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1. Vapor-Deposited n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper Interface Layers Aid Charge Carrier Extraction in Perovskite Solar Cells

Author

Perini, CAR, Perini, CAR, Castro-Mendez, AF, Kodalle, T, Ravello, M, Hidalgo, J, Gomez-Dominguez, M, Li, R, Taddei, M, Giridharagopal, R, Pothoof, J, Sutter-Fella, CM, Ginger, DS, Correa-Baena, JP, Perini, CAR, Perini, CAR, Castro-Mendez, AF, Kodalle, T, Ravello, M, Hidalgo, J, Gomez-Dominguez, M, Li, R, Taddei, M, Giridharagopal, R, Pothoof, J, Sutter-Fella, CM, Ginger, DS, and Correa-Baena, JP

Abstract

Interfacial passivation with bulky organic cations such as phenetylammonium iodide has enabled high performance for metal halide perovskite optoelectronic devices. However, the homogeneity of these interfaces and their formation dynamics are poorly understood. We study how Ruddlesden-Popper 2D phases form at a 3D perovskite interface when the 2D precursors are introduced via solution or via vapor. When using vapor deposition, we observe uniform coverage of the capping layer and the formation of a predominantly n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper phase. In contrast, when using solution deposition, we observe the presence of a mixture of n = 2 and n = 1 in the film and the formation of aggregates of the organic cations. As a result of the better phase purity and uniformity, vapor deposition enables higher median solar cell performance with narrower distribution compared to solution-treated films. This study provides fundamental information that the perovskite community can use to better design capping layers to achieve higher charge extraction efficiencies.

Published
2023

2. Morphological Characterization of ALD and Doping Effects on Mesoporous SnO2 Aerogels by XPS and Quantitative SEM Image Analysis

Author

Correa Baena, J, Artyushkova, K, Santoro, C, Atanassov, P, Agrios, A, Correa Baena JP, Artyushkova K, Santoro C, Atanassov P, Agrios AG., Correa Baena, J, Artyushkova, K, Santoro, C, Atanassov, P, Agrios, A, Correa Baena JP, Artyushkova K, Santoro C, Atanassov P, and Agrios AG.

Abstract

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is unsurpassed in its ability to create thin conformal coatings over very rough and/or porous materials. Yet although the coating thickness on flat surfaces can be measured by ellipsometry, characterization of these coatings on rough surfaces is difficult. Here, two techniques are demonstrated to provide such characterization of ALD-coated TiO2 over mesoporous SnO2 aerogel films on glass substrates, and insights are gained as to the ALD process. First, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to determine the coating thickness over the aerogel, and the results (0.04 nm/cycle) agree well with ellipsometry on flat surfaces up to a coating thickness limit of about 6 nm. Second, quantitative analysis of SEM images of the aerogel cross section is used to determine porosity and roughness, from which coating thickness can be inferred. The analysis reveals increasing porosity from the aerogel/air interface to the aerogel/substrate interface, indicating a thicker ALD coating near the air side, which is consistent with tortuous diffusion through the pores limiting access of ALD precursors to deeper parts of the film. SEM-derived porosity is generally useful in a thin film because bulk methods like nitrogen physisorption or mercury porosimetry are impractical for use with thin-film samples. Therefore, in this study SEM was also used to characterize quantitatively the morphologogical changes in SnO2 aerogel thin films due to doping with Sb. This study can be used as a methodology to understand morphological changes in different types of porous and/or rough materials.

Published
2016

3. The Effect Of Carbon Surface Properties On Bacteria Attachment And Start Up Time Of Microbial Fuel Cells

Author

Santoro, C, Guilizzoni, M, Correa Baena, J, Pasaogullari, U, Casalegno, A, Li, B, Babanova, S, Artyushkova, K, Atanassov, P, Santoro C, Guilizzoni M, Correa Baena JP, Pasaogullari U, Casalegno A, Li B, Babanova S, Artyushkova K, Atanassov P, Santoro, C, Guilizzoni, M, Correa Baena, J, Pasaogullari, U, Casalegno, A, Li, B, Babanova, S, Artyushkova, K, Atanassov, P, Santoro C, Guilizzoni M, Correa Baena JP, Pasaogullari U, Casalegno A, Li B, Babanova S, Artyushkova K, and Atanassov P

