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The article is devoted to topical issues of ensuring measures for restoration of agricultural land. The article notes that in recent years there has been a further deterioration in the quality of agricultural land. It is emphasized that the aggravation of the crisis phenomena regarding the current state of land is largely due to the hostilities in the country. The article analyses new types of soil degradation that have become widespread as a result of Russian military aggression. The article focuses on the fact that agricultural land is subject to the greatest degradation compared to other categories of land. It is established that there are preliminary and basic legal measures for land restoration. It is substantiated that preliminary land restoration measures include: application of mineral fertilisers, bio-fertilisers; washing of saline soils, their irrigation; planting of trees, sowing of herbaceous plants. Attention is paid to the introduction of crop rotation, which is an important measure for restoring agricultural land. The article also examines the responsibilities of land owners and users in the field of land restoration. Based on the results of the analysis of legislation, it is proved that the main organisational and legal measures for the restoration of agricultural land are as follows: reclamation of disturbed lands, conservation of degraded, low-productive and technogenically polluted lands, and land reclamation of lands with disturbed water regime. It is stated that the implementation of the above measures has received proper legal support. The author highlights the considerations that today land restoration measures are being implemented, which have not received proper legal support. The author examines the peculiarities of implementation of bioremediation (divided into two types: biostimulation and bioaugmentation), phytoremediation based on the use of properties of certain plant species, and de toxification of contaminated land. The author makes proposals for improving land legislation by legislating such land restoration measures as bioremediation, phytoremediation, land detoxificatio n and environmental requirements for their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenols, such as bisphenol A and its analogs, which include bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, and tetramethyl bisphenol F, are chemical contaminants commonly found in food that raise serious health concerns. These xenobiotics can potentially have harmful effects on human health. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in metabolizing and neutralizing these substances, which is essential for their detoxification and elimination. Probiotic supplementation has been studied for its ability to modulate the gut microbiota's composition and function, enhancing detoxification processes. Next-Generation Probiotics (NGPs) may exhibit better properties than traditional strains and are designed for targeted action on specific conditions, such as obesity. By modulating inflammatory responses and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, they can significantly improve host health. Research on NGPs' ability to neutralize obesogenic bisphenols remains limited, but their potential makes this a promising area for future exploration. This review aims to understand the mechanisms of the chemical transformation of bisphenol through its interactions with the gut microbiota and the role of probiotics, particularly NGPs, in these processes. Understanding the interplay between bisphenols, gut microbiota, and NGPs may pave the way for strategies to counteract the negative health effects associated with daily and chronic exposure to bisphenols, which is crucial for food safety and consumer health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast that inhabit the digestive tract of humans are known to detoxify xenobiotics, including acrylamide (AA). The objective of the subsequent research was to evaluate the AA-detoxification capability of LAB and yeast isolated from various sources. Namely, the effect of AA was tested on the growth of LAB and yeast strains, as well in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Subsequently, the AA-binding ability of LAB and yeast was investigated in various environments, including the pH, incubation temperature, cell density, and with inanimate cells. The ability of selected LAB and yeast to reduce the genotoxicity of AA was tested on Caco-2 and Hep-G2 cell lines. The results showed that all tested strains exhibited strong resistance to AA at concentrations of 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL. Also, AA was detected in the intracellular and membrane extracts of tested strains. The most effective binding strain was Pediococcus acidilactici 16 at pH = 5, cell density = 109 CFU/mL, and incubation temperature = 37 °C (87.6% of AA removed). Additionally, all tested strains reduced the genotoxicity of AA, with the greatest reduction observed at the highest concentration of 50 µg/mL. The phenomena of detoxification by potentially probiotic strains could reduce the toxic and harmful effects of AA exposure to humans every day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) continue to infiltrate aquatic environments, the resulting health risks to exposed aquatic organisms are becoming evident. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are integral to the detoxification processes in these species. Herein, we conducted a genomic analysis of CYPs in Daphnia magna, encompassing phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and chromosomal localization. We identified twenty-six CYPs in D. magna, categorizing them into four clans and seven families, distributed across six chromosomes and one unanchored scaffold. The encoded CYP proteins varied in length from 99 to 585 amino acids, with molecular weights ranging from 11.6 kDa to 66.4 kDa. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of CYP4C1.4, CYP4C1.5, CYP4C1.6, CYP4c3.3, and CYP4c3.6 in D. magna exposed to 150 mg/L nCeO2 for 24 h. The transcript levels of CYP4C1.3, CYP18a1, CYP4C1.1, and CYP4c3.9 were notably downregulated in D. magna exposed to 10 mg/L nCeO2 for 48 h. A further transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression patterns of eight CYP genes, including CYP4C1.3, in response to nCeO2 exposure. The differential regulation observed across most of the 26 CYPs highlights their potential role in xenobiotic detoxification in D. magna, thereby enhancing our understanding of CYP-mediated toxicological responses to metal nanoparticles in aquatic invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent carbon cathode (SCC) is one of the major hazardous solid wastes generated during the overhaul of electrolysis cells in the aluminum production process. SCC is not only rich in carbon resources but also contains soluble fluoride and cyanide, which gives it both recycling value and significant leaching toxicity. In this study, we explore the properties, emissions, and disposal strategies for SCC. Pyrometallurgy involves processes such as vacuum distillation, molten salt roasting, and high-temperature roasting. Hydrometallurgy describes various methods used to separate valuable components from leachate and prepare products. Collaborative disposal plays a positive role in treating SCC alongside other solid wastes. High-value utilization provides an approach to make full use of high-purity carbon-based materials. Finally, we analyze and summarize future prospects for the disposal of SCC. This study aims to contribute to the large-scale treatment and resource utilization of SCC while promoting circular economy principles and green development initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, organophosphate compounds (OPs) can quickly cause severe injury to the nervous system and death, making it extremely difficult to rescue victims after OP exposure. However, it is quite challenging to construct scavengers that neutralize and eliminate these harmful chemical agents promptly in the blood circulation system. Herein, we report an enzyme-armed biomimetic nanoparticle that enables a 'targeted binding and catalytic degradation' action mechanism designed for highly efficient in vivo detoxification (denoted as 'Nanocleaner'). Specifically, the resulting Nanocleaner is fabricated with polymeric cores camouflaged with a modified red blood cell membrane (RBC membrane) that is inserted with the organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) enzyme. In such a subtle construct, Nanocleaner inherits abundant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on the surface of the RBC membrane, which can specifically lure and neutralize OPs through biological binding. The OPH enzyme on the membrane surface breaks down toxicants catalytically. The in vitro protective effects of Nanocleaner against methyl paraoxon (MPO)-induced inhibition of AChE activity were validated using both preincubation and competitive regimens. Furthermore, we selected the PC12 neuroendocrine cell line as an experimental model and confirmed the cytoprotective effects of Nanocleaner against MPO. In mice challenged with a lethal dose of MPO, Nanocleaner significantly reduces clinical signs of intoxication, rescues AChE activity and promotes the survival rate of mice challenged with lethal MPO. Overall, these results suggest considerable promise of enzyme-armed Nanocleaner for the highly efficient removal of OPs for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) poses a significant environmental challenge and health concern in olive-producing countries, including Jordan. Surfactant micelles are frequently employed as solubilizing agents to enhance the water solubility of chemical compounds. This study aims to leverage the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in a multi-step process to detoxify OMW for agricultural and industrial uses and reduce its impact. The OMW was treated in multiple steps: screening, coagulation with different chemicals, and distillation with different surfactants. The treatment steps were monitored using LC–MS, GC–MS, ICP–MS, chemical oxygen demand contents, and total phenolic compounds. The detoxification of OMW was evaluated using standard germination assays, MTT assays using tissue culture, and toxicity assays using fluorescence bacteria. Following the treatment, the seed growth rate improved significantly from 0% to 100%. The GC–MS revealed a substantial decrease in pollutants. The concentration of polyphenols was reduced to 2.5%, while the COD level decreased to 35%. The toxicity in bacteria was significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner, and the toxicity in