplikasi integral untuk luas daerah dalam perspektif disposisi matematis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan instrumen skala, tes, dokumentasi, dan catatan lapangan. Data diambil dari 80 mahasiswa dari program studi S1 pendidikan matematika di sebuah universitas di Jawa Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa dengan disposisi matematis positif sedang dan tinggi memiliki jenis kesulitan yang sama yaitu (1) kesulitan dalam menggambar grafik, (2) kesulitan dalam menentukan daerah yang dicari luasnya, (3) kesulitan dalam menentukan batas integral, (4) kesulitan dalam menggunakan rumus integral, dan (5) kesulitan dalam memahami integral. Mahasiswa dengan disposisi matematis positif rendah selain mengalami kelima kesulitan tersebut, juga mengalami kesulitan dalam menghitung integral. Terdapat tren atau kecenderungan peningkatan persentase pada 2 jenis kesulitan, dan penurunan persentase pada 1 jenis kesulitan, sedangkan pada 3 jenis kesulitan yang lain bersifat fluktuatif. The purpose of this research was to described the learning difficulties experienced by students in integral application material for the area in the perspective of mathematical dispositions. This research used descriptive exploratory methods with scale, tests, documentation, and field notes instruments. Data was taken from 80 undergraduate students from the mathematics education study program at a university in Central Java. The results showed that students with moderate and high positive mathematical dispositions had the same types of difficulties, namely (1) difficulties in drawing graphics, (2) difficulties in determining the area to be searched for, (3) difficulties in determining integral boundaries, (4) difficulties in using integral formulas, and (5) difficulties in understanding integrals. Students with low positive mathematical dispositions in addition to experienced these five difficulties, also experienced difficulties in calculating integrals. There is a trend or tendency to increase percentage in 2 types of difficulties, and a decrease in percentage in 1 type of difficulty, while in 3 other types fluctuating.

This study aimed to describe students' critical thinking skills towards the concepts differences in finding the area of a plane region and definite integral. This study used an exploratory test survey method with test instruments. Data were taken from 40 students of the mathematics department at a university in Central Java. The results showed that students' critical thinking skills towards the concepts differences in finding the area of a plane region and definite integral were in the medium category. The students' critical thinking skills towards the concepts differences in finding area of a plane region and definite integral were medium (47.5%), with clarification by 57.5% (medium), assessment by 40.0% (medium), inference by 65.0% (medium), and strategies by 27.5% (low). These weaknesses are expected to be followed up by conducting learning that can show the linkages between the concepts and with various ways.

Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian terkait kemampuan Disposisi Matematis siswa SMK pada dua sekolah dengan level yang berbeda di Kabupaten Cirebon. Penelitian menggunakan metode quasi eksperimen dengan desain pre test-post test yang melibatkan 228 siswa SMK Kelompok Teknologi & Rekayasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan peningkatan serta interaksi kemampuan disposisi matematis antara kelas konvensional, kelas PBL, dan kelas PBL-Team Teaching pada dua level sekolah berbeda ditinjau dari kemampuan awal siswa.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the level of abstraction mathematical ability of the students through learning using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) with Visual Basic Application (VBA) for Microsoft Excel. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method and the subject of this study is junior high school students of grade 9th in one school in Ngamprah as many as 35 students. One of the instruments in this study is the abstraction test. Results show that as many as 65.71% of students are in the first level of Perceptual Abstraction. As many as 57.14% of students are in the second level of Internalization. As many as 31.43% of students are in the third level of Interiorization, and as many as 17.14% of students are at the last level, namely Second Level of Interiorization. Overall, the sample in this study can be categorized into four levels of abstraction.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peningkatan kemampuan berpikir intuisi, dan penalaran matematis peserta didik yang mendapat pembelajaran Inquiry Berbasis Open-ended dan pembelajaran biasa. Peningkatan ditinjau secara keseluruhan dan berdasarkan kemampuan awal matematis (KAM tinggi, sedang, dan rendah). Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control-group design. Subjek penelitian melibatkan 156 peserta didik kelas 7 Madrasah Tsanawiyah di Bekasi, terdiri dari dua kelas eksperimen dan dua kelas kontrol dipilih secara purposive. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan soal bentuk uraian untuk mengukur kemampuan intuisi dan penalaran matematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Secara keseluruhan dan KAM, peningkatan kemampuan berpikir intuisi matematis peserta didik yang mendapat pembelajaran Inquiry Berbasis Open-ended lebih baik dari pembelajaran biasa. (2) Peningkatan kemampuan penalaran matematis pada KAM tinggi dan rendah, lebih baik pada kelas pembelajaran Inquiry Berbasis Open-ended dibandingkan kelas pembelajaran biasa. Namun secara keseluruhan dan KAM sedang, kelas pembelajaran Inquiry Berbasis Open-ended tidak lebih baik dibandingkan kelas pembelajaran biasa. Kata Kunci: Intuisi, Penalaran, Inquiry Berbasis Open-ended.

