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130 Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the most common oral drugs in cancer patients. Similarly, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are commonly used to relieve dyspeptic symptoms in patients with cancer. However, gastric pH levels may affect the absorption of TKI through the gastrointestinal system. However, all TKIs do not have the same chemical structure, and the absorption rate of each TKI depends on their solubility in different gastric pH levels. Limited data is available about the clinical outcomes of concomitant use of PPI and regorafenib in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We present here the results of the multicenter study following the initial results of our single-center experience. Methods: Patients with mCRC treated with regorafenib were included in this multicenter and retrospective study. Patients prescribed PPI after initiation of regorafenib were assigned to the PPI user group, and the remaining patients were assigned to the PPI non-user group. To exclude immortal time bias, the log-rank test was performed between PPI non-user and all patients. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes were time to treatment failure (TTF) and adverse events (AEs) profile. Results: Two hundred and seventy-two patients from eight cancer centers were included in this study. Most patients were male (59.9%), had liver metastasis (62.1%), and received regorafenib in the third line (52.2%). The median age at the initiation of regorafenib was 60 years (interquartile range (IQR): 51-66)). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score was 0 or 1 in approximately three out of four patients. The rate of patients with K-RAS mutation was 46.7%. There were 131 (48.2%) and 141 (51.8%) in the PPI user and non-user groups, respectively. The most prescribed PPI was pantoprazole (40.4%). At a median 34.2 months follow-up, the median OS was 6.9 months (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.3-8.5) and 7.7 months (95% CI:6.6-8.8) in the PPI non-user and all patients, respectively. No statistical significance was observed between the groups (p = 0.913). The median TTF was 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.6-3.9) and 3.4 months (95% CI:2.9-4.0) in the PPI non-user and all patients, respectively. No statistical significance was observed between the groups (p = 0.651). In the time-dependent covariate Cox regression model, there was no difference between PPI user and non-user groups in OS and TTF (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR):0.96, 95% CI:0.74-1.24, p = 0.735 for OS; aHR:0.88, 0.68-1.14, p = 0.354 for TTF). The rates of all AEs were also similar in the PPI user and non-user groups (p = 0.628). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this was the first study evaluating the effect of concomitant use of PPI and regorafenib in patients with mCRC, and no adverse survival and safety outcome was observed with the concomitant use of PPI and regorafenib in those patients.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) was shown to improve survival in recent studies. We aimed to share our real-life experience of patients who received NACT to compare the efficacy and toxicity profile of different chemotherapy regimens in our country. This retrospective multicentre study included locally advanced GC and GEJ cancer patients who received NACT between 2007 and 2021. Relation between CT regimens and pathological evaluation were analysed. A total of 794 patients from 45 oncology centers in Turkey were included. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 60 (range: 18-86). Most frequent NACT regimens used were FLOT (65.4\%), DCF (17.4\%) and ECF (8.1\%), respectively. In the total study group, pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 7.2\%, R0 resection rate 86.4\%, and D2 dissection rate was 66.8\%. Rate of pCR and near-CR (24\%), and R0 resection (84\%) were numerically higher in FLOT arm (p > 0.05). Patients who received FLOT had also higher chemotherapy-related toxicity rate compared to patients who received other regimens (p > 0.05). Median follow-up time was 16 months (range: 1-154 months). Estimated median overall survival (OS) was 58.4months (95\% CI: 35.2-85.7) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 50.7 months (95\% CI: 25.4-75.9). The highest 3-year estimated OS rate was also shown in FLOT arm (68\%). We still do not know which NACT regimen is the best choice for daily practice. Clinicians should tailor treatment regimens according to patients' multifactorial status and comorbidities for to obtain best outcomes. Longer follow-up period needs to validate our results.

Background: Most of the studies on salivary gland cancers are limited for various reasons such as being single-center, small number of patients, including only major or minor SGCs, or only including epidemiological data. Methods: A total of 37 medical oncology clinics from different regions of Turkey participated in this retrospective-multicenter study. The analyzed data included clinical and demographical features, primary treatment, metastasis localizations, and treatments and includes certain pathologic features. Results: The study included data from a total of 443 SGCs. 56.7% was in major salivary glands and 43.3% was in minor salivary glands. Distant metastasis in the major SGCs was statistically significantly more common than in the minor SGCs, locoregional recurrence was statistically significantly more common in the minor SGCs than in the major SGCs (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Epidemiological information, metastasis and recurrence patterns, treatment modalities, and survival analysis of the patients over 20 years of follow-up are presented.

Crizotinib is a multikinase inhibitor, effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring mesenchymal-epidermal transition (MET) alterations. Although small prospective studies showed efficacy and safety of crizotinib in NSCLC with MET alterations, there is limited real-life data. Aim of this study is to investigate real-life efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring MET alterations. This was a retrospective, multicenter (17 centers) study of Turkish Oncology Group. Patients' demographic, histological data, treatment, response rates, survival outcomes, and toxicity data were collected. Outcomes were presented for the study population and compared between MET alteration types. Total of 62 patients were included with a median age of 58.5 (range, 26-78). Major histological type was adenocarcinoma, and 3 patients (4.8%) had sarcomatoid component. The most common MET analyzing method was next generation sequencing (90.3%). MET amplification and mutation frequencies were 53.2% (n?=?33) and 46.8% (n?=?29), respectively. Overall response rate and disease control rate were 56.5% and 74.2% in whole study population, respectively. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-10.5), and median overall survival (OS) was 18.7 months (95% CI: 13.7-23.7), regardless of treatment line. Median PFS was 6.1 months (95% CI: 5.6-6.4) for patients with MET amplification, whereas 14.3 months (95% CI: 6.7-21.7) for patients with MET mutation (P?=?.217). Median PFS was significantly longer in patients who have never smoked (P?=?.040), have good performance score (P?.001), and responded to the treatment (P?