human cells decreased by 95%. Additionally, between 50% and 95% of metals in OMW were removed. The multi-step SDS-based approach successfully detoxified the OMW and enhanced water quality, which would pave the road for its direct application in industry and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant defence mechanisms, including physical barriers like toughened bark and chemical defences like allelochemicals, are essential for protecting them against pests. Trees allocate non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to produce secondary metabolites like monoterpenes, which increase during biotic stress to fend off pests like the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, ESBB (Ips typographus). Despite these defences, the ESBB infests Norway spruce, causing significant ecological damage by exploiting weakened trees and using pheromones for aggregation. However, the mechanism of sensing and resistance towards host allelochemicals in ESBB is poorly understood. We hypothesised that the exposure of ESBB to spruce allelochemicals, especially monoterpenes, leads to an upsurge in the important detoxification genes like P450s, GSTs, UGTs, and transporters, and at the same time, genes responsible for development must be compromised. The current study demonstrates that exposure to monoterpenes like R-limonene and sabiene effectively elevated detoxification enzyme activities. The differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed 294 differentially expressed (DE) detoxification genes in response to R-limonene and 426 DE detoxification genes in response to sabiene treatments, with 209 common genes between the treatments. Amongst these, genes from the cytochrome P450 family 4 and 6 genes (CP4 and CP6), esterases, glutathione S-transferases family 1 (GSTT1), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B genes (UDB), and glucose synthesis-related dehydrogenases were highly upregulated. We further validated 19 genes using RT-qPCR. Additionally, we observed similar high expression levels of detoxification genes across different monoterpene treatments, including myrcene and α-pinene, suggesting a conserved detoxification mechanism in ESBB, which demands further investigation. These findings highlight the potential for molecular target-based beetle management strategies targeting these key detoxification genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTSes) are highly toxic hazards regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States. The trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water formed during the TNT purification process consists mainly of DNTSes. Certain plants, including switchgrass, reed and alfalfa, can detoxify low concentrations of DNTS in TNT red water‐contaminated soils. However, the precise mechanism by which these plants detoxify DNTS remains unknown. In order to aid in the development of phytoremediation resources with high DNTS removal rates, we identified and characterized 1‐hydroxymethyl‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (HMDNBS) and its glycosylated product HMDNBS O‐glucoside as the degradation products of 2,4‐DNT‐3‐SO3Na, the major isoform of DNTS in TNT red water‐contaminated soils, in switchgrass via LC–MS/MS‐ and NMR‐based metabolite analyses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 15 UDP‐glycosyltransferase genes were dramatically upregulated in switchgrass plants following 2,4‐DNT‐3‐SO3Na treatment. We expressed, purified and assayed the activity of recombinant UGT proteins in vitro and identified PvUGT96C10 as the enzyme responsible for the glycosylation of HMDNBS in switchgrass. Overexpression of PvUGT96C10 in switchgrass significantly alleviated 2,4‐DNT‐3‐SO3Na‐induced plant growth inhibition. Notably, PvUGT96C10‐overexpressing transgenic switchgrass plants removed 83.1% of 2,4‐DNT‐3‐SO3Na in liquid medium after 28 days, representing a 3.2‐fold higher removal rate than that of control plants. This work clarifies the DNTS detoxification mechanism in plants for the first time, suggesting that PvUGT96C10 is crucial for DNTS degradation. Our results indicate that PvUGT96C10‐overexpressing plants may hold great potential for the phytoremediation of TNT red water‐contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely aggressive behavior, as the special pattern, is rare in most species and characteristic as contestants severely injured or killed ending the combat. Current studies of extreme aggression are mainly from the perspectives of behavioral ecology and evolution, while lacked the aspects of molecular evolutionary biology. Here, a high-quality chromosome-level genome of the parasitoid Anastatus disparis was provided, in which the males exhibit extreme mate-competition aggression. The integrated multiomics analysis highlighted that neurotransmitter dopamine overexpression, energy metabolism (especially from lipid), and antibacterial activity are likely major aspects of evolutionary formation and adaptation for extreme aggression in A. disparis. Conclusively, our study provided new perspectives for molecular evolutionary studies of extreme aggression as well as a valuable genomic resource in Hymenoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, organophosphate compounds (OPs) can quickly cause severe injury to the nervous system and death, making it extremely difficult to rescue victims after OP exposure. However, it is quite challenging to construct scavengers that neutralize and eliminate these harmful chemical agents promptly in the blood circulation system. Herein, we report an enzyme-armed biomimetic nanoparticle that enables a ‘targeted binding and catalytic degradation’ action mechanism designed for highly efficient in vivo detoxification (denoted as ‘Nanocleaner’). Specifically, the resulting Nanocleaner is fabricated with polymeric cores camouflaged with a modified red blood cell membrane (RBC membrane) that is inserted with the organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) enzyme. In such a subtle construct, Nanocleaner inherits abundant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on the surface of the RBC membrane, which can specifically lure and neutralize OPs through biological binding. The OPH enzyme on the membrane surface breaks down toxicants catalytically. The in vitro protective effects of Nanocleaner against methyl paraoxon (MPO)-induced inhibition of AChE activity were validated using both preincubation and competitive regimens. Furthermore, we selected the PC12 neuroendocrine cell line as an experimental model and confirmed the cytoprotective effects of Nanocleaner against MPO. In mice challenged with a lethal dose of MPO, Nanocleaner significantly reduces clinical signs of intoxication, rescues AChE activity and promotes the survival rate of mice challenged with lethal MPO. Overall, these results suggest considerable promise of enzyme-armed Nanocleaner for the highly efficient removal of OPs for clinical treatment.

ABSTRACTHarmful substances like the cyanotoxin microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) are commonly found in eutrophic freshwater environments, posing risks to aquatic organisms. The water flea, Daphnia, is a well-established model organism for environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, there is currently insufficient research on the genes that respond to MC-LR in Daphnia galeata. This study aimed to gain insights into the notable genes that react significantly to MC-LR. In this study, we generated an extensive RNA-Seq sequences isolated from the D. galeata HK strain, Han River in Korea. This strain was nourished with a diet of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris and treated with pure MC-LR at a concentration of 36 ug/L. The transcriptome profile in response to the MC-LR treatment was obtained and 336 differentially expressed genes were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and euKaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins analyses. GO enrichment analysis showed that chemical stimulus, amino sugar metabolic and catabolic process, oxidative stress, and detoxification were highly enriched, in reverse, proteolysis and fucosylation were underpresented. Detoxification process related genes such as peroxidase-like, chorion, and thyroid peroxidase-like were enriched for eliminating or neutralizing MC_LR from an organism's body. Furthermore, functional protein classification revealed an upregulation of lipid and inorganic ion transport processes, while amino acid and carbohydrate transport processes were found to be downregulated. These findings offer insights into how organisms respond to ecotoxic stimuli, providing valuable information for understanding adaptation or defense pathways.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of detoxification from prescription opioids on the quality of life (QoL) and pain levels among patients reliant on these medications for chronic pain management. Objective: Long-term use of opioids for pain management may lead to a range of adverse effects, including tolerance, dependence, significant societal costs, and a decline in overall quality of life (QoL). Despite these challenges, there is a limited amount of research focusing on the effects of detoxification and its impact on the QoL for patients with chronic pain tolerant to prescription opioids. Methods: This prospective study included 45 patients who underwent elective detoxification from prescription opioids. Prescription opioids were discontinued during the detoxification treatment in 44 of the 45 cases. QoL was monitored using SF-36v2™ questionnaires administered before detoxification, on the day of discharge, and at least six months after detoxification. Pain levels were assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores before and after the detoxification process. Results: The study was fully completed by 30 patients. At the third SF-36v2™ evaluation, 25 out of 30 patients (83.3%) reported the detoxification treatment as beneficial to their overall health status compared to that before the treatment, and SF-36v2™ questionnaires after detoxification were significantly higher than before the treatment (p < 0.001). A decreased pain level right after the detoxification was reported by 44 of the 45 patients (97.7%), with a significant average reduction of 4.51 points observed (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The observed enhancement in QoL, significant reduction in pain, and cessation of opioid use in most patients with chronic pain tolerant to prescription opioids following opioid detoxification indicate that this method of treatment can be safely and effectively administered and must be considered for chronic pain patients.