The study aimed at improving students’ algebraic thinking ability in the eighth-grade junior high school student through multiple representation strategies using realistic approach. The multiple representation strategies consist of orientation, exploration, internalization, and evaluation. This is a quasi-experimental study with nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was the student the eighth grade in Kudus city. Two classes were selected and classified as a class experiment that subject are given multiple representation strategies using realistic approach, and one other class as a control class that subjects are given scientific approach. Data obtained was analyzed by the independent t-test and proportions test. The result showed that there was an interaction between the multiple representation strategies using the realistic approach on the ability of algebraic thinking. The students with multiple representation strategies had better algebraic thinking ability than those with current scientific learning. In addition, more than seventy-five percent of the students with multiple representation strategies using realistic approach fulfill the learning completeness.

There is a strong relationship between field-dependent (FD), field-independent (FI) cognitive styles, and problem-solving performance. FD students are more oriented towards the outside world, while FI students rely more on their knowledge and experience. The present study aimed to reveal the position of the FI and FD student's errors in algebraic problem-solving. The subjects of this study were 27 students of class VII in one of the Junior High Schools in Kefamenanu, Indonesia, Academic Year 2018/2019. Data collection involved tests of algebraic problem-solving ability, interviews, and Group Embedded Figure Test. The case study results showed that the algebraic problem-solving abilities of FI students were better than FD students. The scores of algebraic problem-solving abilities of FI students were dominant in the medium and high categories. In contrast, the FD students were dominant in the medium and low categories. Also, FI students predominantly committed procedural errors. Whereas, most FD students made errors on all types of errors, specifically factual, conceptual, and procedural errors. Thus, it is recommended that FI and FD students' algebraic problem-solving ability become the focus of attention and importance to characterize them as a basis for further research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the errors experienced by students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning in solving problems of mathematical representation ability. This study used quasi experimental pattern with static-group comparison design. The subjects of this study were 47 eighth grade students of junior high school in Bandung consisting of two samples. The instrument used was a test to measure students' mathematical representation ability. The reliability coefficient about the mathematical representation ability was 0.56. The most prominent errors of mathematical representation ability of students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning, was on indicator that solving problem involving arithmetic symbols (symbolic representation). In addition, errors were also experienced by many students with traditional learning on the indicator of making the image of a real world situation to clarify the problem and facilitate its completion (visual representation). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.9.1.4301.121-128

The purpose of this study is to show the differences in problem-solving ability between first-year University students who received culture-based contextual learning and conventional learning. This research is a quantitative research using quasi-experimental research design. Samples were the First-year students of mathematics education department; Nusa Cendana University consists of 58 students who were divided into two groups each of 29 students. The results showed there are differences in the n-gain average of problem-solving ability significantly between students who receive culture-based contextual learning and conventional learning. The n-gain average of experiment group is 0.51 or medium category while the average n-gain of the control group is 0.29 or low category. Student categories of SNMPTN and Mandiri are significantly different whereas students’ category of SBMPTN between the two groups does not differ significantly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.9.1.4125.81-94

The purpose of this study was to investigate the errors experienced by students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning in solving problems of mathematical representation ability. This study used quasi experimental pattern with static-group comparison design. The subjects of this study were 47 eighth grade students of junior high school in Bandung consisting of two samples. The instrument used was a test to measure students' mathematical representation ability. The reliability coefficient about the mathematical representation ability was 0.56. The most prominent errors of mathematical representation ability of students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning, was on indicator that solving problem involving arithmetic symbols (symbolic representation). In addition, errors were also experienced by many students with traditional learning on the indicator of making the image of a real world situation to clarify the problem and facilitate its completion (visual representation).