Abstract

Surface roughness, porosity and contact angles of different carbon paper materials (TORAY paper with PTFE from 0% to 60% of and SGL paper with 0% and 20% of PTFE) suitable as electrodes in microbial fuel cells were investigated. The changes of contact angle between dry and clean anode surfaces and the ones after exposure to wastewater were measured using different liquids (pure water and sodium acetate solutions). The results showed that bacterial attachment to the carbon papers caused a significant decrease in the contact angle, shifting the surface property from highly hydrophobic to slightly hydrophobic or even hydrophilic. The quantity of biofilm attached on the anode surface decreased with the increase in PTFE content. Positive correlation between dry biomass content and the amount of pores at the small scale (5–10 lm) was observed. The start up time of MFCs was shortened by using the carbon anodes without PTFE or with low PTFE content (<20 wt%), probably due to the easier biofilm attachment on the surface. On the contrary, the carbon anodes with high PTFE contents had longer start up time. After several cycles of MFC operation, the performances became similar (20–30 mV of differences) regardless of the carbon anode used.

Published
2014

4. An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles

Author

T. Jesper Jacobsson, Adam Hultqvist, Alberto García-Fernández, Aman Anand, Amran Al-Ashouri, Anders Hagfeldt, Andrea Crovetto, Antonio Abate, Antonio Gaetano Ricciardulli, Anuja Vijayan, Ashish Kulkarni, Assaf Y. Anderson, Barbara Primera Darwich, Bowen Yang, Brendan L. Coles, Carlo A. R. Perini, Carolin Rehermann, Daniel Ramirez, David Fairen-Jimenez, Diego Di Girolamo, Donglin Jia, Elena Avila, Emilio J. Juarez-Perez, Fanny Baumann, Florian Mathies, G. S. Anaya González, Gerrit Boschloo, Giuseppe Nasti, Gopinath Paramasivam, Guillermo Martínez-Denegri, Hampus Näsström, Hannes Michaels, Hans Köbler, Hua Wu, Iacopo Benesperi, M. Ibrahim Dar, Ilknur Bayrak Pehlivan, Isaac E. Gould, Jacob N. Vagott, Janardan Dagar, Jeff Kettle, Jie Yang, Jinzhao Li, Joel A. Smith, Jorge Pascual, Jose J. Jerónimo-Rendón, Juan Felipe Montoya, Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena, Junming Qiu, Junxin Wang, Kári Sveinbjörnsson, Katrin Hirselandt, Krishanu Dey, Kyle Frohna, Lena Mathies, Luigi A. Castriotta, Mahmoud. H. Aldamasy, Manuel Vasquez-Montoya, Marco A. Ruiz-Preciado, Marion A. Flatken, Mark V. Khenkin, Max Grischek, Mayank Kedia, Michael Saliba, Miguel Anaya, Misha Veldhoen, Neha Arora, Oleksandra Shargaieva, Oliver Maus, Onkar S. Game, Ori Yudilevich, Paul Fassl, Qisen Zhou, Rafael Betancur, Rahim Munir, Rahul Patidar, Samuel D. Stranks, Shahidul Alam, Shaoni Kar, Thomas Unold, Tobias Abzieher, Tomas Edvinsson, Tudur Wyn David, Ulrich W. Paetzold, Waqas Zia, Weifei Fu, Weiwei Zuo, Vincent R. F. Schröder, Wolfgang Tress, Xiaoliang Zhang, Yu-Hsien Chiang, Zafar Iqbal, Zhiqiang Xie, Eva Unger, Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for Materials and Energy, European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Jacobsson, TJ [0000-0002-4317-2879], Hultqvist, A [0000-0002-2402-5427], García-Fernández, A [0000-0003-1671-9979], Anand, A [0000-0001-8984-1663], Al-Ashouri, A [0000-0001-5512-8034], Crovetto, A [0000-0003-1499-8740], Ricciardulli, AG [0000-0003-2688-9912], Kulkarni, A [0000-0002-7945-208X], Coles, BL [0000-0002-1291-4403], Ramirez, D [0000-0003-2630-7628], Fairen-Jimenez, D [0000-0002-5013-1194], Juarez-Perez, EJ [0000-0001-6040-1920], Baumann, F [0000-0003-0203-5971], Mathies, F [0000-0002-8950-3901], Paramasivam, G [0000-0003-2230-0787], Näsström, H [0000-0002-3264-1692], Michaels, H [0000-0001-9126-7410], Köbler, H [0000-0003-0230-6938], Dar, MI [0000-0001-9489-8365], Gould, IE [0000-0002-2389-3548], Kettle, J [0000-0002-1245-5286], Montoya, JF [0000-0002-6236-8922], Correa-Baena, JP [0000-0002-3860-1149], Wang, J [0000-0003-3849-3835], Sveinbjörnsson, K [0000-0001-6559-3781], Frohna, K [0000-0002-2259-6154], Vasquez-Montoya, M [0000-0003-0001-8641], Flatken, MA [0000-0003-2653-4468], Khenkin, MV [0000-0001-9201-0238], Grischek, M [0000-0002-9786-4854], Kedia, M [0000-0002-4770-3809], Saliba, M [0000-0002-6818-9781], Anaya, M [0000-0002-0384-5338], Shargaieva, O [0000-0003-4920-3282], Stranks, SD [0000-0002-8303-7292], Kar, S [0000-0002-7325-1527], Unold, T [0000-0002-5750-0693], Edvinsson, T [0000-0003-2759-7356], David, TW [0000-0003-0155-9423], Paetzold, UW [0000-0002-1557-8361], Zhang, X [0000-0002-2847-7359], Chiang, YH [0000-0003-2767-3056], Unger, E [0000-0002-3343-867X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Materials [Engineering], Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Analysis Tools, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Materialkemi, 005: Computerprogrammierung, Programme und Daten, stability, ACCESS Database, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 4017 Mechanical Engineering, 621.3: Elektro-, Kommunikations-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik, Mediateknik, Fuel Technology, Media Engineering, efficiency, Materials Chemistry, ddc:330, Photovoltaics and Wind Energy, Generic health relevance, ddc:620, 4008 Electrical Engineering, light, Engineering & allied operations, 40 Engineering
Abstract

