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New azo Schiff base disperse dyes based on a chromene moiety were synthesized by reacting (2-amino-7-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3 carbonitrile) and(2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile), with vanillin and ninhydrin, producing new chromene Schiff base derivatives, which in turn were coupled with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline diazonium salt to give new 4 azo disperse dyes (1–4). The structures of the prepared dyes were confirmed using elemental analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics using different dyeing techniques: high temperature- high pressure, and ultrasonic dyeing methods. The highest K/S values for all investigated dyes were achieved usinga high temperature-high pressure dyeing technique. Also, the color reflectance of all synthesized dyes with different dyeing shades (1%, 2%, and 3%) was obtained. The fastness properties of the dyed samples using the investigated dyes showed good color fastness toward light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. The presence of a chromene moiety and Schiff base in the investigated dyes promotes a higher antimicrobial activity on nylon and polyester fabrics against all tested bacteria (E. coli gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive) and two fungi, Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film photocatalyst is easily recycled and has attracted the widely research interesting. Here the ferroelectric Hf 0.5 Zr 0 · 5 O 2 (HZO) thin film synthesized through the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method is used as a photocatalyst for the rhodamine B (RhB) dye decomposition under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic RhB dye decomposition performances with or without an external magnetic field excitation provided by a commercial NdFeB magnet are experimentally characterized. With the increasing of the external direct-current (DC) magnetic field from 0 to 3000 Gs, the photocatalytic RhB dye decomposition ratio by HZO film obviously increases from 87.20 % to 98.17 %, which is attributed to the enhanced separation of the photo-induced positive and negative carrier due to the magnetic Lorentz effect. The magnetically-induced enhancement of photocatalysis in the ferroelectric HZO film, provides a method with these advantages of simple external excitation method, remarkable promotion effect and friendly-environment to enhance the dye decomposition ratio, and is potential in the practical application of photocatalytic dye wastewater treatment through harvesting the clean solar energy in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A stable organic radical dye has been synthesized which showed high fluorescence intensity in the NIR-II region; • Polypeptide nanoparticles encapsulating the dye shows high bright in NIR-II region with high photothermal efficiency; • Mild photothermal therapy (m-PTT) has been achieved using the nanoparticle; • M−PTT led to the creation of immunostimulatory tumor vaccines. Stable organic radicals have emerged as a promising option to enhance fluorescence quantum yield (QY), gaining traction in medical treatment due to their unique electronic transitions from the ground state (D 0) to the doublet excited state (D 1). We synthesized a stable dicyanomethyl radical with a NIR-II fluorescence QY of 0.86 %, surpassing many NIR-II organic dyes. Subsequently, amphiphilic polymer-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) containing the radical were created, achieving a NIR-II fluorescence QY of 0.32 %, facilitating high-contrast bio-imaging. These CNPPs exhibit self-enhanced photothermal properties, elevating photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) from 43.5 % to 57.5 % under 915 nm laser irradiation. This advancement enables more efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) with lower dye concentrations and reduced laser power, enhancing both feasibility and safety. Through regular fractionated mild photothermal therapy, we observed the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and an increase in cytokine expression, culminating in combined mild phototherapy (m-PTT)-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD). Consequently, we developed an immunostimulatory tumor vaccine, showcasing a novel approach for refining photothermal agents (PTA) and optimizing the PTT process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The industrial applications of enzymes are usually hindered by the high production cost, intricate reusability, and low stability in terms of thermal, pH, salt, and storage. Therefore, the de novo design of nanozymes that possess the enzyme mimicking biocatalytic functions sheds new light on this field. Here, we propose a facile one-pot synthesis approach to construct Cu-chelated polydopamine nanozymes (PDA-Cu NPs) that can not only catalyze the chromogenic reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AP), but also present enhanced photothermal catalytic degradation for typical textile dyes. Compared with natural laccase, the designed mimic has higher affinity to the substrate of 2,4-DP with K m of 0.13 mM. Interestingly, PDA-Cu nanoparticles are stable under extreme conditions (temperature, ionic strength, storage), are reusable for 6 cycles with 97 % activity, and exhibit superior substrate universality. Furthermore, PDA-Cu nanozymes show a remarkable acceleration of the catalytic degradation of dyes, malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB), under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. These findings offer a promising paradigm on developing novel nanozymes for biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-rigid V-shaped bis(N,N-trimellitoyl)-4,4′-oxydianiline linker was designed to construct a novel mesoporous cobalt (II) metal organic framework (Co-MOF). Optical band gap of 3.23 eV was obtained using a Tauc formula, which confirms the semiconducting property of the synthesized Co-MOF. Further, the resulting Co-MOF, as photocatalyst, was investigated in environmental application for the reduction of toxic Cr (VI) to less toxic Cr (III) as well as in the degradation of organic rhodamine B (Rh B) dye in an aqueous medium under natural sunlight. As pH value is essential for the Cr (VI) reduction reaction, thus control experiment was conducted in the acidic pH range 2–6, where 90.76, 77.23 and 37.43% of reduction was observed at pH of 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation of Rh B dye was also performed, where 98.89% degradation obtained within 90 min. The recyclability test was also assessed for Cr (VI) reduction reaction at pH 2 and for degradation of Rh B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel far-red sensitive symmetric squaraine (SQ) dyes with terminal alkyl chain modifications were designed, synthesized, and characterized, aiming towards imparting multifunctionalities such as photosensitization, dye aggregation prevention, and source of electrolyte components. The dye sensitizer SQ-80 with alkyl chain terminal modifications consisting of 1-methylimidazolium iodide was designed and synthesized as a new dye sensitizer for DSSCs based on symmetric SQ-4 without any terminal modification used as reference. Upon adsorption on the mesoporous TiO2 surface, SQ-80 demonstrated reduced dye aggregation and stronger binding to the TiO2 surface, leading to enhanced durability of DSSCs. Apart from the most common photosensitization behavior, the newly designed dye demonstrated multifunctionalities such as aggregation prevention and electrolyte functionality, utilizing iodine-based redox electrolytes in the presence and absence of I2 and LiI additives. In the absence of LiI and I2, a mixture of SQ-77 with alkyl chain terminal modifications consisting of iodide and SQ-80 demonstrated a photoconversion efficiency of 1.54% under simulated solar irradiation, which was about six times higher compared with the reference dye SQ-4 (0.24%) (having no alkyl chain terminal modification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile dyes are frequently disposable in aqueous effluents, making it difficult to remove them from industrial effluents before their release to natural waters. This paper deals with the fabrication of cellulose-based adsorbents by reacting nanocelulose crystalline (nanocel) with N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (TMSPEDA), forming the hybrid (silylpropyl)ethylenediamine@nanocellulose (SPEDA@nanocel), which was employed as adsorbent for the uptake of reactive yellow 2 dye (RY-2) from aqueous effluents. Characterisation of SPEDA@nanocel was carried out using FTIR, SEM–EDS, XRD, TGA, surface area, pHpzc, and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity ratio (HI). Also, adsorption studies were thoroughly investigated. The effect of initial pH indicated that the maximum uptake of RY-2 takes place at pH 2, which is an indication of the electrostatic mechanism. The kinetic data carried out with 250 and 500 mg L−1 RY-2 with SPEDA@nanocel followed