Thiols are the organic compounds of the antioxidant system. There is limited data in the literature concerning chemotherapy (CT) in cancer and thiol balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible changes of thiol/disulfide levels with the recurrent CT cycles and type of cancer.The 40 healthy individuals and 40 patients who had been newly diagnosed with early-stage breast, ovary and endometrium cancer receiving adjuvant CT. Blood samples were taken from all patients three times as basal and after the first and second CT sessions.We compared preadjuvant treatment levels of thiol and disulfide parameters in the patients group with the control group. The median of native thiol and total thiol was found to be higher in the control group than in the study group (P0.001). In addition, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol rates were found to be higher in the patient group (P = 0.001). When we look at the comparison before and after CT in the patient group, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol rates, which represent increased oxidative stress (OS) levels were found to be higher after CT than before CT measurement (P0.016).This is the first study, which has researched the relationship between cancer type and thiol compounds and changes of thiol compounds during CT therapy, by using the method designed by Erel and Neşelioğlu. In this study, we found that pre-CT thiol disulfide balance in cancer patients shifted toward disulfide direction and OS levels may increase after repetitive CT sessions.

Fluoropyrimidine+cisplatin/oxaliplatin+trastuzumab therapy is recommended for the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. However, there is no comprehensive study on which platinum-based treatment should be preferred. This study aimed to compare the treatment response and survival characteristics of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer who received fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (mFOLFOX)+trastuzumab or cisplatin and fluorouracil (CF)+trastuzumab as first-line therapy. It was a multicenter, retrospective study of the Turkish Oncology Group, which included 243 patients from 21 oncology centers. There were 113 patients in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 130 patients in the CF+trastuzumab arm. The median age was 62 years in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 61 years in the CF+trastuzumab arm (P = 0.495). 81.4% of patients in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 83.1% in the CF+trastuzumab arm had gastric tumor localization (P = 0.735). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly higher in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm (9.4 months vs. 7.3 months, P = 0.024). The median overall survival (OS) was similar in both groups (18.4 months vs. 15.1 months, P = 0.640). Maintenance trastuzumab was continued after chemotherapy in 101 patients. In this subgroup, the median OS was 23.3 months and the median PFS was 13.3 months. In conclusion, FOLFOX+trastuzumab is similar to CF+trastuzumab in terms of the median OS, but it is more effective in terms of the median PFS in the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric and GEJ cancer. The choice of treatment should be made by considering the prominent toxicity findings of the chemotherapy regimens.

Background Pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is an easily accessible immune marker based on peripheral blood to estimate prognosis in patients with cancer. This study evaluates the prognostic value of PIV in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with nivolumab. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab in the second line and beyond were selected from the Turkish Oncology Group Kidney Cancer Consortium (TKCC) database. PIV was calculated by using the following formula: neutrophil (103/mm3) x monocyte (103/mm3) x platelet (103/mm3) / lymphocyte (103/mm3). Results A total of 152 patients with mRCC were included in this study. According to cut-off value for PIV, 77 (50.7%) and 75 (49.3%) patients fell into PIV-low (\(\le\)372) and PIV-high (>372) groups, respectively. In multivariate analysis, PIV-high (HR:1.64, 95% CI: 1.04–2.58, p = 0.033 for overall survival (OS); HR:1.55, 95% CI: 1.02–2.38, p = 0.042 for progression-free survival (PFS)) was independent risk factor for OS and PFS after adjusting for confounding variables such as performance score, the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk score, and liver metastasis. Conclusion This study established that pre-treatment PIV might be a prognostic biomarker in patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab in the second line and beyond.

Perioperative FLOT regimen is a standard of care in locally advanced operable gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma. We aimed to determine the efficacy, prognostic factors of perioperative FLOT chemotherapy in real-life gastric and GEJ tumors.The data of patients who were treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed from 34 different oncology centers in Turkey. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, pretreatment laboratory values, histological and molecular characteristics were recorded.A total of 441 patients were included in the study. The median of age our study population was 60 years. The majority of patients with radiological staging were cT3-4N(+) (89.9%, n = 338). After median 13.5 months (IQR: 8.5-20.5) follow-up, the median overall survival was NR (95% CI, NR to NR), and median disease free survival was 22.9 (95% CI, 18.6 to 27.3) months. The estimated overall survival at 24 months was 62%. Complete pathological response (pCR) and near pCR was achieved in 23.8% of all patients. Patients with lower NLR or PLR have significantly longer median OS (p = 0.007 and p = 0.033, respectively), and patients with lower NLR have significantly longer median DFS (p = 0.039), but PLR level did not affect DFS (p = 0.062). The OS and DFS of patients with better ECOG performance scores and those who could receive FLOT as adjuvant chemotherapy instead of other regimens were found to be better. NLR was found to be independent prognostic factor for OS in the multivariant analysis. At least one adverse event reported in 57.6% of the patients and grade 3-4 toxicity was seen in 23.6% patients.Real-life perioperative FLOT regimen in operable gastric and GEJ tumors showed similar oncologic outcomes compared to clinical trials. Better performance status, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy as same regimen, low grade and low NLR and PLR improved outcomes in real-life. However, in multivariate analysis, only NLR affected OS.