et al., Large datasets are now ubiquitous as technology enables higher-throughput experiments, but rarely can a research field truly benefit from the research data generated due to inconsistent formatting, undocumented storage or improper dissemination. Here we extract all the meaningful device data from peer-reviewed papers on metal-halide perovskite solar cells published so far and make them available in a database. We collect data from over 42,400 photovoltaic devices with up to 100 parameters per device. We then develop open-source and accessible procedures to analyse the data, providing examples of insights that can be gleaned from the analysis of a large dataset. The database, graphics and analysis tools are made available to the community and will continue to evolve as an open-source initiative. This approach of extensively capturing the progress of an entire field, including sorting, interactive exploration and graphical representation of the data, will be applicable to many fields in materials science, engineering and biosciences., Open access funding provided by Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH., The core funding of the project has been received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 787289. We acknowledge the following sources for individual funding. Cambridge India Ramanujan Scholarship, China Scholarship Council, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), EPSRC (grant no. EP/S009213/1), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 764787, EU Project ‘MAESTRO’), (grant no. 756962, ERC Project ‘HYPERION’), (grant no. 764047, EU Project ‘ESPResSo’ and grant no. 850937), GCRF/EPSRC SUNRISE (EP/P032591/1), German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), HyPerFORME, NanoMatFutur (grant no. 03XP0091). PEROSEED (ZT-0024), Helmholtz Energy Materials Foundry, The Helmholtz Innovation Laboratory HySPRINT. BMBF (grant nos. 03SF0540, 03SF0557A), HyPerCells graduate school, Helmholtz Association, Helmholtz International Research School (HI-SCORE), the Erasmus programme (CDT-PV, grant no. EP/L01551X/1), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement nos. 841386, 795079 and 840751), Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant no. UF150033). SNaPSHoTs (BMBF), SPARC II, German Research Foundation (DFG, grant no. SPP2196), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51872014), the Recruitment Programme of Global Experts, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the ‘111’ project (grant no. B17002), the US Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) agreement no. DE-EE0008551, the Colombia Scientific Programme in the framework of the call Ecosistema Cientifíco (Contract no. FP44842-218-2018), the committee for the development of research (CODI) of the Universidad de Antioquia (grant no. 2017-16000), Spanish MINECO (Severo Ochoa programme, grant no. SEV‐2015‐0522), the Swedish research council (VR, grant no. 2019-05591) and the Swedish Energy Agency (grant no. 2020-005194).

