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After the UN’s adoption of 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, it became clear that the relationship between sustainability and entrepreneurship was an area for re-examination. Traditional measures of entrepreneurial success rested largely on economic indicators, observatories like the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) extended them, including cultural and social indicators. There is now a real need to measure and analyze the relationship between sustainable entrepreneurship and eco-innovation and drive positive economic activity outcomes, sustainable development, and social welfare. For GEM’s consideration, this paper proposes a reimagined tool by which to measure sustainable entrepreneurship and eco-innovation in businesses and assess their level of alignment with UN SDGs. Specifically, it presents a new measurement method, incorporating, but simplifying, a complex range of variables, which can be crystallized into a set of items (questions) to determine businesses’ commitment to entrepreneurship sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. The results can be cross-referenced with other relevant variables, and indicators proposed by the UN, to determine what causal or explanatory relationships might or might not exist. The proposal represents a valuable extension to existing data gathering tools, and will be of use to researchers and practitioners in the field of entrepreneurship—especially as its sustainability credentials and environmental impact are in the spotlight.

Obra ressenyada: David HOOK (ed.), The Arthur of the Iberians. The Arthurian Legends in the Spanish and Portuguese Worlds, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2015.

Artículo con numerosos autores sólo se mencionan el primero, los de la UAM y el grupo colectivo, Objectives: A decrease in blood cell counts, especially lymphocytes and eosinophils, has been described in patients with serious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2), but there is no knowledge of their potential role of the recovery in these patients’ prognosis This article aims to analyse the effect of blood cell depletion and blood cell recovery on mortality due to COVID-19. Design: This work was a retrospective, multicentre cohort study of 9644 hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 from the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine’s SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. Setting: This study examined patients hospitalised in 147 hospitals throughout Spain. Participants: This work analysed 9644 patients (57.12% male) out of a cohort of 12,826 patients 18 years of age hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry as of 29 May 2020. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measure of this work is the effect of blood cell depletion and blood cell recovery on mortality due to COVID-19. Univariate analysis was performed to determine possible predictors of death, and then multivariate analysis was carried out to control for potential confounders. Results: An increase in the eosinophil count on the seventh day of hospitalisation was associated with a better prognosis, including lower mortality rates (5.2% vs. 22.6% in non-recoverers, OR 0.234; 95% CI, 0.154 to 0.354) and lower complication rates, especially regarding the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (8% vs. 20.1%, p = 0.000) and ICU admission (5.4% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.000). Lymphocyte recovery was found to have no effect on prognosis. Treatment with inhaled or systemic glucocorticoids was not found to be a confounding factor. Conclusion: Eosinophil recovery in patients with COVID-19 who required hospitalisation had an independent prognostic value for all-cause mortality and a milder course

Purpose: The present study identifies the professional skills profile that a Public Affairs (PA) practitioner of a major company or an organization representing the interests of various economic sectors should have in Spain. Design/methodology: The study uses a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology. The initial identification of the competences, as well as the general functions of the profile to be evaluated, has been carried out using the in-depth interview technique with the directors of APRI (Association of Professionals of Institutional Relations of Spain), who defined these competencies from their expert perspective. Subsequently, through a survey of seventy-two managers, sufficient data were obtained to statistically process the information and obtain significant results in the identification of such competences. This information has been processed, firstly, through factorial analysis, which has made it possible to synthesize these competences. Once the analysis of factors was carried out, a cluster analysis is added for the classification of the respondents or managers. Findings: The perception of the interviewed executives has been determined regarding the functions that an institutional relations practitioner must fulfill. It should be noted that this is a profession for which there is no clarity about the role and the legitimacy of its members, particularly in Spain. In fact, it is associated with a function that is seen as exerting undue pressure on political power. A field study was conducted to determine the opinion of these managers on the competences that a professional in institutional relations should have. Originality/value: This study provides a description of the job position of a person responsible for institutional relations in Spain. Moreover, it adds a typology of managers, according to the competences defined for the person responsible for institutional relations.