Background/aim: Perioperative FLOT regimen is a standard of care in locally advanced operable gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma. We aimed to determine the efficacy, prognostic factors of perioperative FLOT chemotherapy in real-life gastric and GEJ tumors. Materials and methods: The data of patients who were treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed from 34 different oncology centers in Turkey. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, pretreatment laboratory values, histological and molecular characteristics were recorded. Results: A total of 441 patients were included in the study. The median of age our study population was 60 years. The majority of patients with radiological staging were cT3-4N(+) (89.9%, n = 338). After median 13.5 months (IQR: 8.5–20.5) follow-up, the median overall survival was NR (95% CI, NR to NR), and median disease free survival was 22.9 (95% CI, 18.6 to 27.3) months. The estimated overall survival at 24 months was 62%. Complete pathological response (pCR) and near pCR was achieved in 23.8% of all patients. Patients with lower NLR or PLR have significantly longer median OS (p = 0.007 and p = 0.033, respectively), and patients with lower NLR have significantly longer median DFS (p = 0.039), but PLR level did not affect DFS (p = 0.062). The OS and DFS of patients with better ECOG performance scores and those who could receive FLOT as adjuvant chemotherapy instead of other regimens were found to be better. NLR was found to be independent prognostic factor for OS in the multivariant analysis. At least one adverse event reported in 57.6% of the patients and grade 3–4 toxicity was seen in 23.6% patients. Conclusion: Real-life perioperative FLOT regimen in operable gastric and GEJ tumors showed similar oncologic outcomes compared to clinical trials. Better performance status, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy as same regimen, low grade and low NLR and PLR improved outcomes in real-life. However, in multivariate analysis, only NLR affected OS. © TÜBİTAK.

Aim: To investigate the prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and its impact on survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).Methods: A total of 706 patients with mRCC treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (i.e., sunitinib, pazopanib) were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were classified into either a high-SII group or a low-SII group based on the cut-off value of SII at 756, which was the median SII level of our study group. Results: The median age of patients was 60 (interquartile range (IQR):53-67) years. Three out of four patients were male. The majority of patients (85.7%) had clear cell histology, and sarcomatoid differentiation was observed in 16.9% of all patients. The rates of patients in favorable, intermediate, and poor “International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC)” risk groups were 20.1%, 57.6%, and 22.2%, respectively. There were 311 and 310 patients in the SII-low and SII-high groups, respectively. At the median of 48.6 months follow-up, the median overall survival (OS) was 34.6 months and 14.5 months in the low- and high-SII groups, respectively (pConclusion: Pre-treatment level of high SII might be considered as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with mRCC treated with TKIs.

Lung cancer is the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The positivity rate of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has been reported as 3-7%. This study aimed to investigate the pathological, clinical and demographic characteristics of ALK-mutant NSCLC patients who received first-line alectinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in two different centers.The study was performed at the Medical Oncology Departments of Ankara City Hospital and Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital. Patients diagnosed with ALK-mutant NSCLC and received alectinib treatment as a first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor were enrolled to study and retrospectively analyzed.A total of 38 patients (15 males, 23 females) were included in the study. Median age was 56.5. 55.3% of the patients were non-smokers. All of the patients had adenocarcinoma histology. Thirty-four patients (89.5%) were metastatic. Brain metastasis was detected in 44.7% of the patients. Thirty-three patients (86.8%) were using alectinib in first-line treatment. The remaining five patients were seen to have received at least one course of chemotherapy before. The objective response rate was 78.9% with alectinib treatment. The percentage of the patients who experienced at least one side effect was 34.2% and serious side effects were 7.9%. After median 9.5 months follow-up, median progression-free survival (PFS) was not achieved. 24-month PFS was 67% and 24-month overall survival was 84%.Our results were compatible with previous studies in terms of the clinical, pathological and demographic features of the patients with ALK mutation. We observed that the majority of patients were non-smokers, relatively young, and female patients. The objective response rate and survival results were similar with phase 3 studies.

PurposeNeoadjuvant chemotherapy(NACT) in gastroesophageal junction(GEJ) and gastric cancer(GC) was shown to improve survival in recent studies. We aimed to share our real-life experience of patients who received NACT in order to compare the efficacy and toxicity profile of different chemotherapy regimens in our country.Methods This retrospective multicenter study included locally advanced GC and GEJ cancer patients who received NACT, and had pathological response evaluation between 2007 and 2021. Relation between CT regimens and pathological evaluation were analyzed. Results A total of 728 patients from 45 oncology centers in Turkey were included. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 60 (range: 18-68). Most frequent NACT regimens used were FLOT (65%), DCF (18%) and ECF (8.1%), respectively. In the total study group pCR rate was 8.2%, R0 resection rate 88.5%, and D2 dissection rate was 66.8%. Rate of pCR and near-CR (26.4%), and R0 resection (92.6%) were higher in FLOT arm (p= 0.005 and ConclusionIn our real-life study, FLOT regimen has superior survival outcome despite worse toxicity profile. Clinicians should tailor treatment regimens according to patients’ multifactorial status and comorbidities for to obtain best outcomes.