Published
2022
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5. The Role of Dimensionality on the Optoelectronic Properties of Oxide and Halide Perovskites, and their Halide Derivatives

Author

Hoye, Robert L. Z., Hidalgo, Juanita, Jagt, Robert A., Correa‐Baena, Juan‐Pablo, Fix, Thomas, MacManus‐Driscoll, Judith L., Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hoye, RLZ [0000-0002-7675-0065], Hidalgo, J [0000-0002-5832-3262], Jagt, RA [0000-0002-0517-3758], Correa-Baena, JP [0000-0002-3860-1149], Fix, T [0000-0002-1531-725X], MacManus-Driscoll, JL [0000-0003-4987-6620], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Downing College, Cambridge, Royal Academy of Engineering, Royal Academy Of Engineering, and Isaac Newton Trust

Subjects
Technology, EXCITON BINDING-ENERGY, RUDDLESDEN-POPPER, 02 engineering and technology, 0915 Interdisciplinary Engineering, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, electronic dimensionality, law, Photovoltaics, EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII, General Materials Science, defects, NARROW-BAND GAP, Chemistry, Physical, Physics, perovskite‐, 0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Chemistry, Physics, Condensed Matter, Physical Sciences, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, DEFECT-TOLERANT SEMICONDUCTORS, Light-emitting diode, Curse of dimensionality, Materials science, Energy & Fuels, CHARGE-CARRIER MOBILITIES, Materials Science, perovskites, Oxide, inspired materials, Halide, Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, emitting diodes, structural dimensionality, 010402 general chemistry, Physics, Applied, WHITE-LIGHT EMISSION, THIN-FILMS, light‐, 0912 Materials Engineering, Science & Technology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, light&#8208, perovskite&#8208, 0104 chemical sciences, photovoltaics, chemistry, SOLAR-CELL ABSORBER, CESIUM LEAD HALIDE, business
Abstract

Halide perovskite semiconductors have risen to prominence in photovoltaics and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), but traditional oxide perovskites, which overcome the stability limitations of their halide counterparts, have also recently witnessed a rise in potential as solar absorbers. One of the many important factors underpinning these developments is an understanding of the role of dimensionality on the optoelectronic properties and, consequently, on the performance of the materials in photovoltaics and LEDs. This review article examines the role of structural and electronic dimensionality, as well as form factor, in oxide and halide perovskites, and in lead‐free alternatives to halide perovskites. Insights into how dimensionality influences the band gap, stability, charge‐carrier transport, recombination processes and defect tolerance of the materials, and the impact these parameters have on device performance are brought forward. Particular emphasis is placed on carrier/exciton‐phonon coupling, which plays a significant role in the materials considered, owing to their soft lattices and composition of heavy elements, and becomes more prominent as dimensionality is reduced. It is finished with a discussion of the implications on the classes of materials future efforts should focus on, as well as the key questions that need to be addressed.

Published
2021
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6. Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management.

Author

Yoo JJ, Seo G, Chua MR, Park TG, Lu Y, Rotermund F, Kim YK, Moon CS, Jeon NJ, Correa-Baena JP, Bulović V, Shin SS, Bawendi MG, and Seo J

Abstract

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are an emerging photovoltaic technology with the potential to disrupt the mature silicon solar cell market. Great improvements in device performance over the past few years, thanks to the development of fabrication protocols 1-3 , chemical compositions 4,5 and phase stabilization methods 6-10 , have made PSCs one of the most efficient and low-cost solution-processable photovoltaic technologies. However, the light-harvesting performance of these devices is still limited by excessive charge carrier recombination. Despite much effort, the performance of the best-performing PSCs is capped by relatively low fill factors and high open-circuit voltage deficits (the radiative open-circuit voltage limit minus the high open-circuit voltage) 11 . Improvements in charge carrier management, which is closely tied to the fill factor and the open-circuit voltage, thus provide a path towards increasing the device performance of PSCs, and reaching their theoretical efficiency limit 12 . Here we report a holistic approach to improving the performance of PSCs through enhanced charge carrier management. First, we develop an electron transport layer with an ideal film coverage, thickness and composition by tuning the chemical bath deposition of tin dioxide (SnO 2 ). Second, we decouple the passivation strategy between the bulk and the interface, leading to improved properties, while minimizing the bandgap penalty. In forward bias, our devices exhibit an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency of up to 17.2 per cent and an electroluminescence energy conversion efficiency of up to 21.6 per cent. As solar cells, they achieve a certified power conversion efficiency of 25.2 per cent, corresponding to 80.5 per cent of the thermodynamic limit of its bandgap.

