11 results on '"D. Louvat"'
Search Results
2. The IAEA standards for the radioactive discharge control: Present status and future development
- Author
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D. Louvat, T. Cabianca, C. Robinson, Mikhail Balonov, and G. Linsley
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Member states ,Control (management) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Safety standards ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Environmental modeling ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Work (electrical) ,Radiological weapon ,medicine ,Medical physics ,Radiation protection ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
As part of its functions, the IAEA periodically reviews the status and continued relevance of the safety standards to the needs of its Member States. Recent work is described on the development of standards for the radioactive discharge control including the development of practical guidance for setting discharge limits, the elaboration of a methodology for the radiation protection of non-human species, and the preparation of guidance on environmental modeling and monitoring for radiation protection purposes. The development of the IAEA safety documents is influenced both by the new ICRP recommendations and feedback from practical experience of application of existing standards. Recent international and regional tendencies, to reduce radioactive discharges below levels justified by radiological criteria are discussed.
- Published
- 2005
3. Cartographie des dépôts de137Cs en mai 1986 sur l'ensemble du territoire français métropolitain
- Author
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Jean-Michel Métivier, Ph. Renaud, E. Castelier, Laurent Pourcelot, and D. Louvat
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Geography ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,13. Climate action ,European commission ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Humanities ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
(Manuscrit i-qu le 1 i fei’rirr 2003, occ.epi‘: Ir 19 .septembre 2003) 17 ans apres l’accident de Tchernobyl, cette etude propose une reconstitution des depots de 137Cs dus a cet accident sur l’ensemble du territoire fran ais metropolitain. Cette reconstitution est basee sur la relation entre les depots de ‘”CS et les pluies de la premiere semaine de mai 1986, validee sur le tiers-est du pays, et sur une modelisation de l’appauvrissement d’est en ouest des masses d’air contaminees. La carte proposee, etablie suivant la meme methode geostatistique que celle utilisee par la Commission europeenne, est coherente avec les estimations des depots de ‘37Cs dans les pays d’Europe voisins. I3’Cs deposition mapping in May 1986 over the whole French metropolitan territory. This study intends to reconstruct the I3’Cs deposition over the French territory resulting from the Chernohyl accident, 17 years after its occurrence. This reconstruction b based on the caesium fallout versus atmospheric precipitation relationship during the first week of May 1986, already determined for the Eastern France and the modelling of air masses radioactive load decreaie toward West. The deposition map is ohtained following the methodology used for the European Commission Atlas. Our map is consistent with estimated deposit over neighhouring countries.
- Published
- 2004
4. Les retombées de l'accident de Tchernobyl en France : analyse critique des mesures effectuées à l'époque sur le territoire national et enseignements pour la gestion de crise
- Author
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Ph. Renaud and D. Louvat
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Political science ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,010501 environmental sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Humanities ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Dix sept ans apres l'accident de Tchernobyl, toutes les donnees de mesure de la radioactivite dans l'environnement faites a l'epoque par les differents services de l'Etat ont ete collationnees et validees. Ces donnees etaient appropriees pour evaluer dans des delais satisfaisants, les consequences des retombees de cet accident pour la grande majorite de la population francaise. En revanche, elles ne permettaient pas, du fait de l'absence de prise en compte de l'importance des precipitations, d'evaluer la contamination des produits alimentaires locaux dans les regions de l'Est de la France ou les depots ont ete tres superieurs aux moyennes. Ainsi, la capacite de mesure mobilisee a la suite de cet accident n'a pu etre focalisee sur des productions sensibles telles que les laits de brebis et de chevre en Corse dont la consommation a pu conduire a des doses a la thyroide des enfants significativement superieures aux moyennes estimees pour l'Est de la France. Aujourd'hui, l'experience de l'IRSN permettrait de mieux optimiser l'utilisation des moyens de mesures et de mieux assimiler les donnees produites. Toutefois cette optimisation ne pourra etre complete sans que soit conduite l'analyse prealable de la sensibilite radioecologique des differentes composantes geographiques du territoire francais qui doit guider toute strategie d'echantillonnage.