Recently, neoadjuvant treatment approach has gained importance in locally advanced HER-2 positive breast cancer. Adding pertuzumab increases pathological complete response (pCR). In this study, we aimed to examine the clinicopathologic features that predict the pCR in patients receiving neoadjuvant pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and chemotherapy in locally advanced HER2 positive breast cancer.Locally advanced HER2 positive breast cancer patients who were followed up in 4 different oncology centers and received 4 cycles of pertuzumab, trastuzumab and taxane were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 58 (92%) patients received anthracycline chemotherapy before combination of dual her-2 blockade and taxanes. Fisher's and chi-square tests were used for nominal variables and numeric data analyses.A total of 63 female patients were included in the study. Their median age was 46 years (21-75) and 40 (63.5%) patients were premenopausal. Median tumor size was 25 mm (2-70) and there were 22 (34.9%) patients with Stage 3a. pCR was 66% and 75% in the whole group and in the hormone negative group, respectively. Statistically significant increase was found in pCR in patients with grade 3 tumors and cerbB2 with 3+ immunohistochemical staining. No relationship was found between pCR and age at diagnosis, menopausal status, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte, dose-dense anthracycline, Ki67≥40, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 and accompanying DCIS.Four cycles of pertuzumab, trastuzumab and taxane after neoadjuvant anthracycline for locally advanced HER2 breast cancer are associated with increased pCR in patients with grade 3 tumors and high cerbB2 expression.

WOS:000617829700001 PMID: 33586012 Purpose We aim to compare the efficiency and toxicity of three different 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration types in 5-FU, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) combination treatment for adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Five hundred and seventy patients with stage III colorectal carcinoma who received different FOLFOX regimens after curative resection were included. Patients were divided into three groups as FOLFOX-4, modified FOLFOX-6 (mFOLFOX-6), and mFOLFOX-4 for comparison of toxicity and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) times. Results Three-year DFS rates for FOLFOX-4, mFOLFOX-6, and mFOLFOX-4 groups were 65%, 72%, and 72%, respectively. Five-year OS rates for FOLFOX-4, mFOLFOX-6, and mFOLFOX-4 groups were 69%, 75%, and 67%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the three treatment groups in terms of DFS and OS (p = 0.079, and p = 0.147, respectively). Among grade 1-2 adverse events (AE), thrombocytopenia, neuropathy, and stomatitis were more common in the mFOLFOX-6-treated group. The frequency of grade 1-2 nausea and vomiting were similar in mFOLFOX-6 (36.3% and 24%, respectively) and mFOLFOX-4 (32.4% and 24.7%, respectively) groups but were higher than that in the FOLFOX-4 (19.5% and 11.3%, respectively) group. Among the most common grade 3-4 AE, neutropenia (53.4%, 9%, and 13.5%, respectively) and diarrhea (10.5%, 2.2%, and 2.4, respectively) were more common in FOLFOX-4. The rate of anemia and febrile neutropenia was similar in treatment groups (p = 0.063, and p = 0.210, respectively). Conclusion In the adjuvant treatment of stage III CRC patients, three different 5-FU administration types in FOLFOX combination treatment can be used with similar efficiency and manageable toxicity.

Introduction: Osimertinib, an irreversible third-generation EGFR-TKI, is the standard of care for second-line treatment of T790M-mutant advanced NSCLC patients whose progressed after first-line EGFR-TKI therapy. In this multicenter study, we aimed to determine the real-life efficacy and safety of Osimertinib in pretreated advanced NSCLC patients with T790M mutation.Materials and Methods: This retrospective trial included advanced T790M-mutant pretreated NSCLC patients who received Osimertinib from 24 different centers in Turkey. Primary endpoint was time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD). Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety.Results: Of 163 patients 68.7% had EGFR exon 19 deletion and 22.7% had exon 21 L858R mutation. Osimertinib was given as second-line treatment in 96 patients (58.9%) and third-line in 48 patients (29.4%). After median of 13 months disease follow-up, median TTD was 21.6 months with an 82.2% ORR. Estimated median OS was 32.1 months. Grade 3-4 adverse events were seen in 11.7% of the patients. Conclusion: Osimertinib is a highly effective option in second or third-line treatment of NSCLC patients with T790M mutation, with a favorable safety profile.

Aims: The addition of aflibercept to the fluorouracil and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) regimen significantly improved clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) previously treated with oxaliplatin. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of second-line FOLFIRI and aflibercept combination in patients with metastatic CRC in real-life experience. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and thirty-three patients who treated with FOLFIRI and aflibercept in the second-line were included in the study. The clinical and pathological features of the patients were recorded retrospectively. Survival (overall and progression-free survival [PFS]), response rates, and safety data were analyzed. Results: The median age was 61. Majority of patients (87.5%) received first-line bevacizumab and 10.1% of patients received anti-epidermal growth factor receptor agents. About 80% of patients had KRAS, 18.6% of patients had NRAS, and 6.4% of patients had BRAF mutations. The median OS was 11.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6-12.6) and the median PFS was 6 months (95% CI, 5.5-6.5). About 4.6% of patients had complete response and 30.6% of patients had partial response as best tumor response. Grade 1-2 toxicities were seen in 33.4% of patients, while grade 3-4 toxicities were recorded in 27% of patients. Eight patients (2%) died due to treatment toxicity. Conclusions: Overall and PFS were similar in routine clinical practice compared to phase III pivotal VELOUR trial. However, response rates were found to be higher. It was observed that there were fewer adverse events compared to the VELOUR trial. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.