Abstract Redox imbalance is reported to play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, cancer development, and drug resistance. Severe oxidative damage is a general consequence of cancer cell responses to treatment and may cause cancer cell death or severe adverse effects. To maintain their longevity, cancer cells can rescue redox balance and enter a state of resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, targeting redox signalling pathways has emerged as an attractive and prospective strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and decreasing their adverse effects. Over the past few decades, natural products (NPs) have become an invaluable source for developing new anticancer drugs due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that many NPs exhibit remarkable antitumour effects, whether used alone or as adjuvants, and are emerging as effective approaches to enhance sensitivity and decrease the adverse effects of conventional cancer therapies by regulating redox balance. Among them are several novel anticancer drugs based on NPs that have entered clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the synergistic anticancer effects and related redox mechanisms of the combination of NPs with conventional anticancer drugs. We believe that NPs targeting redox regulation will represent promising novel candidates and provide prospects for cancer treatment in the future. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most potent mediators of inflammation. In swine husbandry, weaning is associated with LPS-induced intestinal inflammation, resulting in decreased growth rates due to malabsorption of nutrients by the inflamed gut. A potential strategy to treat LPS-mediated disease is administering intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). The latter can detoxify lipid A, the toxic component of LPS, by removal of phosphate groups. Currently, 183 LPS O-serotypes from E. coli have been described, however, comparative experiments to elucidate functional differences between LPS serotypes are scarce. In addition, these functional differences might affect the efficacy of LPS detoxifying enzymes. Here, we evaluated the ability of four LPS serotypes (O26:B6, O55:B5, O111:B4 and O127:B8) derived from Escherichia coli to trigger the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by porcine PBMCs. We also tested the ability of three commercially available IAPs to detoxify these LPS serotypes. The results show that LPS serotypes differ in their ability to trigger cytokine secretion by immune cells, especially at lower concentrations. Moreover, IAPs displayed a different detoxification efficiency of the tested serotypes. Together, this study sheds light on the impact of LPS structure on the detoxification by IAPs. Further research is however needed to elucidate the LPS serotype-specific effects and their implications for the development of novel treatment options to alleviate LPS-induced gut inflammation in weaned piglets.

Abstract Solanine (SOL) and chaconine (CHA) are glycoalkaloids (GAs) produced mainly by Solanum plants. These plant secondary metabolites affect insect metabolism; thus, they have the potential to be applied as natural plant protection products. However, it is not known which GA concentration induces physiological changes in animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of SOL and CHA in the larvae of Tenebrio molitor using LC‒MS to assess how quickly they are eliminated or metabolised. In this experiment, the beetles were injected with 2 μL of 10−5 M SOL or CHA solution, which corresponds to a dosage range of 0.12–0.14 ng/mg body mass. Then, 0.5, 1.5, 8, and 24 h after GA application, the haemolymph (H), gut (G), and the remainder of the larval body (FB) were isolated. GAs were detected in all samples tested for 24 h, with the highest percentage of the amount applied in the FB, while the highest concentration was measured in the H sample. The SOL and CHA concentrations decreased in the haemolymph over time, while they did not change in other tissues. CHA had the highest elimination rate immediately after injection, while SOL slightly later. None of the GA hydrolysis products were detected in the tested samples. One possible mechanism of the detoxification of GAs may be oxidation and/or sequestration. They may be excreted by Malpighian tubules, with faeces or with cuticles during moulting. The results presented are significant because they facilitate the interpretation of studies related to the effects of toxic substances on insect metabolism.

Abstract Background Management of patients with migraine who have concomitant medication overuse (MO) or medication overuse headache (MOH) is a major problem in clinical practice. Detoxification of acute analgesics before or during initiation of prophylactic therapy has long been recommended although this concept has recently been questioned. Additionally, relapse after detoxification is a common problem. This real-world study analyses the initial and sustained effectiveness of prophylactic migraine therapy with CGRP (receptor) antibodies without prior detoxification in patients with comorbid MO or MOH for up to one year. Methods A retrospective real-world analysis was performed on 291 patients (episodic migraine (EM) with MO (EM-MO; n = 35), EM without MO (EM-noMO; n = 77), chronic migraine (CM) with MOH (CM-MOH; n = 109), CM without MOH (CM-noMOH; n = 70). All patients began treatment with either erenumab (n = 173), fremanezumab (n = 70) or galcanezumab (n = 48) without prior detoxification. Data were available for up to 12 months of treatment. Responder rates for monthly headache days (MHD), monthly migraine days (MMD) and monthly acute medication intake (AMD) were analysed. Results All groups showed a significant reduction in MHD, MMD and AMD at the last observed time point compared to baseline. In patients with CM and MOH, 60.6% (66/109) no longer fulfilled the definition of MO or MOH and a further 13.8% (15/109) had only EM-MO. In the EM cohort, 89% (31/35) of MO patients lost their MO during therapy. MHD and AMD 30% responder rates were comparable for CM-MOH and CM-noMOH (MHD: CM-MOH: 56.0% vs. CM-noMOH: 41.4%, p = 0.058, AMD: CM-MOH: 66.1% vs. CM-noMOH: 52.9%, p = 0.077). MMD responder rate did not differ significantly (after Bonferroni adjustment) (CM-MOH: 62.4% vs. CM-noMOH: 47.1%, p = 0.045, α = 0.017). After successful initiation of therapy, 15.4% of the initial CM-MOH patients relapsed and met the criterion for CM-MOH at the end of follow-up. There were no antibody specific differences in response to therapy. Conclusions Our data confirms the effectiveness of CGRP antibody treatment in migraine patients with additional MOH or MO in a real-world setting. Low relapse rates after initial successful therapy support an early start of CGRP antibody treatment in patients with MOH or MO. Trial registration No registration, retrospective analysis. Graphical Abstract

Despite the extensive application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in water treatment, the efficiency of AOPs in eliminating various emerging contaminants such as halogenated antibiotics is constrained by a number of factors. Halogen moieties exhibit strong resistance to oxidative radicals, affecting the dehalogenation and detoxification efficiencies. To address these limitations of AOPs, advanced reduction processes (ARPs) have been proposed. Herein, a novel nucleophilic reductant—namely, the carbon dioxide radical anion (CO2·−)—is introduced for the simultaneous degradation, dehalogenation, and detoxification of florfenicol (FF), a typical halogenated antibiotic. The results demonstrate that FF is completely eliminated by CO2·−, with approximately 100% of Cl− and 46% of F− released after 120 min of treatment. Simultaneous detoxification is observed, which exhibits a linear response to the release of free inorganic halogen ions (R2 = 0.97, p 75%) in degrading a series of halogenated antibiotics, including chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (THA), diclofenac (DLF), triclosan (TCS), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The system shows high tolerance to the pH of the solution and the presence of natural water constituents, and demonstrates an excellent degradation performance in actual groundwater, indicating the strong application potential of CO2·−-based ARPs in real life. Overall, this study elucidates the feasibility of CO2·− for the simultaneous degradation, dehalogenation, and detoxification of halogenated antibiotics and provides a promising method for their regulation during water or wastewater treatment.

Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural crops and vector diseases to humans and livestock. Insects are often exposed to toxic xenobiotics in the environment, both naturally occurring toxins like plant secondary metabolites and synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Because of this, insects have evolved several mechanisms of resistance to toxic xenobiotics, including sequestration, behavioral avoidance, and enzymatic degradation, and in many cases had developed symbiotic relationships with microbes that can aid in this detoxification. As research progresses, the important roles of these microbes in insect health and function have become more apparent. Bacterial symbionts that degrade plant phytotoxins allow host insects to feed on otherwise chemically defended plants. They can also confer pesticide resistance to their hosts, especially in frequently treated agricultural fields. It is important to study these interactions between insects and the toxic chemicals they are exposed to in order to further the understanding of pest insect resistance and to mitigate the negative effect of pesticides on nontarget insect species like Hymenopteran pollinators.