- Published
- 2003
5. Influence des retombées de l'accident de Tchernobyl sur l'activité en137Cs du vin des côtes du Rhône
- Author
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E. Barker, C. Colle, Ph. Renaud, and D. Louvat
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Art ,040401 food science ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,13. Climate action ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Humanities ,media_common - Abstract
Avec des depots de 137 Cs depassant quelquefois 20 000 Bq m-2 , certains coteaux de la vallee du Rhone ont ete assez fortement touches par les retombees de l'accident de Tchernobyl. C'est le cas a Cornas (Ardeche) pres de Valence et a Vinsobres (Vaucluse) au nord de Vaison-la-Romaine. La vigne occupe dans ces regions l'essentiel des surfaces agricoles, pour la production d'un vin repute. Cette etude montre que les consequences des retombees de l'accident de Tchernobyl pour les vins de la vallee du Rhone ont ete visibles mais tres faibles. L'activite en 137 Cs du vin produit en 1986 n'a pas atteint 1 Bq/l. Ces consequences tres limitees sont dues a la date des depots qui sont intervenus debut mai 1986, alors que les vignes developpaient a peine leurs premieres feuilles. Depuis 1986, l'activite en 137 Cs du vin a fortement decru jusqu'a revenir en 2000 a un niveau proche de celle d'avant l'accident : quelques millibecquerels par litre. Le cesium ajoute aux sols, dans des proportions pourtant importantes, se trouve essentiellement dans les 20 premiers centimetres et est peu disponible pour les racines de la vigne.
- Published
- 2003
6. Radioactivité d'origine naturelle dans l'environnement en France : niveaux non perturbés par l'homme
- Author
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G. Pigree, Ph. Picat, T. Bourcier, J. L. Matray, C. Santucci, T. de Bruyne, F. Vray, D. Calmet, N. Lemaitre, G. Linden, D. Louvat, J. L. Tillie, N. Cabanne, P. Beguinel, F. Levy, A. de Paepe, J. Y. Hervé, Pierre Barbey, E. Panaïva, D. Delacroix, T. Prot, S. Le Bar, and Yves Baron
- Subjects
Light nucleus ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Philosophy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nuclear facilities ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Humanities ,Natural radioactivity - Abstract
Quelles sont les valeurs qui caracterisent sur le territoire francais les rayonnements ionisants et les radionucleides d'origine naturelle ? Comment distinguer dans le resultat d'une mesure la part qui resulte eventuellement d'une activite humaine ? Afin d'essayer de repondre a ces questions, un questionnaire a ete adresse aux differents organismes qui effectuent en France des mesures de radioactivite dans l'environnement. Les informations mentionnees dans cette etude se rapportent exclusivement a des observations faites dans l'environnement a l'exterieur des bâtiments et du perimetre des installations nucleaires de base (INB). En outre, elles ne concernent, sauf cas particuliers signales, que des mesures de rayonnements ou de radioelements d'origine naturelle dont les resultats n'ont pas ete perturbes par l'action de l'homme. L'enquete montre la difficulte actuelle de dresser en France un bilan exhaustif des connaissances acquises concernant les caracteristiques du bruit de fond radioactif d'origine naturelle dans l'environnement. Aujourd'hui en France, dans le domaine de la radioactivite naturelle, les efforts consentis manquent de coordination et d'orientation vers certaines priorites. A ce titre, les mesures des 238 U et 232 Th precurseurs des 226 Ra et 228 Ra, des descendants solides emetteurs alpha du radon (par la mesure des EAP du 222 Rn et 220 Rn), des emetteurs gamma post emanation (214 Pb, 214 Bi, 212 Pb), du 210 Pb, 210 Po et du 14 C doivent etre privilegiees.