better the nonlinear fractional-like pseudo-first-order model. The t0.5 and t0.95 for the dye uptake were about 30 and 141 min, respectively. The equilibrium data from 10 to 45 °C indicated that the Liu isotherm model was the best-fitted isothermal model. The maximum sorption capacity attained was 112.3 mg g−1 at 45 °C. The thermodynamic data have shown that the equilibrium was favorable and endothermic, and the ΔH° was compatible with an electrostatic attraction between RY-2 and SPEDA@nanocel. Experiments of desorption of loaded adsorbent showed promising results for real applications since at least 5 adsorption/desorption cycles could be employed without significant changes in the recovery and with high precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azo dye-laden textile wastewater must be treated before release due to various health and environmental concerns. Bioremediation of textile wastewater, however, is a challenge owing to its alkaline and saline nature as mesophilic microbes, in general, are either not able to thrive or show less efficiency under such hostile environment. Thus, pre-treatment for neutralization or salinity removal becomes a prerequisite before applying microbes for treatment, causing extra economical and technical burden. Extremophilic bacteria can be the promising bioremediating tool because of their inherent ability to survive and show toxicants removal capability under such extreme conditions without need of pre-treatment. Among extremophiles, halophilic and alkaliphilic bacteria which are naturally adapted to high salt and pH are of special interest for the decolorization of saline-alkaline-rich textile wastewater. The current review article is an attempt to provide an overview of the bioremediation of azo dyes and azo dye-laden textile wastewater using these two classes of extremophilic bacteria. The harmful effects of azo dyes on human health and environment have been discussed herein. Halo-alkaliphilic bacteria circumvent the extreme conditions by various adaptations, e.g., production of certain enzymes, adjustment at the protein level, pH homeostasis, and other structural adaptations that have been highlighted in this review. The unique properties of alkaliphiles and halophiles, to not only sustain but also harboring high dye removal competence at high pH and salt concentration, make them a good candidate for designing future bioremediation strategies for the management of alkaline, salt, and azo dye-laden industrial wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents studies on the sorption of the anionic dyes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84) from solutions of single dyes and from dye mixtures onto three chitosan sorbents–chitin, chitosan DD75% and chitosan DD95%. In this work, the influence of pH on sorption efficiency, the sorption equilibrium time for the tested anionic dyes and the sorption capacity in relation to the individual dyes and their mixtures were determined. It has been found that the sorption process for both dyes was most effective at pH 3 for chitin and chitosan DD75 and at pH 4 for chitosan DD95%. The obtained results were described by the double Langmuir equation (Langmuir 2). The obtained constants made it possible to determine the affinity of the tested dyes for the three sorbents and the sorption capacity of the sorbents. For RB5, the highest sorption capacity for chitosan DD95% was achieved with sorption from a single solution–of 742 mg/g DM and with sorption from mixed dyes–of 528 mg/g DM. For RY84, the highest efficiency was also achieved for chitosan DD95% and was 760 mg/g DM for a single dye solution and 437 mg/g DM for a mixture of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Enhancing the synergistic interplay between adsorption and catalytic oxidation to amplify Fenton-like effects remains a pivotal challenge in advancing water pollution remediation strategies. In this study, a suite of novel carriers (SH) composed of silica (SiO 2) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) in different ratios were synthesized through an amalgamation of the sol–gel and co-precipitation techniques. Notably, various forms of copper (Cu) species, including Cu2+ ions and Cu nanoclusters (Cu NCs), could be stably incorporated onto the SH surface via meticulous loading and doping techniques. This approach has engendered a new class of Fenton-like catalysts (Cu NCs-SH1-5) characterized by robust acid-base tolerance stability and remarkable recyclability. Compared with the previously reported Cu NCs-HAp, this catalyst with lower Cu species content could achieve better performance in adsorbing and degrading dyes under the aid of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). The catalyst's dual action sites, specifically the adsorption sites (Si OH, P OH, slit pores) and catalytic centers (multivalent Cu species), had clear division of labor and collaborate with each other. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) identification and astute electrochemical testing have unveiled the mechanism underpinning the cooperative degradation of dyes by three types of ROS, spawned through electron transfer between the Fenton-like catalyst (Cu NCs-SH) and H 2 O 2. From these insights, the mechanism of synergistic adsorption-catalytic removal was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to produce HAp nanoparticles doped with Zn and Ni in order to analyze the incorporation of these elements in the catalytic and antimicrobial properties of HAp. The samples were obtained by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method in 30 min at 150 °C. XRD and FTIR results showed that HAp was formed without the presence of secondary phases, and Rietveld refinement indicated a reduction in crystallite size after doping. Nanorod-like morphologies were observed by SEM-FEG with reduction in particle size and increase in specific surface area. Furthermore, the hidden gap at 3.26 eV, photoluminescence indicated that there was a predominance of deep defects and XPS showed the presence of dopants on the HAp surface. The catalytic results in the degradation of methylene blue dye indicated that the zinc-doped sample removed 97.85 % under sunlight, 66.81 % under UV light and 70.64 % under ultrasound. After four cycles of reuse under sunlight, good photocatalytic performance was maintained, and inhibition tests indicated that holes and hydroxyls are the active radicals. Antimicrobial activity tests showed that zinc-doped and co-doped samples were efficient in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). This work brings a promising alternative application for hydroxyapatite in environmental and microbial remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the elimination of methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution by utilizing the 3D electroFenton process in a batch reactor with an anode of porous graphite and a cathode of copper foam in the presence of granular activated carbon (GAC) as a third pole, besides, employing response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with Box-Behnk Design (BBD) for studying the effects of operational conditions, such as current density (3–8 mA/cm² ), electrolysis time (10–20 min), and the amount of GAC (1–3 g) on the removal efficiency beside to their interaction. The model was veiled since the value of R² was high (>0.98) and the current density had the greatest influence on the response. The best removal efficiency (MO Re%) at pH = 3 was 95.62% with an average energy consumption of 6.22 kWh/kg MO, which was achieved under maximal conditions of current density = 5.12 mA/cm², mass of GAC = 3 g, and time = 20 min with small amounts of Fe2+ (0.124 mM), and Na2 SO4 (0.02 M). Moreover, the present work investigated the effectiveness of 3D electro-Fenton assisted by ultrasound known as Sono-ElectroFenton (SEF), by following a new strategy based on applying the minimum circumstances of EF and comparing its results with that of SEF under the same conditions. MO Re% for EFmin was 49.24% while SEF was 50.51%, which is considered an exiguous improvement. However, using copper foam as a working electrode in the 3D EF system for the degradation of MO was an excellent choice. Furthermore, the suggested approach is characterized by simplicity, speed, and efficiency with a high percentage of pollutant removal, in addition to being eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to migrate text-to-image models based on pre-trained diffusion models to adapt them to domain generation tasks is a common problem. In particular, the generation task for Chinese landscape paintings with unique characteristics suffers from a scarcity of fine-grained contextual details specific to such artwork. Moreover, the use of substantial amounts of non-landscape painting data during pre-training predisposes the model to be swayed by alternative visual styles, thereby leading to generated images that inadvertently lack the distinctive traits inherent to Chinese paintings. In this paper, we propose a Fine-grained Hierarchical Semantic Adapter for Chinese landscape