Kenneth E Leonard,1 Joshua J Lynch,2 Florence W Leong,3 Daniel J Kruger,2 Brian M Clemency2 1Department of Psychiatry and Clinical and Research Institute on Addiction, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; 2Department of Emergency Medicine and Clinical and Research Institute on Addiction, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; 3Clinical and Research Institute on Addiction, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USACorrespondence: Kenneth E Leonard, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA, Email Kleonard@buffalo.eduPurpose: This study compares substance use, treatment histories, and sociodemographic characteristics of patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) following a heroin overdose or seeking detoxification services for heroin and examines risk factors for a subsequent return to the ED for a substance-related problem.Methods: A convenience sample of patients presenting for an overdose or detoxification at an urban teaching ED was recruited for this study. During their ED visit, patients were interviewed regarding demographics, substance use experiences, and treatment history. Subsequently, a review of patient records for past and subsequent ED use was performed.Results: Patients requesting detox and those with an overdose were similar in terms of prior treatment. Both groups had similar extensive polysubstance histories. As a group, however, patients presenting for detox were more likely to report use of each of three substances (benzodiazepines, opioid pain medications, and heroin) more than three times per week, compared to those presenting for overdose. Detox patients had higher scores on the 3-item Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-C and the drug problems scale compared to overdose patients. Overall, 28% of the patients returned to the ED within 90 days for a drug-related issue, including 8% that returned for an overdose. Factors predictive of a return ED visit included ED visits for substance use in the previous year and recent frequent heroin use.Conclusion: Patients requesting detox were similar in most domains to those presenting following an overdose. Notably, overdose patients were less likely to use heroin more than three times per week compared to detox patients. Both groups were equally likely to return for an SUD reason within 3-months, however for both groups, previous ED visits and recent frequent heroin use predicted a return visit.Keywords: heroin, overdose, recidivism, detoxification

Abstract Hybrid thermochemical–biological processes have the potential to enhance the carbon and energy recovery from organic waste. This work aimed to assess the carbon and energy recovery potential of multifunctional processes to simultaneously sequestrate syngas and detoxify pyrolysis aqueous condensate (PAC) for short-chain carboxylates production. To evaluate relevant process parameters for mixed culture co-fermentation of syngas and PAC, two identical reactors were run under mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions at increasing PAC loading rates. Both the mesophilic and the thermophilic process recovered at least 50% of the energy in syngas and PAC into short-chain carboxylates. During the mesophilic syngas and PAC co-fermentation, methanogenesis was completely inhibited while acetate, ethanol and butyrate were the primary metabolites. Over 90% of the amplicon sequencing variants based on 16S rRNA were assigned to Clostridium sensu stricto 12. During the thermophilic process, on the other hand, Symbiobacteriales, Syntrophaceticus, Thermoanaerobacterium, Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina likely played crucial roles in aromatics degradation and methanogenesis, respectively, while Moorella thermoacetica and Methanothermobacter marburgensis were the predominant carboxydotrophs in the thermophilic process. High biomass concentrations were necessary to maintain stable process operations at high PAC loads. In a second-stage reactor, Aspergillus oryzae converted acetate, propionate and butyrate from the first stage into L-malate, confirming the successful detoxification of PAC below inhibitory levels. The highest L-malate yield was 0.26 ± 2.2 molL-malate/molcarboxylates recorded for effluent from the mesophilic process at a PAC load of 4% v/v. The results highlight the potential of multifunctional reactors where anaerobic mixed cultures perform simultaneously diverse process roles, such as carbon fixation, wastewater detoxification and carboxylates intermediate production. The recovered energy in the form of intermediate carboxylates allows for their use as substrates in subsequent fermentative stages.

Redox imbalance is reported to play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, cancer development, and drug resistance. Severe oxidative damage is a general consequence of cancer cell responses to treatment and may cause cancer cell death or severe adverse effects. To maintain their longevity, cancer cells can rescue redox balance and enter a state of resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, targeting redox signalling pathways has emerged as an attractive and prospective strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and decreasing their adverse effects. Over the past few decades, natural products (NPs) have become an invaluable source for developing new anticancer drugs due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that many NPs exhibit remarkable antitumour effects, whether used alone or as adjuvants, and are emerging as effective approaches to enhance sensitivity and decrease the adverse effects of conventional cancer therapies by regulating redox balance. Among them are several novel anticancer drugs based on NPs that have entered clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the synergistic anticancer effects and related redox mechanisms of the combination of NPs with conventional anticancer drugs. We believe that NPs targeting redox regulation will represent promising novel candidates and provide prospects for cancer treatment in the future. Highlights: An abnormal redox microenvironment plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis, development, and drug resistance of cancer. NPs can selectively act as pro-oxidants, inducing cytotoxicity in cancer cells, while also serving as antioxidants and protectors in normal cells for detoxification. NPs play a dual role in increasing the sensitivity and reversing the drug resistance of cancer cells, primarily through pro-oxidant action and, in some cases, through antioxidant action. The heterogeneities in cellular and molecular biology provide the potential basis for the diverse regulation of NPs on the redox state. The advances in novel redox-sensitive materials and clinical applications of NPs offer promising prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most potent mediators of inflammation. In swine husbandry, weaning is associated with LPS-induced intestinal inflammation, resulting in decreased growth rates due to malabsorption of nutrients by the inflamed gut. A potential strategy to treat LPS-mediated disease is administering intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). The latter can detoxify lipid A, the toxic component of LPS, by removal of phosphate groups. Currently, 183 LPS O-serotypes from E. coli have been described, however, comparative experiments to elucidate functional differences between LPS serotypes are scarce. In addition, these functional differences might affect the efficacy of LPS detoxifying enzymes. Here, we evaluated the ability of four LPS serotypes (O26:B6, O55:B5, O111:B4 and O127:B8) derived from Escherichia coli to trigger the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by porcine PBMCs. We also tested the ability of three commercially available IAPs to detoxify these LPS serotypes. The results show that LPS serotypes differ in their ability to trigger cytokine secretion by immune cells, especially at lower concentrations. Moreover, IAPs displayed a different detoxification efficiency of the tested serotypes. Together, this study sheds light on the impact of LPS structure on the detoxification by IAPs. Further research is however needed to elucidate the LPS serotype-specific effects and their implications for the development of novel treatment options to alleviate LPS-induced gut inflammation in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating accumulation of toxic wastes and biowastes constitutes a critical environmental crisis that demands immediate and effective solutions. Traditional waste treatment methods, predominantly chemical and physical, are increasingly viewed as unsustainable, burdened by high operational costs and the risk of generating secondary pollutants. Against this backdrop, bioremediation emerges as a crucial and sustainable alternative, utilizing the natural detoxifying capabilities of microorganisms. This review article focuses on the use of fungal and bacterial strategies in bioremediation, emphasizing their vital role in the degradation, stabilization, or detoxification of pollutants. We provide an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which fungi and bacteria break down various contaminants, presenting a current snapshot of the field's state of knowledge. The article highlights recent innovative advancements that improve the effectiveness and expand the applicability of bioremediation technologies. Moreover, it discusses the practical challenges of scaling these solutions to meet global environmental needs and suggests directions for future research and implementation. This synthesis not only underscores the significance of microbial bioremediation in addressing pressing environmental problems but also acts as a call to action for continued innovation in the sustainable management of hazardous wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are naturally occurring toxic metabolites produced by several fungi. Aflatoxins are responsible for contamination of animal feed and human food which in turn causes the detrimental effects which mainly includes carcinogenicity, stunted growth, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Amongst the aflatoxins, AFB1 is designated as a potent hepatocarcinogen in humans. This study is aimed to detect and detoxify different types of aflatoxins in corn grain collected from Lahore and Kasur, Pakistan. Overall samples (n=80) were collected for the determination of aflatoxins by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The samples collected from Lahore (n=40), the AFB1 was detected in 12 samples (30%) samples, and similarly from Kasur AFB1 was detected in 9 samples (22%). The concentration of AFB1 in samples ranged from 1.51 to 38.54 µg/Kg. The second phase of the study was focussed on the use of different detoxification methods. Various detoxification strategies were used to degrade AFB1 in contaminated corn i.e. physical, chemical and biological method. Maximum reduction in AFB1 level was obtained by using 20% citric acid, which reduced 38.54 µg/Kg to 18.23 µg/Kg (52.6%), mustard oil reduced 38.08 µg/Kg to 18.22 µg/Kg (52.1%) and boiling method reduced 38.54 µg/Kg to 20.91 (45.7%) in corn samples. It can be concluded from the current study that corn is highly susceptible to fungal contamination and produces AFB1 beyond permissible limits. The improvement in storage conditions and use of detoxification methods can help us reduce the fungal contamination and avoid health related risks due to presence of aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of detoxification from prescription opioids on the quality of life (QoL) and pain levels among patients reliant on these medications for chronic pain management. Objective: Long-term use of opioids for pain management may lead to a range of adverse effects, including tolerance, dependence, significant societal costs, and a decline in overall quality of life (QoL). Despite these challenges, there is a limited amount of research focusing on the effects of detoxification and its impact on the QoL for patients with chronic pain tolerant to prescription opioids. Methods: This prospective study included 45 patients who underwent elective detoxification from prescription opioids. Prescription opioids were discontinued during the detoxification treatment in 44 of the 45 cases. QoL was monitored using SF-36v2™ questionnaires administered before detoxification, on the day of discharge, and at least six months after detoxification. Pain levels were assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores before and after the detoxification process. Results: The study was fully completed by 30 patients. At the third SF-36v2™ evaluation, 25 out of 30 patients (83.3%) reported the detoxification treatment as beneficial to their overall health status compared to that before the treatment, and SF-36v2™ questionnaires after detoxification were significantly higher than before the treatment (p < 0.001). A decreased pain level right after the detoxification was reported by 44 of the 45 patients (97.7%), with a significant average reduction of 4.51 points observed (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The observed enhancement in QoL, significant reduction in pain, and cessation of opioid use in most patients with chronic pain tolerant to prescription opioids following opioid detoxification indicate that this method of treatment can be safely and effectively administered and must be considered for chronic pain patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Aspergillus section Circumdati and section Nigri across the coffee chain. OTA is nephrotoxic and is a threat to human health. This review summarizes current knowledge on how to reduce OTA concentration in coffee from farm to cup. After a brief introduction to the OTA occurrence in coffee, current good management practices are introduced. The core of this review focuses on biocontrol and microbial decontamination by lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and their associated enzymes currently reported in the literature. Special attention is given to publications closest to in vivo applications of biocontrol agents and microbial OTA adsorption or degradation agents. Finally, this review provides an opinion on which future techniques to promote within the coffee supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploitation of the symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and ryegrass is a crucial technique for reducing the incidence of insect pests. This is primarily due to the production of alkaloids, such as peramine, by the fungi. This alkaloid has been reported as both a deterrent and toxic to a variety of insects. However, insects have developed various strategies to counteract plant defenses. One of the most studied methods is their ability to sequester toxic compounds from plants. In this study, we examined the feeding preferences and adaptation to peramine in Chilesia rudis, a native Chilean larva. Using a no-choice assay, we assessed larval feeding preferences and mass gain on seven experimental lines and two commercial cultivars of endophyte-infected and non-infected ryegrass. Pupal development time and adult performance were evaluated post-assay. Additionally, we measured peramine content in larval carcasses, feces, and ryegrass leaves. Jumbo was the most preferred cultivar with 32 mm2 of leaf tissues consumed. The longest pupal development time was observed in L161 and ALTO AR1, both at 28 days. Wing length in adults was greatest in the Jumbo and L163 cultivars, measuring 1.25 cm and 1.32 cm, respectively. Peramine concentrations were detected in the bodies of C. rudis. In conclusion, this larva can adapt to endophyte-infected ryegrass and develop counter-adaptation mechanisms to mitigate the effects of peramine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Interest in large-scale rearing edible insects such as beetles, crickets, and flies has increased significantly in recent years. These insects are now used for various purposes: as food and feed, managing organic and plastic waste, detoxifying environments, producing biofuels, and even in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. These applications consist of feeding insects with waste materials that are not widely used, transforming them into valuable products like food, feed, and fertilizer. The insect's digestive system is therefore the keystone of these developing processes. Digestion is partly carried out by the insect itself and partly by gut-associated microorganisms. Their respective roles remain a needed research area, and it is now clear that the community of microorganisms can adapt, enhance, and extend the insect's ability to digest and detoxify their feed. Despite this, these species are surprisingly autonomous, with no mandatory association with microorganisms required for digestion. On the contrary, microbiota largely differ for the same species, and are mostly shaped by the host's environment and diet. This natural flexibility offers the prospect of targeting and developing novel associations between insects and microorganisms to create mass-reared strains tailored to manage specific by-products and industrial applications. The interest in edible insects' mass rearing has grown considerably in recent years, thereby highlighting the challenges of domesticating new animal species. Insects are being considered for use in the management of organic by-products from the agro-industry, synthetic by-products from the plastics industry including particular detoxification processes. The processes depend on the insect's digestive system which is based on two components: an enzymatic intrinsic cargo to the insect species and another extrinsic cargo provided by the microbial community colonizing—associated with the insect host. Advances have been made in the identification of the origin of the digestive functions observed in the midgut. It is now evident that the community of microorganisms can adapt, improve, and extend the insect's ability to digest and detoxify its food. Nevertheless, edible insect species such as Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor are surprisingly autonomous, and no obligatory symbiosis with a microorganism has yet been uncovered for digestion. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota of a given species can take on different forms, which are largely influenced by the host's environment and diet. This flexibility offers the potential for the development of novel associations between insects and microorganisms, which could result in the creation of synergies that would optimize or expand value chains for agro-industrial by-products, as well as for contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera frugiperda poses a severe threat to crops, causing substantial economic losses. The increased use of chemical pesticides has led to resistance in S. frugiperda populations. Micro ribonucleic acids (MicroRNAs or miRNAs) are pivotal in insect growth and development. This study aims to identify miRNAs across different developmental stages of S. frugiperda to explore differential expression and predict target gene functions. High-throughput sequencing of miRNAs was conducted on eggs, 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults. Bioinformatics analyses identified differentially expressed miRNAs specifically in larvae, with candidate miRNAs screened to predict target genes, particularly those involved in detoxification pathways. A total of 184 known miRNAs and 209 novel miRNAs were identified across stages. Comparative analysis revealed 54, 15, and 18 miRNAs differentially expressed in larvae, compared to egg, pupa, and adult stages, respectively. Eight miRNAs showed significant differential expression across stages, validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses predicted target genes' functions, identifying eight differentially expressed miRNAs targeting 10 gene families associated with detoxification metabolism, including P450s, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and sodium channels. These findings elucidate the species-specific miRNA profiles and regulatory mechanisms of detoxification-related genes in S. frugiperda larvae, offering insights and strategies for effectively managing this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced during the growth, storage, and transportation of crops contaminated by fungi and are physiologically toxic to humans and animals. Aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, patulin, and fumonisin are the most common mycotoxins and can cause liver and nervous system damage, immune system suppression, and produce carcinogenic effects in humans and animals that have consumed contaminated food. Physical, chemical, and biological methods are generally used to detoxify mycotoxins. Although physical methods, such as heat treatment, irradiation, and adsorption, are fast and simple, they have associated problems including incomplete detoxification, limited applicability, and cause changes in food characteristics (e.g., nutritive value, organoleptic properties, and palatability). Chemical detoxification methods, such as