[Bahasa]: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kecenderungan lintasan belajar mahasiswa dalam melakukan penelitian pendidikan matematika, khususnya dalam kemampuan mendesain, melaksanakan, dan mempublikasikan hasil penelitian, dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran berbasis riset. Metode yang digunakan adalah design research dengan 3 tahapan, yaitu preliminary design, teaching experiment, dan retrospective analysis. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan bagaimana lintasan belajar yang dikembangkan memberikan kontribusi dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan meneliti pada 9 mahasiswa pendidikan matematika di STKIP Surya, dengan mendeskripsikan kegiatan dosen, mahasiswa, dan melihat hasil akhir pembelajaran, selama kurun waktu 5 bulan. Hasilnya, 2 orang mahasiswa mampu memenuhi semua indikator keterampilan meneliti sampai tahapan publikasi karya ilmiah dalam jurnal yang terindeks Google Scholar, 1 orang mahasiswa sampai tahapan penulisan hasil penelitian (skripsi), 2 orang mahasiswa sampai tahapan pembuatan proposal penelitian dan sudah diseminarkan, 3 orang mahasiswa sampai tahapan pembuatan proposal penelitian, dan 1 orang mahasiswa masih dalam tahapan mendesain suatu penelitian. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga memberikan gambaran faktor-faktor penyebab keberagaman hasil yang diperoleh mahasiswa selama proses pembelajaran. [English]: This study aims to reveal the tendency of students' learning trajectory in doing research in mathematics education, especially in the ability to design, implement, and publish the research result by using research-based learning model. The method used is design research with three phases, i.e., preliminary design, teaching experiment, and retrospective analysis. This study describes how the learning trajectory that was developed to contribute to enhancing the research skills of nine pre-service mathematics’ teacher at Surya College of Education with describing the activities of lecturer, students, and the final result of learning during five months. As a result, two students were able to meet all the indicators of research's skill until publishing a scientific paper in journals indexed by Google Scholar. One student was able to the stage of writing the research result (undergraduate thesis). Two students were able to the stage of making a research proposal and already seminar. Three students were able to the stage of making a research proposal. One student is still in the stage of research design. Besides, this study also illustrates the diversity of the factors that cause results obtained by students during the learning process.

Studying students' performance in learning differentiability is essential since it requires them to perform proceptual thinking. This case study research investigates students' proceptual thinking outcomes in learning the differentiability concept using Desmos Classroom Activities (DCA) based on the Three Worlds of Mathematics (TWM) framework. In this study, DCA facilitates students' learning of differentiability with a sensible approach and exposes them to the graphical exploration of non-differentiable functions. Students succeeded in concluding that continuity does not imply differentiability. With its graphical, computational, and symbol manipulation capabilities, DCA has facilitated students to perform proceptual thinking in learning differentiability through a richer learning experience. Many students (76%) could perform at the procept level when solving the differentiability problem. Also, twenty-two students (about 88%) had no limitations in the graphical representation. The result of this study confirms that DCA based on the TWM as a generic organizer can contribute to students' proceptual thinking outcomes in learning differentiability.

Geometry is a basic mathematical concept studied at all education levels. However empirical evidence suggests there are many students who have difficulties learning geometry. One of many factors that enhances the success of students’ understanding of geometry is students’ sense of spatial ability. Seeking ways to support students’ development of spatial sense, researchers studied the impact of Computer-Based Interactive Multimedia Instruction. This study was quasi experimental in nature with Pretest and Post-test Control Group Design. The participants of the study were second grade students of two public junior high schools that were classified as schools of high and middle level ranking, in Bandung. The instruments utilized in this study consisted of prior mathematical skills test (KAM) and spatial sense ability test. The results suggested that: (1a) generally the students’ spatial sense ability and learning independency were enhanced using Computer-Based Interactive Multimedia Instruction, compared with conventional learning; (1b) there were no differences in the enhancement achievements between students’ spatial sense ability and conventional learning related to school ranking level; (1c) according to KAM, there were significant enhancements of student’s spatial sense ability between high, middle, and low KAM; (2) There is no interaction of effect between learning (CBIM and CVL) and school level to the enhancement of ability of students’ spatial sense. (3) There is no interaction of effect between learning (CBIM and CVL) and KAM to the enhancement of ability of students’ spatial sense. Keywords: geometry, spatial sense, computer-based interactive multimedia, learning difficulties.