Treball de fi de grau en Publicitat i Relacions Públiques Tutor: Frederic Guerrero Solé Los influencers son vistos hoy por las nuevas generaciones como las celebridades de las redes sociales, sus acciones son vistas por millones de usuarios a diario y adoptan los roles de las celebridades en los medios tradicionales, adaptándose a las redes sociales. Por lo tanto, los patrones de la filantropía de las celebridades también se repiten en su nueva forma de filantropía mercantilizada, el volunturismo. Con un estudio teórico, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es demostrar que los influencers repiten patrones de la filantropía de la celebridad en sus representaciones del volunturismo, la nueva forma de la filantropía mercantilizada. Este estudio revisa desde el marco teórico de la sociología de la comunicación los conceptos de filantropía, cómo ésta se relaciona con las celebridades, el auge del volunturismo como nueva práctica filantrópica y sus críticas y el auge de los influencers y su relación con las audiencias. Aplicando todos los conceptos estudiados, se hace un estudio de dos casos de influencers en sus representaciones del volunturismo.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to establish a readiness for entrepreneurship theoretical framework. The paper marks the first of three stages to build a scale to measure readiness for entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach– The current paper is conceptual. The research approach consists of formulating proposals and definitions based on an extensive literature review.Findings– The literature review reveals that no such readiness for entrepreneurship measurement tool exists. The literature review also yields definitions and components of key concepts for the theoretical framework.Research limitations/implications– The paper offers a new, holistic perspective of readiness for entrepreneurship. This research addresses measurement of readiness for entrepreneurship from a rigorous, scientific approach. The main limitation lies in capturing and organizing extensive information on topics from diverse disciplines (i.e. sociology, psychology, and business management).Practical implications– This theoretical framework enables the design and creation of a scale to measure readiness for entrepreneurship. The literature review confirmed the possibility of building such a measurement scale.Social implications– A complex tool able to identify and measure readiness for entrepreneurship would be applicable in numerous situations including the following: determining entrepreneurial abilities, analyzing potential for entrepreneurship, simulating organizational transformations, and evaluating investment recommendations.Originality/value– No holistic, scientifically grounded tool to measure readiness for entrepreneurship exists, yet there are numerous entrepreneurial capacity tests with no rigorous scientific grounding. As a remedy, this paper provides solid scientific foundations upon which to develop an instrument for measuring readiness for entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is widely argued to be critical for economic development and alleviating extreme poverty. However, entrepreneurship research in sub-Saharan Africa has not received much attention over the last few decades possibly due to a lack of sufficient resources. It is becoming increasingly important as Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, is developing rapidly and moving from a resource-based economy to one of innovation and progress. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), this paper discusses the opinions of national expert informants in Angola, Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa and looks at the factors which are possibly hindering and inhibiting entrepreneurial development. The results indicate that there are four main inhibitors ranging from lack of access to finance, government policies, regulations and practices for entrepreneurs and the poor levels of entrepreneurship education. Some recommendations are made as to what can be done to assist in promoting economic development.

Doncellas y damas virtuosas, discretas, andantes, guerreras, deslenguadas, magas y encantadoras sabias del reino de la luz o de las sombras, hermosas u horribles jayanas, enanas simiescas, criadas, reinas o amazonas pueblan, entre otras, los libros de caballerías. Este amplio abanico de féminas, habitualmente de nombre parlante, tiene cabida en un género en el que, a simple vista, el peso recae sobre el caballero y los atributos propios de la masculinidad. Sin embargo, el universo femenino se halla cada vez más presente en los textos caballerescos conforme avanza el siglo XVI. Todo aquello relacionado con lo femenino se enriquece y amplía notablemente ocupando un lugar más relevante cualitativa y cuantitativamente en los libros de caballerías, fruto muchas veces del hibridismo propio del género y sus cruces con otros como el celestinesco, pastoril y sentimental, tan bien ejemplificados, por poner un caso, en la producción de Feliciano de Silva y sus contribuciones al ciclo amadisiano...