- Published
- 2002
7. Uncertainties of the transfer of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems
- Author
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D. Louvat, C. Rommens, B. Crabol, Philippe Renaud, and F. Vray
- Subjects
Radionuclide ,Meteorology ,Operations research ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Confidence interval ,Nuclear facilities ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Transfer (computing) ,Log-normal distribution ,Environmental science ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Uncertainty analysis ,La Hague site - Abstract
The Nord-Cotentin radioecological study was conducted in different stages. First, an assessment tool was developed and implemented to estimate the number of leukaemia radio-induced by the operation of nuclear facilities of the La Hague site (Nord-Cotentin region, France). Then, an uncertainty analysis was initiated to verify if the confidence intervals around the best estimate previously calculated allows to confirm the low impact of the nuclear facilities. The modelling of the terrestrial ecosystems was especially studied because of the paucity of results of measurements. That is also why the methodology built to reconstruct the statistical laws for each parameter of the model mixes the bibliographic knowledge and exploitation of a national database of environmental measurements. The application of this methodology for up to forty parameters shows that the possibility of fitting an accurate distribution such as a normal or a lognormal law is strongly linked with the availability and the number of measured data.
- Published
- 2002
8. Origins and levels of artificial radionuclides within the Rhône river waters (France) for the last forty years: Towards an evaluation of the radioecological sensitivy of river systems
- Author
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Jean-Michel Métivier, Frédérique Eyrolle, D. Louvat, B. Rolland, Laboratoire d'étude radioécologique du milieu continental et marin (LERCM), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Intervention, International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Laboratoire de Modélisation Environnementale (DEI/SECRE/LME), and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)
- Subjects
Watershed ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Nuclear power plants ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Drainage basin ,Aquatic system ,010501 environmental sciences ,Structural basin ,01 natural sciences ,Western Mediterranean Sea ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Sediments ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mediterranean sea ,Nuclear reactors ,Radioecological sensitivity ,Rivers ,Radioactive wastes ,Artificial radionuclides ,Chronological series ,Marine ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Hydrology ,Radioisotopes ,Radionuclide ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Liquid radioactive wastes ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Radioactive waste ,6. Clean water ,Sensitivity factors ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,13. Climate action ,Atmospheric fallout ,Nuclear fuels ,Environmental science ,Catchments - Abstract
The Rhône watershed extends over almost one hundred thousands square kilometers, i.e. one fifth of the metropolitan French territory. The Rhône is the major River entering the Western Mediterranean Sea as it generates the main source of sediments and freshwater (50%) to the sea, with an average water discharge of 1700 m3 s-1. The River input affects primary production significantly in the north-western Mediterranean area and plays a leading role on the marine ecosystem functioning in the whole Gulf of Lion. Almost twenty nuclear reactors are situated along the Rhône valley, representing Europe's biggest concentration of nuclear power plants. Down flow all these installations the spent fuel reprocessing plant of Marcoule released over many years most of the liquid radioactive wastes including plutonium isotopes in the Rhône river. Artificial radionuclides also originate from the weathering of the catchment basin labeled by both the global and the Chernobyl accident atmospheric fallout. These radioactive inputs have led to a permanent contamination of the Rhône river waters. Long-term chronological series of artificial radionuclide activities within the waters at the lower reaches of the Rhône river were acquired from 1979 to 2002. These data give evidence for various radioecological responses of the aquatic system over years. Based on these observations several major radioecological sensitivity factors for river waters are identified. © 2005 EDP Sciences.
- Published
- 2005
9. Plutonium isotopes in the lower reaches of the River Rhône over the period 1945-2000: fluxes towards the Mediterranean Sea and sedimentary inventories.