The intention of the present study was to see the improvement of students’ intuitive skills. This improvement was seen by comparing the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME)-based instruction with the conventional mathematics instruction. The subject of this study was 164 fifth graders of elementary school in Palembang. The design of this study was a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Experiment. Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS. The result of this study showed that there was different improvement of students’ skills. The improvement was higher in the class using the RME-based instruction that in conventional mathematics class.Keywords: Realistic Mathematics Education (RME), Intuition DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.5.1.1446.27-34

The students’ difficulty which was found is in the problem of understanding, drawing diagrams, reading the charts correctly, conceptual formal mathematical understanding, and mathematical problem solving. The appropriate problem representation is the basic way in order to understand the problem itself and make a plan to solve it. This research was the experimental classroom design with a pretest-posttest control in order to increase the representation of visual thinking ability on mathematical problem solving approach with contextual learning. The research instrument was a test, observation and interviews. Contextual approach increases of mathematical representations ability increases in students with high initial category, medium, and low compared to conventional approaches. Keywords: Visual Thinking Representation, Mathematical Problem Solving, Contextual Teaching Learning Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.4.1.568.113-126

This research is motivated by the importance of developing ways of thinking (WoT) in geometry learning at the Sambas District Elementary School, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In general, this study aims to describe realistic mathematics teaching to WoT elementary school students in completing geometry material related to the design of the Sambas Malay traditional house. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a hermeneutic phenomenology approach. The subjects of this study were fifth-grade students from one of the public elementary schools in Sambas district with a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques used include observations, tests, and interviews. The results showed that students' thinking in solving geometry problems in schools that applied realistic mathematics learning was described in high-ability students, the mental acts displayed were interpreting, problem-solving and inferring. Then, for students with moderate ability, conduct mental behavior explanation and mental behavior reasoning. For students with low mental abilities, the acts displayed are interpreting and problem-solving. After researching the literature on realistic mathematics learning, her goal is to make math learning meaningful and diversify the way students think about solving geometric problems.

This study aims to determine whether there was differences effect in improving student's critical thinking skills (1) between students who get Problem-based Learning, Mathematical Problem Posing, and conventional learning, and (2) based on gender differences. This study used a quantitative method with the pre-test-posttest two treatment design. Data were collected using instruments: test, documentation, and observation. Data was taken from 124 undergraduate students from the mathematics education study program at Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. Data analysis was done by using the normalized gain and the MannWhitney test. The results showed that in improving student's critical thinking skills (1) Problem-based Learning and Mathematical Problem Posing provide better effect than conventional learning, (2) there was no significant difference in effect between Problem-based Learning and Mathematical Problem Posing, and (3) there was no significant difference in effect based on gender differences.

The study aimed to analyze the interaction effect teaching models and cognitive style field dependent (FD)-field independent (FI) to students' mathematical problem-solving ability (MPSA), as well as students' MPSA differences based on teaching models and cognitive styles. Participants in this study were 145 junior high school students, with details of 50 students learning through the Connect, Organize, Reflect, and Extend Realistic Mathematics Education (CORE RME) model, 49 students use the CORE model, and 46 students use the Conventional model. Data collection tools used are the MPSA test, and the group embedded figure test (GEFT). The MPSA test finds out that there are interaction effect teaching models and cognitive styles on students' MPSA, as well as a significant difference in MPSA students who study through the CORE RME model, CORE model, and Conventional model. Based on cognitive style, between students who study through CORE RME model, CORE model, and Conventional model found that there was no significant difference in MPSA between FI students. Furthermore, there were significant differences in MPSA between FD students and also MPSA of FI students better than MPSA FD students. Therefore, teaching models and student cognitive styles are very important to be considered in the learning process, so students are able to solve mathematical problems.