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OTTOWA, 2-6 NOVEMBER 1992

Devlet elinde bulundurduğu yetkileri kullanmada ve temel hak ve özgürlükleri sınırlamada sonsuz yetki sahibi değildir. Anayasanın 13. maddesinde temel hak ve özgürlüklerin yalnız yasayla sınırlanabileceği ancak bu sınırlamanın da ölçülülük ilkesine aykırı olamayacağı belirtilmiştir. Ölçülülük ilkesi yalnızca Anayasa Hukukunun konusu olmayıp birçok hukuk alanında etkisini göstermektedir. Tezimizde amaçlanan ölçülülük ilkesinin Ceza Hukuku alanında ki yansımalarının tespit edilmesidir. Cezanın belirlenmesi ve bireyselleştirilmesi hususlarında ölçülülük ilkesinden yararlanılmaktadır. Uygulamada ölçülülük ilkesine ilişkin verilen kararlar değerlendirilecek olup, kararların ölçülülük ilkesinin alt ilkeleri olan orantılılık, elverişlilik ve gereklilik ilkelerine uygun olan veya olmayan yönleri tespit edilecektir. The state has no infinite power to use the authorities and to restrict the fundamental rights and freedoms. Article 13 of the Constitution states that basic rights and freedoms can only be limited by the law, but this limitation can not be contrary to the principle of proportionality. The rule of law is not only a matter of Constitutional Law, but it is influential in many legal fields. The aim of this thesis is to determine the reflections of the temperament principle in the field of criminal law. The principle of proportionality is utilized in the determination and individualization of the penalty. In practice, decisions on the principle of proportionality will be assessed and aspects of the decisions will be determined in accordance with the principles of proportionality, suitability and necessity, which are the subordinate principles of the proportionality principle. 63