ammonification, ozonation, and peroxidation, pollute the environment and produce food safety risks. In contrast, bioenzymatic methods are advantageous as they achieve selective detoxification and are environmentally friendly and reusable; thus, these methods are the most promising options for the detoxification of mycotoxins. This paper reviews recent research progress on common mycotoxins and the enzymatic principles and mechanisms for their detoxification, analyzes the toxicity of the degradation products and describes the challenges faced by researchers in carrying out enzymatic detoxification. In addition, the application of enzymatic detoxification in food and feed is discussed and future directions for the development of enzymatic detoxification methods are proposed for future in-depth study of enzymatic detoxification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanine (SOL) and chaconine (CHA) are glycoalkaloids (GAs) produced mainly by Solanum plants. These plant secondary metabolites affect insect metabolism; thus, they have the potential to be applied as natural plant protection products. However, it is not known which GA concentration induces physiological changes in animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of SOL and CHA in the larvae of Tenebrio molitor using LC‒MS to assess how quickly they are eliminated or metabolised. In this experiment, the beetles were injected with 2 μL of 10−5 M SOL or CHA solution, which corresponds to a dosage range of 0.12–0.14 ng/mg body mass. Then, 0.5, 1.5, 8, and 24 h after GA application, the haemolymph (H), gut (G), and the remainder of the larval body (FB) were isolated. GAs were detected in all samples tested for 24 h, with the highest percentage of the amount applied in the FB, while the highest concentration was measured in the H sample. The SOL and CHA concentrations decreased in the haemolymph over time, while they did not change in other tissues. CHA had the highest elimination rate immediately after injection, while SOL slightly later. None of the GA hydrolysis products were detected in the tested samples. One possible mechanism of the detoxification of GAs may be oxidation and/or sequestration. They may be excreted by Malpighian tubules, with faeces or with cuticles during moulting. The results presented are significant because they facilitate the interpretation of studies related to the effects of toxic substances on insect metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase discharge of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, derived from engineered material waste, exerts a detrimental impact on both the marine ecosystem and public health. The cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on marine organisms should be imperatively understood to tackle the urgent concern for the well-being of marine life. Various concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles have proven to reach fatal levels in aquatic organisms, requiring a deeper exploration of cytotoxicity. Notably, certain benthic foraminifers, such as Ammonia veneta, have been identified as capable of incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles into vesicles. However, these organisms exhibit a detoxification mechanism through exocytosis, as indicated by previous transcriptomic inferences. This presents the advantage of assessing the tolerance of foraminifers to TiO2 nanoparticles as pollutants and investigating the long-term effects of cytotoxicity. In this study, we scrutinized the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles within cells and the growth rates of individuals in seawater media containing 1, 5, 10, and 50 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles, comparing the results with a control group over a 5-week period, utilizing A. veneta stain. Transmission electron microscopy observations consistently revealed high concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles in vesicles, and their expulsion from cells was evident even with exposure to 5 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles. Under the control and 1 ppm TiO2 conditions, foraminifers increased their cell volume by adding a calcification chamber to their tests every 1 or 2 days. However, the 5-week culturing experiments demonstrated that foraminifers gradually ceased growing under 5 ppm TiO2 nanoparticle exposure and exhibited no growth at > 10 ppm concentrations, despite an ample food supply. Consequently, these findings with A. veneta suggest that the foraminiferal detoxification system could be disrupted by concentrations exceeding 5 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles. The toxic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on meiofauna, such as benthic foraminifers, have been poorly understood, though these organisms play an important role in the marine ecosystem. Environmental accumulation of TiO2 nanoparticles on the coast has already exceeded twenty times more than foraminiferal detoxification level. Future studies focusing on toxic mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticles are crucial to prevent the breakdown of the marine ecosystem through accelerating discharge of TiO2 nanoparticles into the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming poisoned shellfish can lead to severe health problems and even death. Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Korea, and PSP is detected more in a wider area. However, the association between toxic dinoflagellates and shellfish poisoning is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the toxicity, detoxification, and compositional differences in PSP in Mytilus edulis exposed to PSP caused by A. catenella and A. pacificum. High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation was used to analyze PSP toxicity in poisoned M. edulis. PSP in M. edulis increased as the A. catenella and A. pacificum cell density increased. However, the cell density of A. catenella peaked faster than that of A. pacificum, and a high level of toxicity was detected. In the detoxification experiment, PSP in M. edulis decreased rapidly within 24 h in filtered seawater. However, PSP was continuously detected without decreasing below the detection limit until the last day of the experiment. In addition, the carbamate composition (GTX1+4) was detected as the main toxic composition in poisoned M. edulis, unlike in vegetative cells. GTX1+4 can poison shellfish quickly when toxic dinoflagellates appear in the marine environment. However, poisoned shellfish take a long time to be completely detoxified. Moreover, if shellfish continuously feed on poisonous dinoflagellates, their toxicity can increase rapidly due to biotransformation. Our results can help identify the mechanisms of shellfish toxicity and detoxification after PSP caused by toxic dinoflagellates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of patients with migraine who have concomitant medication overuse (MO) or medication overuse headache (MOH) is a major problem in clinical practice. Detoxification of acute analgesics before or during initiation of prophylactic therapy has long been recommended although this concept has recently been questioned. Additionally, relapse after detoxification is a common problem. This real-world study analyses the initial and sustained effectiveness of prophylactic migraine therapy with CGRP (receptor) antibodies without prior detoxification in patients with comorbid MO or MOH for up to one year. Methods: A retrospective real-world analysis was performed on 291 patients (episodic migraine (EM) with MO (EM-MO; n = 35), EM without MO (EM-noMO; n = 77), chronic migraine (CM) with MOH (CM-MOH; n = 109), CM without MOH (CM-noMOH; n = 70). All patients began treatment with either erenumab (n = 173), fremanezumab (n = 70) or galcanezumab (n = 48) without prior detoxification. Data were available for up to 12 months of treatment. Responder rates for monthly headache days (MHD), monthly migraine days (MMD) and monthly acute medication intake (AMD) were analysed. Results: All groups showed a significant reduction in MHD, MMD and AMD at the last observed time point compared to baseline. In patients with CM and MOH, 60.6% (66/109) no longer fulfilled the definition of MO or MOH and a further 13.8% (15/109) had only EM-MO. In the EM cohort, 89% (31/35) of MO patients lost their MO during therapy. MHD and AMD 30% responder rates were comparable for CM-MOH and CM-noMOH (MHD: CM-MOH: 56.0% vs. CM-noMOH: 41.4%, p = 0.058, AMD: CM-MOH: 66.1% vs. CM-noMOH: 52.9%, p = 0.077). MMD responder rate did not differ significantly (after Bonferroni adjustment) (CM-MOH: 62.4% vs. CM-noMOH: 47.1%, p = 0.045, α = 0.017). After successful initiation of therapy, 15.4% of the initial CM-MOH patients relapsed and met the criterion for CM-MOH at the end of follow-up. There were no antibody specific differences in response to therapy. Conclusions: Our data confirms the effectiveness of CGRP antibody treatment in migraine patients with additional MOH or MO in a real-world setting. Low relapse rates after initial successful therapy support an early start of CGRP antibody treatment in patients with MOH or MO. Trial registration: No registration, retrospective analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant and a bioaccumulative toxin that seriously affects the environment. Though increasing information has been obtained on the mechanisms involved in mercury toxicity, there is still a knowledge gap between the adverse effects and action mechanisms, especially at the molecular level. In the current study, we screened a diploid library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-gene deletion mutants to identify the nonessential genes associated with increased sensitivity to mercury ions. By genome-scale screening, we identified 64 yeast single-gene deletion mutants. These genes are involved in metabolism, transcription, antioxidant activity, cellular transport, transport facilitation, transport routes, and the cell cycle, as well as in protein synthesis, folding, modification, and protein destination. The concentration of mercury ions was different in the cells of yeast deletion mutants. Moreover, the disruption of antioxidant systems may play a key role in the mercurial toxic effects. The related functions of sensitive genes and signal pathways were further analyzed using bioinformatics-related technologies. Among 64 sensitive genes, 37 genes have human homologous analogs. Our results may provide a meaningful reference for understanding the action mode, cellular detoxification, and molecular regulation mechanisms of mercury toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In many regions of the world, foraging bees encounter an environment with an inadequate supply of nutrients compared with the colonies' demands, as well as exposure to pesticides used to combat plant pests and diseases, including fungicides which historically were considered innocuous for bees. The use of pesticide mixtures can increase the risk for bees, especially when limited foraging leads to nutritional deficiencies. In our study, we compared the effects of the commercial fungicides bixafen, prothioconazole, and trifloxistrobin, alone and in combination, on foraging honey bees that were collected from colonies with supplemented or restricted food availability. For this purpose, we assessed the expression of health-related genes, including antioxidant genes (SOD-1, CAT, and GPX-1), detoxification genes (GST-1 and CYP306A1), the storage protein gene vitellogenin, and immune system antimicrobial peptide genes (defensin-1, abaecin, hymenoptaecin, and apidaecin) using real-time PCR. All three fungicides caused alterations in the expression of these genes, especially the mixture with the three active ingredients, both in bees from colonies with supplemented feeding and those from colonies subjected to food restriction. The effect of fungicide exposure on gene expression was dependent on bees' nutritional status, which suggests that adequate nutrition can help counteract the effects of fungicides on bees. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether alterations in food availability compromise the metabolic homeostasis of honey bees exposed to three fungicides alone or together. Ten honey bee colonies were used, with half receiving carbohydrate-protein supplementation for 15 weeks while another five colonies had their protein supply reduced with pollen traps. Subsequently, forager bees were collected and exposed by contact to 1 or 7 µg of bixafen, prothioconazole, or trifloxystrobin, either individually or in combination. After 48 h, bee abdomens without the intestine were used for the analysis of expression of antioxidant genes (SOD-1, CAT, and GPX-1), detoxification genes (GST-1 and CYP306A1), the storage protein gene vitellogenin, and immune system antimicrobial peptide genes (defensin-1, abaecin, hymenoptaecin, and apidaecin), through real-time PCR. All fungicide treatments induced changes in gene expression, with bixafen showing the most prominent upregulation. Exposure to 1 µg of each of the three pesticides resulted in upregulation of genes associated with detoxification and nutrition processes, and downregulation of immune system genes. When the three pesticides were combined at a dose of 7 µg each, there was a pronounced downregulation of all genes. Food availability in the colonies affected the impact of fungicides on the expression of the studied genes in forager bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol has been identified as a renewable product with high potential for application as biofuel. On the other hand, high volumes of agri‐food residues are generated daily. Such residues have potential as raw materials for industrial bioethanol production. There is a significant advance in the synthesis of biofuels from fruit and vegetable residues; however, most of the studies are focused on the conversion of a single type of raw material, limiting the application of the synthesis routes. This work presents a conversion methodology to produce bioethanol from carrot and broccoli residues and from their mixture; the samples of vegetable wastes has been collected in the municipality of Guanajuato, Mexico. Using the 1H NMR technique, the characteristic signals of bioethanol are identified. On the other hand, using the UV–VIS spectrophotometry technique, a maximum of 25.63 mg of total sugar content has been determined for the mixture. Likewise, a maximum bioethanol concentration of 60.6 g/L is obtained. From a refractometry and HPLC study, a conversion to bioethanol of 34.8% is determined for the mixture of residues. This work analyses the potential of broccoli and carrot residues for bioethanol production, either as isolated or as mixed wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent trend of global warming poses a significant threat to ecosystems worldwide. This global climate change has also impacted the pollution levels in aquatic ecosystems, subsequently affecting human health. To address these issues, an experiment was conducted to investigate the mitigating effects of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress (As+NH3+T). Fe-NPs were biologically synthesized using fish waste and incorporated into feed formulations at 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 diet. A total of 12 treatments were designed in triplicate following a completely randomized design involving 540 fish. Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet notably reduced the cortisol levels in fish exposed to multiple stressors. The gene expressions of HSP 70, DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), and DNA damage were upregulated by stressors (As+NH3+T) and downregulated by Fe-NPs. Apoptotic genes (Cas 3a and 3b) and detoxifying genes (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish subjected to As+NH3+T stress. Immune-related genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFa), immunoglobulin (Ig), and interleukin (IL) were upregulated by Fe-NPs, indicating enhanced immunity in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Conversely, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was notably downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15mg kg-1 diet in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Immunological attributes such as nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish, regardless of stressors. The antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) were also strengthened by Fe-NPs in fish. Genes associated with growth performance, such as growth hormone regulator (GHR1 and GHRb), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1X and IGF 2X), were upregulated, enhancing fish growth under stress, while SMT and MYST were downregulated by Fe-NPs in the diet. Various growth performance indicators were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet. Notably, Fe-NPs also enhanced arsenic detoxification and reduced the cumulative mortality after a bacterial infection. In conclusion, this study highlights that dietary Fe-NPs can effectively mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress by modulating gene expression in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid thermochemical–biological processes have the potential to enhance the carbon and energy recovery from organic waste. This work aimed to assess the carbon and energy recovery potential of multifunctional processes to simultaneously sequestrate syngas and detoxify pyrolysis aqueous condensate (PAC) for short-chain carboxylates production. To evaluate relevant process parameters for mixed culture co-fermentation of syngas and PAC, two identical reactors were run under mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions at increasing PAC loading rates. Both the mesophilic and the thermophilic process recovered at least 50% of the energy in syngas and PAC into short-chain carboxylates. During the mesophilic syngas and PAC co-fermentation, methanogenesis was completely inhibited while acetate, ethanol and butyrate were the primary metabolites. Over 90% of the amplicon sequencing variants based on 16S rRNA were assigned to Clostridium sensu stricto 12. During the thermophilic process, on the other hand, Symbiobacteriales, Syntrophaceticus, Thermoanaerobacterium, Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina likely played crucial roles in aromatics degradation and methanogenesis, respectively, while Moorella thermoacetica and Methanothermobacter marburgensis were the predominant carboxydotrophs in the thermophilic process. High biomass concentrations were necessary to maintain stable process operations at high PAC loads. In a second-stage reactor, Aspergillus oryzae converted acetate, propionate and butyrate from the first stage into L-malate, confirming the successful detoxification of PAC below inhibitory levels. The highest L-malate yield was 0.26 ± 2.2 molL-malate/molcarboxylates recorded for effluent from the mesophilic process at a PAC load of 4% v/v. The results highlight the potential of multifunctional reactors where anaerobic mixed cultures perform simultaneously diverse process roles, such as carbon fixation, wastewater detoxification and carboxylates intermediate production. The recovered energy in the form of intermediate carboxylates allows for their use as substrates in subsequent fermentative stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural crops and vector diseases to humans and livestock. Insects are often exposed to toxic xenobiotics in the environment, both naturally occurring toxins like plant secondary metabolites and synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Because of this, insects have evolved several mechanisms of resistance to toxic xenobiotics, including sequestration, behavioral avoidance, and enzymatic degradation, and in many cases had developed symbiotic relationships with microbes that can aid in this detoxification. As research progresses, the important roles of these microbes in insect health and function have become more apparent. Bacterial symbionts that degrade plant phytotoxins allow host insects to feed on otherwise chemically defended plants. They can also confer pesticide resistance to their hosts, especially in frequently treated agricultural fields. It is important to study these interactions between insects and the toxic chemicals they are exposed to in order to further the understanding of pest insect resistance and to mitigate the negative effect of pesticides on nontarget insect species like Hymenopteran pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides play a crucial role in agricultural production by preventing diseases and pests and ensuring food yield. However, the irrational use of pesticides can lead to numerous issues that compromise crop quality and counteract the original intentions of their application. Therefore, it is necessary to identify more effective methods to counteract pesticide stress. Here we review the impacts of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides on plants and the measures taken to reduce pesticide residues on plants. We have found that despite the substantial differences in the mechanisms of action