paintings generation, namely FHS-adapter. The method orchestrates the diffusion process in a batch-wise manner, leveraging external fine-grained multi-perspective information to guide it. It gradually diminishes the influence of other style images embedded in the pre-trained diffusion model, ultimately preserving a greater number of landscape painting elements. The encoder was also replaced with the Taiyi-CLIP encoder, which is adapted for Chinese. We propose T2ICLP, a multimodal dataset containing 10,000 high-quality image-text pairs of Chinese landscape paintings. Unlike previous datasets, this dataset extracts fine-grained textual information from four perspectives, including Meta, Description, Sentiment, Poem. We compared the proposed model with the mainstream diffusion-based T2I models. Through an anonymous user study, our FHS-adapter method performs well in simulating various aspects such as brushwork, e.g.'Gou, Cun, Dian, Ran' means hooking, texturing, dotting, and dyeing, compositional space, elemental proportions, and color usage of different painting genres and artists. Our dataset is available at https://github.com/T2ICLP/t2iclp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically mediated synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged as an ecologically benign and biocompatible approach. Our study explores enzymatic synthesis, utilizing α-amylase to synthesize ZnO nanoflowers (ZnO-NFs). X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed crystal structure and elemental composition. Dynamic light scattering analysis indicates that ZnO-NFs possess a size of 101 nm. Transmission electron microscopy showed a star-shaped morphology of ZnO-NFs with petal-like structures. ZnO-NFs exhibit potent photocatalytic properties, degrading 90% eosin, 87% methylene blue, and 81% reactive red dyes under UV light, with kinetics fitting the Langmuir–Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order rate law. The impact of pH and interfering substances on dye degradation was explored. ZnO-NFs display efficient bacteriocidal activity against different Gram-positive and negative strains, antibiofilm potential (especially with P. aeruginosa), and hemocompatibility up to 600 ppm, suggesting versatile potential in healthcare and environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate a novel intraoperative localization technique utilizing temporary pulmonary arteriovenous occlusion for enhancing the precision of sublobar resections in early‐stage NSCLC. Methods: Conducted from January to November 2023, this study involved 140 patients. During the surgery, key pulmonary vessels were identified using preoperative three‐dimensional (3D) imaging and temporarily occluded with noninvasive clamps to isolate the target lung segment. Following vascular occlusion, indocyanine green (ICG) was administered intravenously to precisely delineate the resection margins. After visually confirming the marked areas, the clamps were released, and a targeted partial resection was performed on the delineated segment. Surgical data, including operation times, surgical margins, and hospitalization costs, were collected and compared with those from a historical control group of 110 patients who underwent traditional pulmonary wedge resections. Results: In the study group, the median surgical margin achieved was 16 mm, which was statistically significant compared to 15 mm in the control group (p < 0.05). Operation times were reduced to an average of 58.43 ± 12.962 min, showing a decrease from the control group's average of 69.50 ± 17.544 min (p < 0.05). Hospitalization costs were also lower, averaging $4772.98 ± 624.339 for the study group versus $5161.34 ± 856.336 for the control group (p < 0.05). Patient safety was maintained with no increase in surgical complications. Conclusion: The technique, leveraging temporary pulmonary arteriovenous occlusion, offered a significant advancement in the surgical treatment of peripheral early‐stage NSCLC. It reduced operation time and lowered overall surgical costs. This method represented a promising alternative to traditional surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of work has already been reported on bulk K 2 NiF 4 -type layered perovskite oxides but hardly is known about their nano-crystalline state as they are generally prepared at high temperatures. In this connection, we have synthesized nanocrystalline La 1+ x Sr 1- x CoO 4 layered perovskites oxides via sol-gel Pechini method. Efforts were also done to synthesize phases with x > 0.5 but remained unsuccessful. The Rietveld refinement investigation has confirmed the successful formation of single-phase compounds that crystallize in the I 4/ mmm space group with tetragonal symmetry. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that Co in La 1+ x Sr 1- x CoO 4 has mixed valence states of +2 and + 3. Dominant anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) super-exchange Co2+―O―Co2+ and Co3+―O―Co3+ interactions were observed in all the synthesized nanophases and the existence of weak ferromagnetic (FM) interactions due to the generation of double-exchange Co2+―O―Co3+ interaction because of mixed valent state of Co. The increase in Néel temperature (T N) values with La doping has been attributed by the increased prevalence of anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) super-exchange Co2+―O―Co2+ and Co3+―O―Co3+ interactions. The band gap energy values (E g) for all the prepared nano samples vary from 1.57 to 1.64 eV, rendering them highly competent catalysts for degradation of dyes. Additionally, the photocatalytic performance of the prepared nano photocatalysts was evaluated using cationic (MB & RhB) and anionic (MO) dye contaminants as well as their ternary mixture. LaSrCoO 4 photocatalyst has been found to efficiently and swiftly degrade all three dye pollutants separately as well as in mixtures, with outstanding recyclability and durability. It has been observed that the x = 0.0 photocatalyst showed best degradation efficacy for RhB dye, i.e., ∼99 % in 100 min, compared to ∼91 % and ∼84 % for the x = 0.2 and 0.5 photocatalysts in the same time interval, respectively. These results suggest that LaSrCoO 4 nano powder can be considered a promising photocatalyst in the dyes degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye in textile wastewater employing a novel CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal technique, resulting in a monoclinic phase of leaf-shaped CuO loaded on a hexagonal wurtzite structure of rod-shaped ZnO, as confirmed by FE-SEM and XRD analyses. Optical experiments revealed band gap energies of 1.99 eV for CuO, 2.19 eV for ZnO, and 3.34 eV for the CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite. Photocatalytic degradation experiments showcased complete elimination of a 100 mg/L RO16 solution (150 mL) after 120 min of UV light illumination and 100 min of sunlight illumination, emphasizing the nanocomposite's efficiency under both light sources. The study further delves into the application of the CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite for the degradation of actual textile wastewater samples under sunlight irradiation. The results underscore the nanocomposite's remarkable efficacy in treating RO16 in textile wastewater, positioning it as a promising candidate for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment applications. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of advanced photocatalytic materials for textile dye degradation in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye in textile wastewater employing a novel CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal technique, resulting in a monoclinic phase of leaf-shaped CuO loaded on a hexagonal wurtzite structure of rod-shaped ZnO, as confirmed by FE-SEM and XRD analyses. Optical experiments revealed band gap energies of 1.99 eV for CuO, 2.19 eV for ZnO, and 3.34 eV for the CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite. Photocatalytic degradation experiments showcased complete elimination of a 100 mg/L RO16 solution (150 mL) after 120 min of UV light illumination and 100 min of sunlight illumination, emphasizing the nanocomposite's efficiency under both light sources. The study further delves into the application of the CuO@A-TiO2/Ro-TiO2 nanocomposite for the degradation of actual textile wastewater samples under sunlight irradiation. The results underscore the nanocomposite's remarkable efficacy in treating RO16 in textile wastewater, positioning it as a promising candidate for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment applications. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of advanced photocatalytic materials for textile dye degradation in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair dyeing is a popular practice dating back to ancient Egyptian times. Initially, hair dye use was restricted to concealing grey and white hairs of the elderly population. However, in recent times, its use is common among the younger generation as a fashion statement. Hair dye contact dermatitis is a common dermatological condition encountered by dermatologists. It is a delayed type of hy- persensitivity reaction that commonly affects the scalp and the vicinity of hair line and neck. Para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a synthetic aromatic amine is the most common allergen specifically implicated in hair dye contact dermatitis. Para-phenyl- enediamine was announced as the allergen of the year in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Contact allergy to para-phenylenediamine can occur in 0.1–2.3% of the general population. Epicutaneous patch testing is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of hair dye contact dermatitis. However, para-phenylenediamine carries a risk of cross-sensitivity and co-sensitization to other allergens. Apart from contact dermatitis, hair dye use is also associated with various other cutaneous adverse effects such as pigmentary changes, hair loss, skin malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Due to the various adverse effects associated with hair dye use, it is prudent to look for safer alternatives to allergenic hair dyes. In this article, we review the epidemiology, cutaneous and systemic adverse effects associated with hair dye use, patch testing, preventive strategies to minimize the risk of hair dye contact dermatitis, and treatment aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen of the top critical priority recognized by the World Health Organization. This clinically important fungus also serves as a eukaryotic model organism. A variety of resources have been generated to facilitate investigation of the C. neoformans species complex, including congenic pairs, well-annotated genomes, genetic editing tools, and gene deletion sets. Here, we generated a set of strains with all major organelles fluorescently marked. We tested short organelle-specific targeting sequences and successfully labeled the following organelles by fusing the targeting sequences with a fluorescence protein: the plasma membrane, the nucleus, the peroxisome, and the mitochondrion. We used native cryptococcal Golgi and late endosomal proteins fused with a fluorescent protein to label these two organelles. These fluorescence markers were verified via colocalization using organelle-specific dyes. All the constructs for the fluorescent protein tags were integrated in an intergenic safe haven region. These organelle-marked strains were examined for growth and various phenotypes. We demonstrated that these tagged strains could be employed to track cryptococcal interaction with the host in phagocytosis assays. These strains also allowed us to discover remarkable differences in the dynamics of proteins targeted to different organelles during sexual reproduction. Additionally, we revealed that "dormant" spores transcribed and synthesized their own proteins and trafficked the proteins to the appropriate subcellular compartments, demonstrating that spores are metabolically active. We anticipate that these newly generated fluorescent markers will greatly facilitate further investigation of cryptococcal biology and pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is currently grappling with unprecedented levels of water pollution, largely attributed to the presence of detrimental chemicals and dyes posing substantial environmental hazards. This study endeavors to develop highly efficient materials capable of extracting anionic dyes from polluted water reservoirs. Utilizing the coprecipitation method, nickel-chrome and zinc-chrome layered double hydroxides (LDH) were synthesized and subsequently analyzed using advanced analytical techniques. The efficiency of both materials in removing anionic dyes Congo Red (CR) and Indigo Carmine (IC) was investigated by analyzing various parameters, including initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, time, and temperature effects. In binary solutions, ZnCr-LDH exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 109.10 mg g-1 and 78.64 mg g-1 for IC and CR dyes, respectively. The competitive removal of a binary dye mixture is primarily influenced by electrostatic attraction. Isotherm models were employed for analysis, with the Freundlich model found to be the best fit for IC adsorption onto NiCr-LDH and the Sips model for IC adsorption onto ZnCr-LDH. In binary systems, the extended Freundlich and non-modified Redlich-Peterson models provided the best fit to the isotherm data. ZnCr-LDH demonstrated higher removal efficiency than NiCr-LDH. Furthermore, both LDH materials exhibited stability and maintained their activity over four successive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activated carbon was produced in the first phase of this investigation by chemically activating hazelnut shell waste with H3PO4. Composite materials were obtained by coating the activated carbon with zinc oxide, whose BET surface area was calculated as 1278 m2 g−1. ZnO-doped ZnO/AC composite was synthesized as an adsorbent for its possible application in the elimination of organic dyestuff MB, and its removal efficiency was investigated. Morphological properties of ZnO/AC were characterized using analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, and BET. The adsorption system and its parameters were investigated and modeled using the response surface method of batch adsorption experiments. The experimental design consisted of three levels of pH (3, 6.5, and 10), initial MB concentration (50, 100, and 150 mg L−1), dosage (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g 100 mL−1), and contact time (5, 50, and 95 min). The results from the RSM suggested that the MB removal efficiency was 98.7% under the optimum conditions of the experimental factors. The R2 value, which expresses the significance of the model, was determined as 99.05%. Adsorption studies showed that the equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model compared to Freundlich. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 270.70 mg g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile coloration is a complex process involving the interaction of dye molecules with fibers in a dye bath. Synthetic dyes pose environmental hazards, leading to increased interest in natural dyes sourced from plants, animals, and minerals. However, natural dyes often require mordants for application to textiles. Despite their eco‐friendliness, natural dyes can exhibit poor wash fastness on fabrics, necessitating further research to enhance their performance. This study investigates the use of mahogany sawdust extract as a natural dye for cotton coloration, focusing on the enhancement of fastness properties through metallic mordants and associated environmental risks. Mahogany sawdust, rich in flavonoids and tannins, shows promise as a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. The dyeing process involves the extraction of natural dyes from sawmill bio‐waste and subsequent application onto cotton fabrics using various metallic mordants. Evaluation of colorfastness properties, color strength, color coordinates, tensile strength, FTIR, and SEM analysis provides insights into the dye‐fiber interactions and fabric properties. Environmental risk assessment considers metal exhaustion onto fabric surfaces, residual metal concentrations in mordant baths, and metal content in dyeing wastewater. Overall, this study contributes to the development of sustainable dyeing processes and highlights the importance of environmental considerations in textile coloration. Highlights: Mahogany sawdust extract: potential natural dye for sustainable cotton coloration.Metallic mordants enhance colorfastness and fabric durability in dyeing processes.Comprehensive analysis reveals the intricate dynamics of dye‐fiber interactions.Environmental risk evaluation guides sustainable textile manufacturing practices.Research paves the way for greener, more sustainable textile industry practices globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact of wastewater discharged from the textile dyeing industry has a significant challenge and influence on aquatic ecosystems and human health if not properly managed. This study aimed to develop a novel cross-linked chitosan composite, denoted as chitosan/fly ash/polyvinyl alcohol (Ch/FA/PVA), as a bio-adsorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) textile dye from industrial wastewater. The synthesis involved the incorporation of FA into the chitosan matrix at various ratios to optimize the process. A specifically tailored composite, Ch/FA0.75/PVA, exhibited superior performance with a remarkable 99.7% CR removal under optimum conditions: adsorbent dose (0.9 g/l), contact time (50 min), and dye concentration (40 mg/l). The characterization of Ch/FA0.75/PVA through SEM–EDX, BET, FTIR, and pHzpc confirmed its suitability for adsorption. Employing Box–Behnken design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) facilitated the optimization of key adsorption variables. The Freundlich model described the adsorption equilibrium, indicating a maximum adsorption capacity of 263.15 mg/g for CR dye. The