ÖZET Büyük devlet adamı, politikacı, Garp Cephesinin galip komutanı, Lozan kahramanı, demokrasiyi yeni Türkiye'ye getiren, Türkiyemizin ulu önderi, kurucusu Mustafa Kem al Atatürk'ün silah ve kader arkadaşı İsmet İnönü, yani Mustafa İsmet 24.09. 1884'de İzmir sorgu hakim Reşit bey ile ev hanımı Cevahir hanımın oğlu olarak doğmuştur. Ailenin beş çocuğundan biridir. Babasının devlet memuru olması, onun öğrenim okullarını da farklı yerlerde bitirmesine neden olmuştur. 1903 senesinde teğmen rütbesiyle askeri yaşamı başlamıştır. 1906'da kurmay subay olarak görevini sürdürmüştür. 1907'de Mustafa Kemal'le tanışmıştır. Yüzbaşı olunca Yemen'e gönderilmiştir. Daha sonra Balkan savaşları patlayınca İstanbul'da Genelkurmay'da görev almıştır. 1915'de 2. Ordu Kurmay başkanı olarak Mustafa Kemal'le çalışmıştır. 1916'da Mevhibe hanımla evlenmiştir. Bu evlilik ona iki erkek bir kız evladı kazandırmıştır. Daha sonra 4. Kolordu komutanı olarak Kafkas ve 20. Kolordu komutanı olarak Filistin ve Suriye cephelerinde bulunmuştur. 16 Mart 1920'de İstanbul'un işgali üzerine, 9 Nisan'da Ankara'ya yönelmiştir. I.TBMM'de Edirne milletvekili olarak görev almış ve Genel Kurmay Başkanlığı görevini de yürütmüştür. 6 Haziran 1920'de İstanbul hükümetince hakkında idam fermanı çıkarılmıştır. 10 Ocak 1921'de kurtuluş savaşımızın ilk askeri başarısı olan I. İnönü zaferini kazandı. Ve general rütbesine terfi ettirildi. Bu zaferi D. İnönü Savaşı izledi. Ve Mustafa Kemal'den tarihe geçen ünlü telgrafını aldı.30 Ağustos 1922'deki Büyük zaferden sonra Mudanya ateşkes antlaşmasını imzalayarak diplomasi alanına adım attı daha sonra bunu Türkiye'yi tüm dünyaya tanıttıran Lozan (24 Temmuz 1923) antlaşması izledi, İsmet Paşa Lozan'da adeta `Kurtlar sofrası`nda mücadele etti. Ve bu mücadeleyi de zaferle sonuçlandırdı. 29 Ekim 1923'de Cumhuriyetin ilânı ve Mustafa Kemal'in Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesiyle Türkiye'nin ilk başbakanı oldu. 1934'de yine Mustafa Kemal tarafından kendisine İnönü soyadı verildi. Başbakanlık görevini 25 Ekim 1937'ye kadar sürdürdü. Ulu önder'in ölümü üzerine 11 Kasım 1938'de T.B.M.M tarafından Türkiyemizin 2. Cumhurbaşkanı oldu. Dünyayı 2. kez yangın yerine çeviren 2. dünya savaşına ülkesini izlediği akılcı politika ile Türkiyemizi savaş dışında tutmayı başardı. 1945'den itibaren ülkemizin çok partili demokrasiye geçmesini kararlılıkla sağladı. 1950'de seçimleri kaybedince iktidarı DP'ye bıraktı. 1950-1960 döneminde Malatya milletvekili ve Ana muhalefet partisi Genel Başkanı olarak siyaset yaşamını sürdürdü. 1961-1965 yıllan arasmda kısa sürelerle Başbakanlık görevinde bulundu. 20 Kasım 1972'de CHP Genel Başkanlığı ve milletvekilliğinden ayrılarak 1961 Anayasası gereği Cumhuriyet Senatosunun doğal üyesi oldu. 25 Aralık 1973'de hayata gözlerini yumdu. Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla Ulu önder'in yattığı anıtkabrin karşısındaki ebedi istirahatgahında toprağa verildi. Aykut ORAL SUMMARY ismet İnönü, original Mustafa ismet, was a prominent statesman, a remarkable politician, the hero of Lozan Treaty, a distinguished renovator of democracy m Turkeyand of cource Atatürk is a man of history. He was born on 24 th of September in 1 884. Being one of the five children in the family, he is the son of reşit Bey, a caroner, and Cevahir Hanım, a housewife. Owing to his father's proffessionel status, Mustafa Ismet had to get his education periodacally at diverse territories of the country. His military course of life started in 1903 as a lieutenant and proceeded as a staff- officer (1906). He met Atatürk in 1907.He was sent to Yemen when he became a majör. Later balkan Battlev started; he was charged in General with Mustafa Kemal as the Chief of the General Staff of the 2 nd. Army in 1915. inönü got married to Mevhibe Hanım in 1916. Through this marriage he became the father of two sons and one daughter. In course of time hetook place in the fronts of kafkas as the 4 th.Army-Corps commander and in palestine and Syria, as the 20 th.Army-Corps Commander. Upon the occoupation of Istanbul on March 16, 1920, he went iio Ankara. He was assigned onM.P from Edirne at the Grand National Assemblythe First. On June 6, 1920 Ismet was given death command by Istanbul Government. After winning the First İnönü Victory, which is also the first military success of Independence war, Ismet İnönü was promoted to general rank. When the second inönü Battle followed the first victory, inönü received the famous telegram of historical value from Mustafa Kemal. He stepped into diplomacy area by signing Mudanya Cease-fire Treaty after the great August 30, 1922 Victory. Then came Lozan Treaty, July 24,1923 which made with İnönü proving his fire intelligence at a feast of the vicious wolves. He became the first prime-Minister of the Republic when the Repubblic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (October 29, 1923). İnönü stayed with his post until October 25, 1937. Ismet was given the surname `inönü` by Atatürk in 1934. Upon the death of our saviour and great leader Atatürk, inönü was elected as the Second President of the Republic on Nowember 11, 1938. inönü achieved keeping our country out of the world to five, only by pursuing his sensible politics. Since 1945 he had enforced multi-party democracy for the Turkish göverment in stable way.Around 1950 and 1960, inönü prolonged his political life as a Deputy from Malatya and also as the general President of the oppossition party, and during this ten- year period, he took the Presidency of the Republic in short intervals. He left hispost on November 25, 1972 and became a natural member of The Republican Senato under the Constitutioal terms of 1 961. inönü passed away to eternity on December 25,1973. His burial place was attained by the agrement of the Ministry Council across Anıtkabir where our great leader rests in peace. Aykut ORAL 419