Although entrepreneurship is widely considered an engine of growth, it is not clear whether policies, de facto, promote it, and knowing which individuals are willing to become entrepreneurs could help in the design of those policies. In this paper, we study how individuals become entrepreneurs at different ages, according to the degree of development of the country of residence. We make use of the GEM 2014 Adult Population Survey data, against a background where social norms are controlled, to find that the relationship between entrepreneurship and age follows an inverted U-shape, according to machine learning techniques, and that younger individuals are the most willing to become entrepreneurs.

As the world economy is globalized, crises are rapidly spread due to the massive use of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies), also affecting the entrepreneurial values involved in business creation processes. In this sense, digital marketing has a key role to play, for it can serve as a tool based on technology and applied to foster nascent entrepreneurship. Using data for GEM Latin American countries, and applying clustering analysis based on the K-means method, the objective of this work is to test if the actual First Global Financial Crisis (FGFC) has altered the entrepreneurial values in Latin American firms. The main result of this work is that the traits of entrepreneurial activity in GEM Latin American countries have progressively shifted from quantity to quality, so digital marketing is having an increasing importance. Resumen Como el mercado mundial está globalizado, las crisis se expanden rápidamente debido al uso masivo de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs), afectando también a los valores empresariales insertos en los procesos de creación de empresas. En este sentido, el marketing digital tiene un papel fundamental que jugar, al poder servir como una herramienta basada en la tecnología aplicada para fortalecer el emprendimiento naciente. Usando datos de los países latinoamericanos pertenecientes al proyecto GEM, y aplicando análisis cluster usando el método K-medias, el objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar si la actual Primera Crisis Global ha alterado los valores del emprendimiento en las empresas latinoamericanas. El principal resultado de este trabajo es que los rasgos de la actividad empresarial en los países GEM de América Latina se han desplazado progresivamente de la cantidad a la calidad, por lo que el marketing digital está teniendo una creciente importancia. Resumé Dans une économie mondialisée et interconnectée, les crises s'étendent rapidement du fait de l'utilisation massive des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) qui affectent simultanément les valeurs entrepreneuriales intégrées aux processus de création d'entreprises. C'est en ce sens que le marketing digital a un rôle fondamental à jouer en servant d'outil technologique utilisé pour le renforcement de l'entrepreneuriat naissant. C'est grâce à 'utilisation des données des pays du sous-continent américain appartenant au projet GEM et en appliquant une analyse clúster utilisant la méthode K-média que ce papier entend vérifier si la Première Crise Globale a altéré les valeurs de l'entrepreneuriat dans les entreprises d'Amérique latine. Le résultat principal de ce travail montre que le type d'activité entrepreneuriale dans les pays GEM d'Amérique latine s'est progressivement déplacé de la quantité vers la qualité du fait de l'importance croissante acquise par le marketing digital. Resumo Como o mercado mundial está globalizado, as crises se expandem rapidamente devido ao uso em massa das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs), afetando também os valores empresariais inseridos nos processos de criação de empresas. Neste sentido, o marketing digital tem um papel fundamental ao servir como uma ferramenta baseada na tecnologia aplicada para fortalecer o empreendimento nascente. Usando dados dos países latino-americanos pertencentes ao projeto GEM, aplicando a análise clúster e o método K-médias, este trabalho tem como objetivo comprovar se a atual Primeira Crise Global alterou os valores do empreendimento nas empresas latino-americanas. O principal resultado deste trabalho é observar que as tendências da atividade empresarial nos países GEM da América Latina se deslocaram progressivamente da quantidade à qualidade, pelo que o marketing digital adquire uma crescente importância.

Although entrepreneurship is widely considered an engine of growth, it is not clear whether policies, de facto, promote it, and knowing which individuals are willing to become entrepreneurs could help in the design of those policies. In this paper, we study how individuals become entrepreneurs at different ages, according to the degree of development of the country of residence. We make use of the GEM 2014 Adult Population Survey data, against a background where social norms are controlled, to find that the relationship between entrepreneurship and age follows an inverted U-shape, according to machine learning techniques, and that younger individuals are the most willing to become entrepreneurs.