The purpose of this study was to describe how to implement the REACT [Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating and Transferring] strategy to develop students' mathematical representation, reasoning, and disposition ability. This research was a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The subject of this study was grade 8 junior high school student in Bandung. Data collection techniques in this study with observations, interviews, and documentation. Based on data analysis results, it could be concluded that REACT strategies can be applied to develop a mathematical representation, reasoning, and disposition ability that engages students actively. Implementation of the REACT strategy runs smoothly and gets enthusiastic responses from students. The application of REACT strategies should be undertaken sustainably so that the learning objectives can be achieved by integrating various mathematical skills that were capable.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ways of presenting teaching materials on enhancing mathematical problem-solving abilities. This research was obtained using a quasi-experimental design with the non-equivalent control group design. The study population was all eighth graders enrolled in public junior high schools (SMP) in the city of Cimahi, Indonesia. There are 11 schools in total. Stratified random sampling and random sampling group techniques were used to select nine groups from 3 school categories. The instruments used were instruments of mathematical problem-solving ability tests, and observation sheets. The first experimental group was given exploration teaching materials presented through the snow-cube throwing learning model. The second experimental group was given exploration teaching materials presented in sheets of paper. The control group was given expository learning without exploration teaching materials. Data on mathematical problem-solving abilities were collected using tests distributed before and after learning. Research data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study show that the different ways of presenting

The study aimed at improving students' algebraic thinking ability in the eighth-grade junior high school student through multiple representation strategies using realistic approach. The multiple representation strategies consist of orientation, exploration, internalization, and evaluation. This is a quasi-experimental study with nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was the student the eighth grade in Kudus city. Two classes were selected and classified as a class experiment that subject are given multiple representation strategies using realistic approach, and one other class as a control class that subjects are given scientific approach. Data obtained was analyzed by the independent t-test and proportions test. The result showed that there was an interaction between the multiple representation strategies using the realistic approach on the ability of algebraic thinking. The students with multiple representation strategies had better algebraic thinking ability than those with current scientific learning. In addition, more than seventy-five percent of the students with multiple representation strategies using realistic approach fulfill the learning completeness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the errors experienced by students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning in solving problems of mathematical representation ability. This study used quasi experimental pattern with static-group comparison design. The subjects of this study were 47 eighth grade students of junior high school in Bandung consisting of two samples. The instrument used was a test to measure students' mathematical representation ability. The reliability coefficient about the mathematical representation ability was 0.56. The most prominent errors of mathematical representation ability of students learning with REACT strategy and traditional learning, was on indicator that solving problem involving arithmetic symbols (symbolic representation). In addition, errors were also experienced by many students with traditional learning on the indicator of making the image of a real world situation to clarify the problem and facilitate its completion (visual representation).

The purpose of this study is to show the differences in problem-solving ability between first-year University students who received culture-based contextual learning and conventional learning. This research is a quantitative research using quasi-experimental research design. Samples were the First-year students of mathematics education department; Nusa Cendana University consists of 58 students who were divided into two groups each of 29 students. The results showed there are differences in the n-gain average of problem-solving ability significantly between students who receive culture-based contextual learning and conventional learning. The n-gain average of experiment group is 0.51 or medium category while the average n-gain of the control group is 0.29 or low category. Student categories of SNMPTN and Mandiri are significantly different whereas students? category of SBMPTN between the two groups does not differ significantly.

One of students' abilities which can facilitate them to understand geometric concepts is spatial reasoning ability. Spatial reasoning ability can be defined as an ability involving someone's cognitive processing to present and manipulate spatial figures, relationship, and figure formations. This research aims to find out significant difference on students' spatial reasoning ability between students who are given Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D (MEAC) and those who are only given Model Eliciting Activities (MEA). Quasi experimental design is used in this research which involves 143 junior high school students as the sample. The result of this research shows that students who are given Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D have better spatial reasoning ability than those who are given Model Eliciting Activities. It is suggested for Matematics teachers to implement instruction with Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D.