- Author
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Eyrolle F, Charmasson S, and Louvat D
- Subjects
- Disasters, Environmental Monitoring, France, History, 20th Century, Mediterranean Sea, Rivers, Water Movements, Water Supply, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Plutonium analysis, Plutonium history, Radioactive Fallout analysis, Radioactive Fallout history, Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis, Water Pollutants, Radioactive history
- Abstract
Plutonium isotopes in the Rhône River originate from both the weathering of the catchment basin contaminated by global atmospheric fallout, and the liquid effluents released from the Marcoule reprocessing plant since 1961. Due to a new treatment process applied to the liquid effluents, a decrease of two orders of magnitude in the industrial plutonium discharged into the River Rhône has been registered from 1991. Today, 238Pu industrial inputs to the River Rhône are still about 10 times higher than those derived from global fallout, while 239+240Pu inputs from industrial and global fallout sources are of similar importance, i.e. 1 GBq y(-1). Our results indicate that the river sedimentary compartment act either as a sink or a delayed-source term of plutonium for the freshwaters depending on the hydraulic regime and flood events. This compartment may then represent an important industrial delayed-source term for the River Rhône freshwaters in the coming years as the Marcoule reprocessing plant is being dismantled. These results were obtained from samples collected from the lower course of the River Rhône over the 1987-1998 period and analysed for 238Pu and 239+240Pu activities. Both river sedimentary inventories of plutonium isotopes and effective outputs from the River Rhône towards the Gulf of Lions have been estimated for each year over the 1945-2000 period. Regarding 239+240Pu, the sedimentary inventory accumulated since 1945 is estimated to be 172+/-35 GBq. If mobile, this amount represents a significant delayed-source term of plutonium on the scale of the Rhône watershed.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Formation of radioactivity enriched soils in mountain areas.
- Author
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Pourcelot L, Louvat D, Gauthier-Lafaye F, and Stille P
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- Altitude, Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Lead Radioisotopes analysis, Plant Leaves, Poaceae, Ukraine, Power Plants, Radioactive Fallout, Radioactive Hazard Release, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
- Abstract
A field study was carried out in the Mercantour Mountains at 2200 m altitude to investigate the processes of soil enrichment in atmospheric Chernobyl (137)Cs. Soils with high (137)Cs activities have been collected in the pasture areas with frequently measured (137)Cs activity values of the order of 7000 Bq m(-2). At some single spots (about 6% of the studied area), activity in soils reached 300000 Bq m(-2), which represents 44% of the (137)Cs of the total area. Data further showed that spatial distribution of Cs depends widely on its origin: Chernobyl Cs is mainly concentrated in "enriched" soils, whereas older Cs and (241)Am fallout from nuclear weapons tests (NWTs) and natural atmospheric (210)Pb in soils is less heterogeneously distributed. In order to elucidate the processes which have led to the enrichment in Chernobyl (137)Cs in the Alps in May of 1986, we have studied the repartition of atmospheric (7)Be isotope (half-life=53.3 d) in the pasture compartments (soil, litter, grass, and snow). Snow (7)Be data give evidence that fallout enrichment is related to snow accumulation (snow drift). The transfer of beryllium occurs rapidly to the grass and litter, where the strongest pollutant accumulations were measured. However, (7)Be transport to the soil required more than 8 months.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Long-term flux of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs from soil to French rivers: a study on sediment and biological indicators.
- Author
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Vray F, Debayle C, and Louvat D
- Subjects
- Bryopsida, Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Half-Life, Kinetics, Plants, Ukraine, Power Plants, Radioactive Fallout analysis, Radioactive Hazard Release, Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
- Abstract
Sediment and aquatic plants were collected annually since the early 1990s in the main French rivers, upstream of nuclear power plants. These time series were used in order to assess the parameters of a compartmental model describing the Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs flux from soil to rivers. In order to reduce the dispersal of (137)Cs measured activities in sediment samples due to the granulometric heterogeneity, a correction method was set up using sediment test-fractions artificially enriched with specific diameter particles. The method was based on (137)Cs affinity for fine particles, especially clays, and thus clay and fine silt contents of each sample was analysed. Corrected sediment data showed (1) that the method efficiently reduced the variability; and (2) that (137)Cs activities in French rivers decreased with a half-life of 4 to 6 years since 1987 (after correction by radioactive decay). A similar half-life value was obtained for aquatic plants pointing out that this half-life is related to the gradual decay of the flux from soil to rivers, not to the indicator itself. Comparing our results with similar ones published by other authors, it appeared possible that this kinetic varies with the time period over which the study is conducted, the longer the period the lower is the kinetic.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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