of the aforementioned three types of pesticides, the adverse effects they inflict on plants are similar, and at certain dosages, they can severely constrain plant growth and disrupt physiological functions. Also, most current research on using exogenous growth regulators to alleviate pesticide stress still focuses on photosynthesis, the antioxidant system, three-stage detoxification, and secondary metabolites, neglecting the search for genes that respond to pesticide stress. We believe that by combining biological protection with post-harvest treatment techniques and exploring potential genes that are responsive to pesticide stress, a better strategy for dealing with pesticide stress can be found, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the ability of some metal-resistant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to remove cadmium in order to highlight the importance of probiotic LAB in the detoxification of these pollutants at the level of the digestive tract or in fermented foods. Infant feces samples were used to isolate Cd-resistant LAB, they were screened using the spread plate technique on agar media after being supplemented with cadmium at an initial concentration of 50 mg.L-1. In this research, out of 106 isolates tested for Cdresistance, 11 isolates were selected based on their high capacity to grow in presence of cadmium. After which they were tested for their ability to resist different heavy metals and for probiotic properties. The study was completed using the isolate E1T1 identified as Enterococcus durans based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, which showed the highest cadmium (MIC 600 mg.L-1) and other heavy metals resistance capacity and better probiotic properties. The selected isolate presented strong adhesion ability to epithelial cells, good antibacterial activity, and was non-hemolytic. Furthermore, it had excellent cadmium removal efficiencies, with rates of 65.94% and 28.78% after 96 hours in living and dead cells, respectively. E. durans E1T1 had also high cadmium accumulation efficiencies, with an estimated value of 11.47 mg Cd.g-1 of cells (wet weight). According to the findings from the study, the Cd-resistant E. durans E1T1 may be employed as a promising probiotic isolate for removing cadmium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in grains and grain-derived products, inducing adverse health effects in both animals and humans. The in-field application of microorganisms to degrade and detoxify ZEN is a promising strategy to enhance the safety of food and feed. In this study, we investigated the potential of three actinobacterial strains to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro and in planta on wheat ears. The residual ZEN concentration and toxicity in the samples were analysed with UHPLC-MS/MS and a bioluminescence BLYES assay, respectively. Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 could completely degrade and detoxify 5 mg/L ZEN in LB broth within 24 h, along with significant reductions in ZEN concentration both in a minimal medium (MM) and on wheat ears. Additionally, it was the only strain that showed a significant colonisation of these ears. Rhodococcus sp. R25614 exhibited partial but significant degradation in LB broth and MM, whereas Streptomyces sp. LMG16995 degraded and detoxified ZEN in LB broth after 72 h by 39% and 33%, respectively. Although all three actinobacterial strains demonstrated the metabolic capability to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro, only S. rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 showed promising potential to mitigate ZEN in planta. This distinction underscores the importance of incorporating in planta screening assays for assessing the potential of mycotoxin-biotransforming microorganisms as biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects have developed sophisticated detoxification systems to protect them from plant secondary metabolites while feeding on plants to obtain necessary nutrients. As an important enzyme in the system, glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) conjugates toxic compounds to mitigate their harm to insects. However, the evolutionary link between GT1s and insect plant feeding remains elusive. In this study, we explored the evolution of GT1s across different insect orders and feeding niches using publicly available insect genomes. GT1 is widely present in insect species; however, its gene number differs among insect orders. Notably, plant-sap-feeding species have the highest GT1 gene numbers, whereas blood-feeding species display the lowest. GT1s appear to be associated with insect adaptations to different plant substrates in different orders, while the shift to non-plant feeding is related to several losses of GT1s. Most large gene numbers are likely the consequence of tandem duplications showing variations in collinearity among insect orders. These results reveal the potential relationships between the evolution of GT1s and insect adaptation to plant feeding, facilitating our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insect–plant interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel approach for reducing mercury content in fish meat during post‐packaging storage is developed to extend the margin of their safe consumption. It involves employing a single‐component aqueous medium containing cysteine, as the active agent responsible for displacing mercury from fish proteins and its stabilization in the medium without the need for pH adjustments. The mercury removal efficiency depends on the cysteine concentration and its ratio to fish muscle. Using 1.2 wt% cysteine enables a reduction of mercury in canned Albacore tuna by 25–35%, depending on the fish product type and the exposure time of up to 2 weeks. The potential for the successful application of the developed method in active food packaging solutions is studied for the simultaneous or subsequent purification of the extraction solution through adsorption. Using thiolated silica could potentially enable the extraction process but it is shown that the presence of cysteine significantly hinders the adsorption.

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a prevalent and highly toxic mycotoxin in animal feed, poses significant risks to livestock health and productivity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of iron-manganese oxide (Fe/Mn oxides) in degrading DON. The DON degradation rate of Fe/Mn oxide reached 98.46 % in a controlled solution under specific conditions (0.2 % concentration, 37–85 °C, pH 6–7, 1-minute reaction time). When applied to actual feed, it reduced DON levels by approximately 49.3 % and remained stable in simulated gastrointestinal environments of weaned piglets. A 28-day trial involving 48 weaned piglets assessed the impacts of Fe/Mn oxides on health and growth. Results indicated that piglets consuming contaminated feed without the treatment exhibited reduced growth and compromised gut integrity, which were significantly mitigated by the addition of Fe/Mn oxides. Therefore, Fe/Mn oxides effectively reduce DON in feed and alleviate adverse health effects in piglets, making them a viable option to enhance safety and performance in mycotoxin-prone environments.

Sulfur mustard (2,2′-dichloroethylsulfide; SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that can easily penetrate skin and cause persistent pain and damage. Effective biological dressings are required to treat wounds caused or poisoned by SM. Though the use of SM is regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention, it is still a threat during wars and terrorist attacks. Herein, we present a photothermal-enhanced detoxification microneedles array (MNA) encapsulated with ZnIn2S4@UiO-66-NH2 (ZnInS/UIO) catalysts for the treatment of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, SM analog)-poisoned wounds under simulated sunlight (SSL) irradiation. Due to the excellent photothermal detoxification capability possessed by ZnInS/UIO, the conversion rate of CEES can be significantly increased under SSL exposure. When encased in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) MNA and piercing into the skin, ZnInS/UIO catalysts can be released quickly from MNA for detoxification. After applying the resultant ZnInS/UIO-MNA to the CEES-poisoned wound bed, acceleration of the wound healing process and a reduced inflammatory response can be confirmed. In conclusion, ZnInS/UIO-MNA has encouraging potential as a first-aid dressing for CEES-poisoned wound healing in battlefields and injuries related to acts of terrorism.

Elevated ammonia levels in aquaculture systems could reduce fish growth and survival rates and produce a range of physiological problems. Ammonia toxicity in aquatic environments was regulated by various factors. Feeding was usually reported to help in the detoxification of fish, thereby increasing their capacity to tolerate ammonia nitrogen. However, the impact of different feeding amounts on fish in relation to ammonia exposure stress remains to be determined. To determine how feeding levels affected fish's responses to different ammonia nitrogen concentrations, two acute toxicity experiments were conducted with Carassius auratus gibelio, the major strain of gibel carp in aquaculture systems in China. In Test I, fed Carassius auratus gibelio (3 % body weight) showed a higher survival rate under a specific ammonia exposure stress. 96-h LC50 of NH3-N to 3 %F gibel carp was 1.1 times greater than that for NF (no feeding). In Test II, all fed groups (2 %F and 4 %F) under low and high ammonia stress exhibited improved ammonia detoxification, evidenced by higher liver GSase, GDH, and glutamine concentrations compared with the NF treatment. Muscle glycogen levels in feeding treatments were higher than those in NF, indicating that fed fish have more energy for ammonia detoxification. While compared with low ammonia treatment (2.70 mg L−1 TAN; NH3 0.06 mg L−1), fish exposed to high ammonia levels (26.03 mg L−1 TAN; NH3 0.57 mg L−1) demonstrated a decrease in food consumption, severe histopathological alterations in their liver, gill, and kidney, and decreased GSase, GDH, and glutamine production in the liver and brain. The results partly supported our hypothesis and suggested that increasing feeding enhances gibel carp's tolerance to ammonia nitrogen. The highest detoxification metabolism was observed under low ammonia stress. While excessive ammonia exposure could inhibit feeding and damage the detoxification organs of fish, and thus reduce the detoxification metabolism of gibel carp.