95 ÖZET Cinsellik; toplumun yapı ve düzeyine bağlı olarak her dönemde, kendine özgü kural ve sınırlamalarla kontrol edilmek istenen bir dürtü olmuştur. Tarihte ve günümüzde mutlak cinsel özgürlüğün bulunduğu bir toplum görülmemektedir. Toplumsal kurallar sisteminde öngörülen temel yarar, toplumsal örgülenmenin düzenini sağlamak iken zaman içinde cinsellik giderek genç hatta erişkin insanlar için korkutucu bir tabu (yasak) haline gelmiştir. Çocuğun doğal gelişimi sürecinde normal sayılabilecek bazı davranışlar bile oluşturulan tabu kavramı içerisine sokularak hoş görülmeyen bir eylem olarak gösterilmesi, pek çok kişinin cinsel davranışlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Hatta ruhsal dengesi bütünü ile bozmaya varan sonuçlara götürebildiği gibi cinsel sapmalara da neden olabilmektedir. Doğru-yanlış davranış şekilleri, değer sistemleri, ahlak anlayışı her ne kadar zaman içinde toplumdan topluma değişiyor olsa dahi homoseksüellik en büyük cinsel ve sosyal tabulardan biri olma niteliğini günümüzde de korumaktadır. Sağlıklı bir toplumsal yapı oluşturabilmek için insanların cinsel davranışlarının nasıl geliştiği, cinsel heyecanın psişik ve fizyolojik yapısı, başka toplumlardaki cinsel davranış şekilleri, çocuk ve gençlerin cinsellikleri konusunda yeterli bilgi sahibi olunmalıdır. Aksi halde hastalıkların yeterli tıbbi tedavisi, doğru toplumsal eğitim ve gerekli kanunların meydana getirilmesi mümkün olamaz. Bu doğrultuda homoseksüel seçimi nedeni ile tolumsal ayrıma maruz kalan bireylerin problemleri ancak kişi ve toplum açısından bilimsel gerçeklerin ve istatistiklerin ortaya çıkarılması ile çözülebilecektir. Bu çalışmada homoseksüel kişilerin psikolojik yapıları, toplumsal konumlan ve hukuk düzenindeki yerleri araştırılmıştır. Böylece homoseksüellik konusunda cinsel tercihi homoseksüel olan kişilerin toplum içerisinde yaşarken karşılaştıkları problemlerin çözümü ayrıca toplumdaki diğer insanların bu konuda duydukları rahatsızlıklar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Homoseksüel ilişkilerin psikodinamik özelliği ile toplumsal ve hukuksal konumunun değerlendirilebilmesi açısından birinci bölümde genel bir giriş yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde homoseksüelliğin daha ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesine katkısı olması açısından cinselliğin oluşum ve gelişimi yani psikoseksüel yapısı ile ilgili genel bilgiler incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde homoseksüelliğin tanımına, homoseksüellik ile karıştırılan kavramlara, teorilere ve homoseksüalite sıklığına yer verilmiştir.96 Dördüncü bölümü oluşturan psikolojik yönü ile homoseksüellik bölümünde homoseksüellerin kişilik yapılarına, davranışsal özelliklerine, cinsel rol yapı ve gelişimlerine değinilmiş, beşinci bölümde ise homoseksüellik psikiyatrik açıdan irdelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, homoseksüellerin toplumsal konumlan, sosyolojik durumu, dinlerin homoseksüelliğe yaklaşımları, aile içi ve çevre ile olan ilişkileri, homoseksüellere karşı takınılan siyasal tavırlar, sanat, yaratıcılık ve meslek seçimleri incelenmiştir. Yedinci bölümde ceza ve hukuk yasalarındaki homoseksüellikle ilgili düzenlemeler ve homoseksüelliğin adli yönü irdelenmiştir. 97 SUMMARY Sexuality has been a instinct that is wanted to be controlled by distinct rules and restrictions of each different society according to its own structure and social order in all periods of time. There is not a society now or in history that there is an absolute sexual freedom. While the major benefit of the society rules has been to provide an order for the social organization, sexuality has become a frightening taboo in time for the young and adults. To represent a behavior that must be considered normal during childhood as an unpleasant one by regarding these taboos violates the sexual behavior of many people. This violation of sexual behavior may cause a total psychological imbalance or may cause even a sexual perversion. Although there are different rights and wrongs due to different moral principles of different societies, homosexuality is still one of the greatest social taboos today. What is important about homosexuality is that it is not a personal problem and it must be tried to understand instead of to adjudicate. To built a healthy social organization it is required to have an adequate knowledge of how the sexual behavior forms, psychological and physiological nature of sexual excitement, sexual behavior models of other societies and sexuality of young and ad~escent. Otherwise, it will be impossible to provide a better sexual education for the society with adequate treatment of sexual behavioral disorders and will be impossible to produce the laws needed in this field. At this point, social isolation problem of the homosexuals because of their choices can be solved only if the scientific realities and statistics related with the individuals and the society can be brought to light. In this study psychological patterns of homosexuals, their social status and theirposition against the law are searched. We try to find out the solutions for the daily life problems of people whose choices are homosexuality; and to determine the annoying effects of these people among society In the first chapter there is an introduction about psychodynamics of a homosexual relationship and its position against the society and against law. The second chapter is a general review of the development of sexual behavior and psychosexual features of homosexuals to help a better understanding of homosexuality. In the third chapter, the identification of homosexuality, frequency of homosexuality; and concepts and theories about homosexuality are discussed.98 The characteristics of homosexuals, their behavioral features, their pattern of sexual role are mentioned in the forth chapter. The homosexuality is discussed the psychiatrycal point of view in the fifth chapter. In the sixth chapter sociological, theological, and political point of view for the homosexuality are discussed. The ideas of their families, and the relationship of a homosexual with the society and with their own family are also analyzed. In the seventh chapter, sentences and arrangements in law about the homosexuals are discussed to make clear the judicial point of view. 107