pseudo-second-order model demonstrated favorable kinetics. The study was scaled up to the practical application of Ch/FA0.75/PVA in a pilot plant for industrial wastewater treatment, revealing substantial removal percentages for dye, color, COD, BOD5 and TDS. This comprehensive approach highlights the promising efficacy of Ch/FA0.75/PVA in addressing environmental concerns associated with textile dye wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study focused on the synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2) using a green method, incorporating buckthorn leaves extract and potassium metasilicate (K2SiO3) as the precursor. A comprehensive characterization of the prepared nanoparticles was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results confirmed the purity of the SiO2 nanoparticles and exhibited a range of diverse functional groups on their surface. Furthermore, the average size and surface area of the nanoparticles were determined to be 35.8 nm and 246 m2·g-1, respectively. These well-characterized SiO2 nanoparticles were employed as an effective adsorbent for the removal of bromophenol blue dye from aqueous solutions in a batch mode adsorption unit, under varying operating conditions. The factors considered for evaluating the efficiency of SiO2 nanoparticles as an adsorption media included pH, contact time, agitation speed, dye concentration, temperature, and the quantity of nanomaterial utilized. Experimental findings demonstrated a remarkable removal efficiency of 96% for bromophenol blue dye at an initial concentration of 100 ppm in the contaminated solution. Interestingly, the percentage removal exhibited an inverse relationship with dye concentration and temperature, while being directly proportional to other factors. Overall, the green-synthesized silicon dioxide nanoparticles proved to be a promising adsorbent for the effective removal of bromophenol blue dye from aqueous environments. The findings highlight the potential application of these nanoparticles in wastewater treatment and pollution mitigation, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient photocatalysts are crucial for sustainable energy and environmental applications. In this study, Cu-doped TiO2 microporous spheres with varying Cu concentrations (1–5 wt%) were synthesized via hydrothermal techniques for enhanced photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight. Physio-chemical characterization using UV–Vis, XRD, PL, FESEM, and XPS techniques revealed a pure anatase structure with small crystallite sizes (10–15 nm) forming porous spheres. Copper doping induced a decrease in photoluminescence intensity, suggesting improved electron–hole pair separation. Among the samples, CT-2 exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving efficient hydrogen generation (1860 µmol/g/h) and degradation of cationic (methylene blue degradation of 94% in 75 min) and anionic (Congo red degradation of 97% in 14 min) dye under sunlight. However, higher Cu concentrations led to diminished photocatalytic activity, likely due to increased charge trapping and recombination. This study underscores the crucial impact of fine-tuned copper doping concentrations within the TiO2 lattice, highlighting their crucial contribution to enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial processes with the greatest negative impact on the environment are caused by textile industries due to discharge of large volumes of colored wastewater contaminated with dyes and other chemical additives. These pollutants cause damages to the ecosystems. In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were used for the removal of pollutants emerging from textile industries. The MgO NPs were synthesized by an eco-friendly approach using stabilizer, Saccharum officinarum. The MgO nanoparticles underwent characterization through UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The surface neutrality of them was determined by PH at point of zero charge PH(pzc). Furthermore, MgO NPs have been used to remove pollutants from textile waste water by photocatalytic degradation and adsorption process simultaneously. A statistical approach employing the Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) was utilized to develop an experimental model for the efficient removal of pollutant through the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherm models, namely Freundlich and Langmuir, were applied to determine feasibility of adsorption process. A pseudo second order kinetic model was used to determine adsorption kinetics of dye removal by MgO NPs. The adsorption isotherms were used for the adsorption equilibrium studies. According to thermodynamic studies, adsorption of dye on MgO NPs is an exothermic spontaneous process. The experimental findings indicated the higher favorability of the photodegradation process over the adsorption method for the removal of Basic violet 1 (BV1) dye. The MgO nanoparticles show favourable efficacy at optimal values of [pH about 7.5], [BV1 dye concentration was 20 mg/L], [amount of nanoparticles was 0.01 g], [ultrasonication time was 8 min] and [photo irradiation time was 240 min]. The removal was observed to be 90.00 % by adsorption process and 99.05 % via photocatalytic method for the removal of BV1 dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the development of a novel self-cleaning nanofiltration membrane for the efficient removal of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from industrial wastewater. The membrane is composed of vinyl resin (VR), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and titanium alpha aluminate (TAAL) nanoparticles. The TAAL loading ranged from 1 to 5 wt%, the pH varied from 5 to 10, and the initial MB concentration ranged from 10 to 50 ppm. Using a dead-end filtration system, the (VR/CNF@TAAL) membrane with 5 wt% TAAL at pH 10 demonstrated excellent performances. It achieved a remarkable 98.6% removal efficiency for 30 ppm MB dye, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 125.8 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics analysis revealed that the process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism. The rate constant was determined to be 1.2732 × 10–3 g mg−1 min−1. The Freundlich isotherm model provided a better fit (R2 = 0.996) than the Langmuir model, suggesting multilayer adsorption on the nanocomposite membrane surface. In addition to its high adsorption and filtration capabilities, the (VR/CNF@TAAL) nanocomposite membrane exhibited cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness as an adsorbent for MB removal from industrial wastewater. The membrane's self-cleaning property further contributes to sustainability by reducing the need for additional chemical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research is being carried out on the degradation of water pollutants using various strategies to overcome the global water crisis. In the present study, xerogels as a better alternative is utilized to metal oxides for the photocatalytic degradation of toxic water pollutants such as dyes. Xerogels of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) are synthesized using phytic acid as a dopant as well as cross‐linker in the weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 via simple chemical oxidative polymerization. The synthesized xerogels are analyzed for their spectral, morphological, thermal, and optical properties using FTIR, UV–vis, XRD, SEM, and TGA techniques. The xerogels are also tested for their photocatalytic activity against textile dyes – Methylene Blue (MB), Alizarin Red S, (ARS), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Methyl Orange (MO). Among all the composite xerogels, PANI/PPy‐2/1 showed excellent degradation efficiency of 91% for MB dye, 88% for RhB dye, 96% for ARS dye, and 92% for MO dye respectively. The composite PANI/PPy xerogels showed better degradation efficiency than their pristine counterparts. The fragments of the degraded dyes are examined using the LCMS technique and a tentative dye degradation mechanism is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has accelerated the habitat loss and fragmentation of wildlife. Dye plants of “Fengxiang dyeing” are important indigenous natural resources for traditional printing and dyeing craft in southwest China, is of practical and cultural importance for dozens of ethnic minorities. However, lack of the spatial distribution information of these plants has hampered holistic and efficient conservation management measures. We analyzed the potentially suitable areas of four dye plants (Liquidambar formosana, Strobilanthes cusia, Persicaria tinctoria and Indigofera tinctoria) necessary for “Fengxiang dyeing” based on their geographical distribution sites under different climatic situations using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results showed that temperature, precipitation and elevation were the most important factors affecting the suitable geographical areas of the four dye plants. Under the current climate conditions, the overlapping suitable habitat areas of the four plants were mainly in the four southern provinces of China, including Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan. L. formosana was used as the base plant for combination with the other three plants under the two future climate scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585), and the overlapping suitable habitat areas of the obtained seven combination patterns were considered suitable for potential craft development. Five patterns showed an increase, while two patterns showed a decreasing trend with the increasing carbon emission. The prediction results showed that the overlapping suitable habitat center of the four plants will gradually move to the northeast, indicating that the overlapping suitable habitat area and craft distribution area will be changed. These results provide the basis for understanding the spatial distribution pattern changes of dye plants caused by climate change and establishing measures for protecting and developing printing and dyeing craft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of monometallic (Ag and Cu) and bimetallic (AgCu) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into ZnO NPs and their photocatalytic performance. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement were employed to analyze the structural characteristics, revealing the formation of a hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO and cubic phases of Ag and Cu within the metal-decorated NPs. Scanning electron microscopy provided visual evidence of the spherical morphology, with an average particle size of 50 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful deposition of Ag, Cu, and AgCu NPs onto the ZnO surface. The photocatalytic efficiency of the NPs was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm under sunlight irradiation. Under UV light, the bimetallic AgCu/ZnO system exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a degradation rate of about 95% with 10% AgCu/ZnO. Conversely, under sunlight illumination, the monometallic Cu/ZnO and Ag/ZnO NPs exhibited outstanding photocatalytic properties, with degradation rates of about 99 and 98%, respectively. These findings underscore the influence of the light source on photocatalytic performance as well as the significance of the plasmonic effects and charge-transfer mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair dyeing is widely performed around the world. Chemical and thermal burns can result from the components present in brightening and coloring products, as well as the application process. We present a case of a chemical burn after applying hair dye and review the literature on similar cases, the composition of hair dyes, their mechanism of action, and the process of burns. The patient was a 17-year-old girl, who presented to the Dermatology Clinic with a 13 × 10 cm ulcer on the scalp after hair dyeing in a hairdressing salon. General and local treatment was applied, with particular emphasis on specialized dressings. The ulcer site was replaced by an area of scarring after 11 months of treatment. Based on the presented case and the review of the literature, we conclude that hair dye treatments warrant careful attention for potential scalp complications. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach demands a multidisciplinary effort, with ongoing patient–doctor cooperation throughout the treatment, which may complicate and span several months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flame spray pyrolysis is a novel fast-process for producing functional metal oxides. However, these functional nanomaterials are challenged with poor recyclability in water treatment from pollutants such as dyes. Herein, Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles were produced by flame spray pyrolysis and spun together with eco-friendly cellulose acetate polymer into nanofiber membrane via electrospinning technique. The results reveal that cellulose acetate (CA) has good interaction with the particles, leading to reduced band gap, retardation of fast recombination of carriers and good electron transportation on the surface of the nanofiber membrane. The Bi 2 O 3 /CA nanofiber membrane records similar photocatalytic performance to that of flame-made Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles, that is about 95% dye degradation at 90 min, which was far better than CA and Bi 2 O 3 /polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes. The electron spin resonance test and free radical scavenger test reveal that abundant hydroxyl radicals serve as the most active species that enhance photocatalytic degradation of dye on Bi 2 O 3 /CA nanofiber membrane. The flexible Bi 2 O 3 /CA nanofiber membrane also demonstrates easy recyclability after several runs with no significant decline in performance. This study pins the effectiveness of using eco-friendly cellulose acetate in obtaining inorganic-organic composite to concurrently achieve good photocatalytic performance and recyclability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, cesium lead halide perovskites such as CsPb 2 Br 5 and CsPbBr 3 have drawn the attention of researchers because of their unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. To improve the photo and/or chemical performance of such CsPb 2 Br 5 (termed as CPB hereafter), we have realized multiple facile routes for its combination with UV-active TiO 2 nanoparticles. Resultantly developed binary nanocomposites of TiO 2 , CPB perovskites and TiO 2 /CPB-nanocomposite (TiO 2 /CPB-NC) offered a meaningful photochemical contrast between pseudo-successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (p -SILAR) and electrostatic self-assembly methods for targeting photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes under solar irradiation and resulted significant performance as reactant for oxygen evolution (OER) as revealed by extensive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In parallel to extensive material-based characterization using SEM, XRD, and UV Vis. etc, the study was further extended to the theoretical investigation of the structure of CsPb 2 Br 5 , and antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). RhB degradation of TiO 2 increased from 13% to 58% by deposition of CPB, in parallel to 100% inhition zone growth. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the color effects of novel Fe 2 O 3 /flake α-Al 2 O 3 pearlescent pigments prepared with different Fe salts and colorant dosages were investigated. First, Fe 2 O 3 /flake α-Al 2 O 3 pearlescent pigments with hexagonal flakes were successfully prepared by liquid-phase deposition. Second, the color effects of these pearlescent pigments were systematically investigated by changing the Fe salt and its dosage. The surface morphology, elemental distribution, and phase structures of the pigments were comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry. The results show that the color intensity of the pigments is affected by the Fe salt and its dosage. In addition, pigments prepared from different Fe salts show different colors. The color of the pigments was found to gradually deepen with increasing colorant dosage, and the pearlescent pigments obtained showed rich color effects. Therefore, different colors can be obtained by varying the colorants and their dosage, and this in turn enables the controllable preparation of different colors. Finally, the possible formation mechanism of the color effects was considered. Due to the different hydrolysis ability of the different colorants, the amount of Fe(OH) 3 generated by hydrolysis is different for each; thus, different coating ratios are obtained, resulting in different color effects. The results of this study provide a strong reference for the preparation of high-end pearlescent pigments and the modulation of their colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient photogenerated carriers separation is the key factor in enhancing the activity of photocatalysts to solve environmental pollution problems. The internal polarized electric fields in polar materials most likely provide a more direct and stronger driving force for photogenerated carriers separation. Here, we investigate polar ε -Cd(IO 3) 2 (CIO) with two different morphologies as an efficient photocatalyst for the photodegradation of antibiotics and dyes. According to the theoretical calculation of the ratios of m h */ m e * along three different crystal axis directions, the photogenerated carrier separation efficiency along the c -axis direction is the largest, which matches the direction of the polarized electric field in the crystal. The internal polarized electric field promotes the separation of photogenerated carriers, leading to a high transfer efficiency of the catalyst. Moreover, photodegradation experiments demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of CIO-1 is approximately 3 times that of TiO 2 P25. This study provides some insights that might aid the development of polar photocatalysts with superior performance. • ε -Cd(IO 3) 2 exhibits a excellent activity to photodegrade both