Published
2021
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7. Protecting hot carriers by tuning hybrid perovskite structures with alkali cations.

Author

Wang T, Jin L, Hidalgo J, Chu W, Snaider JM, Deng S, Zhu T, Lai B, Prezhdo O, Correa-Baena JP, and Huang L

Abstract

Successful implementation of hot carrier solar cells requires preserving high carrier temperature as carriers migrate through the active layer. Here, we demonstrated that addition of alkali cations in hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites led to substantially elevated carrier temperature, reduced threshold for phonon bottleneck, and enhanced hot carrier transport. The synergetic effects from the Rb, Cs, and K cations result in ~900 K increase in the effective carrier temperature at a carrier density around 10 18 cm -3 with an excitation 1.45 eV above the bandgap. In the doped thin films, the protected hot carriers migrate 100 s of nanometers longer than the undoped sample as imaged by ultrafast microscopy. We attributed these improvements to the relaxation of lattice strain and passivation of halide vacancies by alkali cations based on x-ray structural characterizations and first principles calculations., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)

Published
2020
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8. Enhanced electronic properties in mesoporous TiO2 via lithium doping for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.

Author

Giordano F, Abate A, Correa Baena JP, Saliba M, Matsui T, Im SH, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Hagfeldt A, and Graetzel M

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies with their extraordinary progress in efficiency and the simple processes required to produce them. However, the frequent presence of a pronounced hysteresis in the current voltage characteristic of these devices arises concerns on the intrinsic stability of organo-metal halides, challenging the reliability of technology itself. Here, we show that n-doping of mesoporous TiO2 is accomplished by facile post treatment of the films with lithium salts. We demonstrate that the Li-doped TiO2 electrodes exhibit superior electronic properties, by reducing electronic trap states enabling faster electron transport. Perovskite solar cells prepared using the Li-doped films as scaffold to host the CH3NH3PbI3 light harvester produce substantially higher performances compared with undoped electrodes, improving the power conversion efficiency from 17 to over 19% with negligible hysteretic behaviour (lower than 0.3%).

Published
2016
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9. Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites.

Author

Bi D, Tress W, Dar MI, Gao P, Luo J, Renevier C, Schenk K, Abate A, Giordano F, Correa Baena JP, Decoppet JD, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M, and Hagfeldt A

Subjects
Amidines chemistry, Electric Power Supplies, Electrons, Luminescence, Solutions chemistry, Sunlight, X-Ray Diffraction methods, Calcium Compounds chemistry, Cations chemistry, Oxides chemistry, Solar Energy, Titanium chemistry
Abstract

We report on a new metal halide perovskite photovoltaic cell that exhibits both very high solar-to-electric power-conversion efficiency and intense electroluminescence. We produce the perovskite films in a single step from a solution containing a mixture of FAI, PbI2, MABr, and PbBr2 (where FA stands for formamidinium cations and MA stands for methylammonium cations). Using mesoporous TiO2 and Spiro-OMeTAD as electron- and hole-specific contacts, respectively, we fabricate perovskite solar cells that achieve a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 20.8% for a PbI2/FAI molar ratio of 1.05 in the precursor solution. Rietveld analysis of x-ray diffraction data reveals that the excess PbI2 content incorporated into such a film is about 3 weight percent. Time-resolved photoluminescence decay measurements show that the small excess of PbI2 suppresses nonradiative charge carrier recombination. This in turn augments the external electroluminescence quantum efficiency to values of about 0.5%, a record for perovskite photovoltaics approaching that of the best silicon solar cells. Correspondingly, the open-circuit photovoltage reaches 1.18 V under AM 1.5 sunlight.

Published
2016
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