antibiotics and organic dyes. • Residual dipole moment in ε -Cd(IO 3) 2 promotes separation rate of photogenerated carriers. • The polarization electric field in ε -Cd(IO 3) 2 is parallel to the c -axis direction. • Small m e * value along the c direction results in a high carrier mobility. • Large m h */ m e * ratio along the c direction results in efficient carrier separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ modification of cellulose fibers with titania nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) (TiO2 NPs-cellulose) was carried out via the sol–gel process using titania sol and fibers of cellulose. Cellulose fibers were extracted from wheat straw, an agricultural waste material, whereas titania sol was prepared from titanium(IV) acetoximate, [Ti{ONC(CH3)2}4]. The synthesized TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite was characterized by FT-IR, SEM–EDX, and XRD analyses. The obtained results exposed that TiO2 NPs were homogeneously dispersed over the surface of cellulose fibers. A study was conducted to compare the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite and TiO2 NPs towards the degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes under sunlight, and it was observed that the photo-degradation of methylene blue (99.99%) and methyl orange (80.73%) within 160 min is higher in the presence of TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite than TiO2 NPs. The adsorption capabilities of TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite towards Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ toxic metal ions were also examined, and it was found 44.73 mg. g−1 (89.46%), 38.82 mg. g−1 (77.65%), and 4.42 mg. g−1 (8.85%), respectively. Removal of pollutants from textile industrial effluent were also investigated using TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite under sun light. The results obtained were very promising which shows potential of TiO2 NPs-cellulose composite as an efficient photocatalyst and absorbent for real time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, Zn/Al carbonate layered double hydroxide (ZAC-LDH) and its derived material on calcination were synthesized for removing the anionic azo dye Congo red (CR) from wastewater. Numerous factors were methodically investigated, including temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH, starting Dye Concentration (DC), and contact time. The CR elimination percentage dropped as the initial DC increased from 25 mg/L to 100 mg/L at 30 °C for uncalcined LDH, and from 97.96% to 89.25% for calcined LDH. The pH analysis indicates that the highest level of dye removal was recorded within the acidic pH range through the electrostatic attraction mechanism. The sorption kinetics analysis results demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a stronger fit to both uncalcined LDH and CZA-LDH, with the maximum correlation coefficient value. The Van't Hoff plots indicate the spontaneous nature of the physisorption process with a negative ΔG° (<−20 kJ/mol), while the endothermic adsorption process exhibited a positive ΔH°. The X-ray diffraction of calcined LDH reveals a significant intercalation of CR dye molecules, both prior to and following adsorption, showcasing a distinctive memory effect. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) gas sorption measurements were performed to support the mesoporous nature of ZAC-LDH and CZA-LDH. The FTIR spectrum confirms the interaction of dye molecules on the surface of uncalcined and calcined LDH. These findings emphasize the efficacy of both the synthesized LDHs in removing CR dye, with CZA-LDH demonstrating superior efficiency compared to uncalcined LDH in the context of CR removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major source in the research on Baltic cultural history (Latvia, Estonia), including studies dedicated to the clothing of local inhabitants, are the drawings and descriptions of Johann Christoph Brotze (1742–1823), which date back to the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. They contain references to dyes and dyeing methods used by local peasants. The information recorded by J. C. Brotze, although fragmentary, is valuable because researchers lack documentary sources about the dyeing methods used in the 18th century in the territory of present-day Latvia. Additional research yields more extensive information about the contents of the descriptions. The current article will describe the experimental method that enabled the establishment of the specific dyeing technique, which, using Bixa orellana L., was employed to obtain the particular orange color referred to in the descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the synthesis, characterization, and application of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles for the removal of acid blue 113 and malachite green dyes from aqueous media. Utilizing the combustion procedure, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using two different fuels: L-alanine (CFA) and L-valine (CFV). Besides, the synthesized CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were characterized through some tools, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). XRD analysis verified the creation of a CuFe2O4 cubic spinel structure without any contaminants, revealing average crystallite sizes of 26.37 and 17.65 nm for the CFA and CFV samples, respectively. The FTIR spectra exhibited peaks indicative of metal-oxygen bond stretching, verifying the presence of a spinel formation. Elemental analysis via EDX confirmed the stoichiometric composition typical of copper ferrite. In addition, FE-SEM displayed that the CFA and CFV samples are composed of particles with spherical and irregular shapes, measuring average diameters of 188.35 and 132.78 nm, respectively. The maximum adsorption capabilities of the CFA and CFV samples towards acid blue 113 dyes are 281.69 and 297.62 mg/g, respectively. Also, the maximum adsorption capabilities of the CFA and CFV products towards malachite green dye are 280.11 and 294.99 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic and equilibrium studies revealed that the adsorption process of acid blue 113 and malachite green dyes onto the CFA and CFV samples followed the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was physical, spontaneous, and exothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the near-surface dispersion mechanisms of contaminants in coastal waters, leveraging a comprehensive method that includes using dye and drifters as tracers, coupled with diverse observational platforms like drones, satellites, in situ sampling, and HF radar. The aim is to deepen our understanding of surface currents' impact on contaminant dispersion, thereby improving predictive models for managing environmental incidents such as pollutant releases. Rhodamine WT dye, chosen for its significant fluorescent properties and detectability, along with drifter data, allowed us to investigate the dynamics of near-surface physical phenomena such as the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and wind-driven currents. Our research emphasizes the importance of integrating scalar tracers and Lagrangian markers in experimental designs, revealing differential dispersion behaviors due to near-surface vertical shear caused by the Ekman current and Stokes drift. During slow-current conditions, the elongation direction of the dye patch aligned well with the direction of a depth-averaged Ekman spiral, or Ekman transport. Analytical calculations of vertical shear, based on the Ekman current and Stokes drift, closely matched those derived from tracer observations. Over a 7 h experiment, the vertical diffusivity near the surface was first observed at the early stages of scalar mixing, with a value of 1.9 × 10 − 4   m 2 / s , and the horizontal eddy diffusivity of the dye patch and drifters reached the order of 1 m 2 / s at a 1000 m length scale. Particle tracking models demonstrate that while HF radar currents can effectively predict the trajectories of tracers near the surface, incorporating near-surface currents, including the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and windage, is essential for a more accurate prediction of the fate of surface floats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the ability of old, immobilized fresh, and free fresh green microalgae (a Bracteacoccus sp.) to remove methyl orange (MO) dye from aqueous solutions. The effects of four factors, including initial MO concentration (5–25 mg L−1), adsorbent dose (0.02–0.10 g mL−1), temperature (4–36 °C), and contact time (5–95 min), were examined. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to determine the number of required experiments and the optimal conditions expected to provide the highest removal percentage of MO dye from aqueous solutions. The experimental data were applied to four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Temkin isotherm models) and three kinetic models (pseudo–first–order, pseudo–second–order, and Elovich kinetic models). The results indicate that the highest removal of MO (97%) could be obtained in optimal conditions consisting of an initial MO concentration of 10.0 mg L−1, an adsorbent dose of 0.10 g mL−1, a temperature of 20 °C, and a contact time of 75 min. Moreover, the experimental data were best fitted by the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models and followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The interaction between MO and the Bracteacoccus sp. was confirmed by UV and ESI/MS analyses, indicating that MO removal occurred via both sorption and degradation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular surface staining for assessing corneal and conjunctival epithelium integrity is typically conducted using fluorescein, lissamine green, or rose Bengal dyes. Recently, a novel vital dye, REmark®, based on riboflavin, has been proposed for ocular surface examination. In the management of corneal and ocular surface diseases (OSD), the use of contact lenses is integral to therapeutic strategies. This study explores the compatibility of REmark® with four different types of disposable or bi-weekly soft contact lenses. Morphological variations observed under stereomicroscopy and ultraviolet (UV) ray transmittance in the visible spectrum (VIS) were evaluated at 2 and 4 h post-immersion of the contact lenses in both the original fluid and the new dye. The findings indicate no significant differences between the group treated with the original liquid and those immersed in REmark®, except for a yellow hue observed in the latter group, which dissipates after 8 h in physiological solution. This study highlights the potential of utilizing the new vital dye for ophthalmologic examinations even in the presence of applied soft contact lenses, offering a promising avenue for improved diagnostic practices and patient comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosensitizers cause oxidative damages in various biological systems under light. In this study, the method for analyzing photosensitizing activity of various dietary and medicinal sources was developed using 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (thiazolyl blue formazan; MTT-F) as a probe. Significant and quantitative decolorization of MTT-F was observed in the presence of photosensitizers used in this study under light but not under dark conditions. The decolorization of MTT-F occurred irradiation time-, light intensity-, and photosensitizer concentration-dependently. The decolorized MTT-F was reversibly reduced by living cells; the LC-MS/MS results indicated the formation of oxidized products with −1 m/z of base peak from MTT-F, suggesting that MTT-F decolorized by photosensitizers was its corresponding tetrazolium. The present results indicate that MTT-F is a reliable probe for the quantitative analysis of photosensitizing activities, and the MTT-F-based method can be an useful tool for screening and evaluating photosensitizing properties of various compounds used in many industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) have many limitations in diagnosing prediabetes. Glycated albumin (GA) estimation can be a potential tool for its early diagnosis. The present study aims to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of GA to identify prediabetes. Methods: Prediabetics (n = 406) and healthy (n = 406) subjects were included. OGTT was used as the diagnostic standard for identifying prediabetes. HbA1c was estimated in a Bio-Rad D-10 analyzer based on the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. GA was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and was expressed as a percent of total albumin. Total albumin was measured by the modified bromocresol Purple (BCP) dye-binding method in Siemen's autoanalyzer. Results: HbA1c (5.83 ± 0.57%) and GA (14.43 ± 1.92%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the prediabetics as compared to healthy individuals. Both HbA1c and GA showed a significantly positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose. However, the correlation was stronger with 2-h plasma glucose for both parameters. GA and HbA1c also showed a significant positive correlation with each other. HbA1c, at 5.7% cut-off, predicted prediabetes with 74% sensitivity and 90% specificity. At the cut-off of 13.5%, GA showed 66% sensitivity and 85% specificity to identify pre-diabetes. The sensitivity of the combined tests was significantly greater than that for HbA1c alone (84% combined versus 74% HbA1c). Conclusion: GA, combined with HbA1c, can be used as a screening test for identifying pre-diabetes. Early diagnosis and interventions could prevent disease progression and limit dreadful complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well crystalline Ag/CdO nanocomposite has been synthesized via the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) route. The Ag/CdO nanocomposite has been characterized in term of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity of the as-synthesized nanocomposite was obtained by using XRD technique. The crystallite size of the nanocomposite was calculated by the Scherrer equation and was found to be 47 nm. The surface morphology was obtained by FESEM spectroscopy. The particles appear to be porous in nature and wool-like morphology was obtained. Raman band at about 278 cm − 1 is because of the combination of transverse acoustic and optical phonon modes of cadmium oxide (CdO). Further, the Ag/CdO nanocomposite was used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye. Results revealed that the photocatalytic activity of Ag/CdO nanocomposite for the degradation of MO dye increases with increasing the amount of photocatalyst. The rate constant, k values for 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg of photocatalyst were 0.83, 2.21 × 10 − 3 min − 1 and 3.81 × 10 − 3 min − 1 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterless dyeing of polyamide 6.6 using scCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) was investigated. PA (polyamide) fibers can be dyed with various dyes, including disperse dyes. The conventional aqueous dyeing process uses large amounts of water and produces polluted water. Considering these environmental issues, waterless dyeing of fibers is a forefront issue, and utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a commercially viable technology for waterless dyeing. This study tested PA6.6 (polyamide 6.6) dyeing in scCO2 at 100 °C 220 bar pressure for 45 min. Color measurements and color fastness tests were performed, as well as tensile strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. PA6.6 fabrics yielded higher K/S (color strength, the Kubelka–Munk equation) values with larger molecular weight dye and almost the same color strength with medium and small-sized dyes, demonstrating the ability of dyeing in a supercritical environment without water as a more environmentally friendly dyeing option compared to conventional dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of acid blue 129 (AB 129) dye-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin film with different dye concentrations using Z-scan technique. The experimental technique consists of a continuous wave laser with 5 mW power working at 635 nm wavelength. The normalized transmittance curve suggests that the dye-doped polymer film exhibits a self-defocusing nonlinear index of refraction and a large nonlinear absorption coefficient ascribed to the behaviour of reverse saturable absorption. The order of third-order NLO susceptibility of the sample is estimated to be 10‒5 esu. The dye-doped polymer films show a low-limiting threshold of 0.15 kW cm–2 at 0.04 mM dye concentration and believed that the prepared thin film is a suitable candidate for application in optical limiting. The self-diffraction pattern is observed at far-field and estimated the nonlinear refractive index of the thin film using this technique. The results of the nonlinear refractive index of the sample obtained from the self-diffraction method are comparable with Z-scan results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of anthraquinone dye (disperse blue 14)-doped polymer film using a facile Z-scan technique. The Z-scan studies were carried out using a semiconductor diode laser with a constant power output of 5 mW at a wavelength of 635 nm as the source of excitation. The Z-scan technique consists of closed and open aperture methods, which revealed the self-defocusing and reverse saturable absorption mechanisms based optical nonlinearity. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) of dye-doped polymer film was estimated to be in the order of 10–5 esu. Optical limiting (OL) behaviour of the polymer film with different dye concentrations was performed under the same experimental conditions and found to be a low OL threshold of 1.45 × 102 W cm–2 at 0.04 mM dye concentration. Self-diffraction ring pattern of the polymer film was also noticed in the far field. The overall results found that the dye-doped polymer film is a potential material for photonics and optoelectronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]