ÖZET Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun çöküşünü durdurma gayretleriyle, yapıları Islahat Hareketleri, büyük devletlerin baskılarıyla, azınlıklara ayrıcalık tanıyarak, ayrılışlarını önleyici bir tedbir olarak yapılmıştır. Fakat bunların hiçbirisi, 1789 Fransız İhtilalinin yarattığı, milliyetçilik hislerini giderememiştir. Bu durum Türk halkında, rahatsızlık yaratarak, baza tepkiler oluşturdu. Bu tepkiler sonunda, Osmanlı'yı, içine düştüğü kötü durumdan kurtarmak için, bazı aydınların hareketleri (Jön Türkler) görülmüş ve ülkeyi Meşrutiyet'e taşımıştır. Ancak II.Abdülhamid, buna fazla tahammül edemeyip, Meclisi Mebusanı iki yıl sonra, süresiz kapatmıştır. Ülke, Abdülhamid'in istibdatı ile başbaşa kalmıştır. Nitekim, 23 Temmuz 1908'de II. Meşrutiyet ilan edilir. II.Meşrutiyet, alışılmadık özgür bir ortamı da beraberinde getirmiş, fikir akimi arının gün ışığına çıkmasını, partilerin örgütlenmelerini, basın hürriyetini sağlamış ve Abdülhamid'in 33 yıllık istibdat rejimine son vermiştir. Ancak bu sınırsız hürriyet ortamı anarşiyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. 31 Mart Vak'asına, etki eden unsurların başında, Ahrar Fırkasının yıkıcı muhalefeti ve İrtihad-ı Muhammedi Cemiyeti ile yayın orgam `Volkan` gazetesi gelir. 13 Nisan 1909 ( 31 Mart 1325 )' de, Taşkışla'daki 4. Avcı Taburunun askerleri,`şeriat isteriz` gerekçesiyle isyan ederler. Kışlanın önünde bekleyen hocalarla, Ayasofya Meydanı'na giderler. İsyan süratle, diğer kışlalara da yayılır. Asiler, bazı kimseleri öldürmüş, meclisi basıp, kabinenin istifasıyla, bir takım isteklerde bulunmuşlardı. VBAynı gün, Erzurum ve Erzincan'da, müteakiben Adana'dâ (14Nisanl909) ve 10 gün sonra yine Adana'dâ (25Nisanl909) isyanlar olur. Bu olayların aynı anda başlaması düşündürücüdür. Hareket Ordusu'nun geliş haberinin alınmasına kadar basm, kışkırtıcı tutumunu sürdürmüştür. İsyan haberini bir telgrafla öğrenen 3. Ordu Komutanı, gerekli hazırlıkları derhal başlatır. `Hareket Ordusu` adında bir birlik, Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa'mn komutasında hazırlanır. Mustafa Kemal bu Ordunun Kurmay Başkanıdır. Hareket Ordusu, 1 5 Nisan 1909 tarihinde, İstanbul'a hareket eder. Mahmut Şevket Paşa; 22 Nisan 1909'da, Hareket Ordusunun basma geçer. Bu arada, Mebusan ve Ayan üyeleri, Ayastefanos'ta biraraya gelerek, Milli Meclis'i burada topladılar, çalışmalarını İstanbul'un emniyeti sağlanana kadar burada sürdürdüler. Hareket Ordusu 23-24 Nisan 1909 gecesi İstanbul'a girerek, şehrin güvenliğini sağlar. Meclisin 27 Nisan 1909'da aldığı bir kararla, II. Abdülhamid tahtından indirilir ve yerine V.Mehmet Reşat tahta geçer. vın ABSTRACT The Reform Activities which was striven for prevention falling down of Ottoman Empire done by impression of the big states, with giving privileges to minorities, taking measures for prevention of leaving them. But none of them couldn't satisfy their sense of nationalism which was created by French Revolution, year 1789. This situation created a disturbance on Turkish People and costitued some reactions. At the end of the reactions, with proposal of rescuing Ottoman from the situation of it had been fallen, some societies were founded and they bring up the state to the constitutional monarchy. Bat 2nd Abdulhamid Couldn't endured with the situation so 2 years later he abolished the parliament of deputies indefinitely. The state faced despotism of Abdulhamid. As a matter fact, 2nd Constitutional Monarchy was declared by July 23rd 1908. 2nd Constitutional Monarchy brought a liberal environment which had not been accustomed, caused coming out of some counselling trends, becoming organized of parties, freedom of press and ended up the regime of 2nd Abdulhamid that had continued 33 years. However, that unlimited liberty environment brought anarchy with itself. In causes of The Rebellion of 31st March, destructive opposition of Ahrar Division's and Society of îttihad-ı Muhammedi and it's press organ `Volkan` newspaper become at first. On April 13rd 1909, 4th Infantry Battalion in Taşkışla's soldiers rebelled with the reason `we want religious law`. They went to Ayasofya with the Muslim preachers who was waiting in the front of barracks. The IXrebellion spread to the other barracks quickly. Rebels descended on the parliament, wanted resignation of the cabinet and something else. On the same day, in Erzurum and Erzincan, the following day (April 14th, 1909) in Adana and 10 days later (April 25th, 1909) again in Adana, rebellions occurred. Why the incidents are commenced at the same time is thoughtful. Descent led it's provocative attitude till receiving the information of coming up. The Commander of 3rd Army; quickly began the needed preparations just after getting the information about the rebellions by a telegram. A military unit named `Movement Army` got ready with commands of Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa. Mustafa Kemal was staff director of the army. The Movement Army set out to Istanbul on April 15th, 1909. Mahmut Şevket Paşa took the command of the Movement Army by April 22nd, 1909. The deputies and members of the senate gathered in Ayastefanos and kept on working there till the security in Istanbul was obtained. The Movement Army reached to Istanbul on the night of April 23rd- 24lh and obtained the security. The parliament made a decision to dethrone 2nd Abdulhamid and throne 5th Mehmet Reşat. X 182

İster mevcut devlet yapısı değiştirilerek, ister yeni bir devlet kurularak oluşturulan her ulus-devlet, kendi meşruiyet kaynağını sağlayacak ulusu yaratmaya çalışır. Ulusal bir kimlik yaratma süreci olan uluslaştırma, türdeş olmayan bireyleri türdeş kılma ve türdeş bir bütün içinde olduklarına inandırma çabasıdır. Amacı toplumun farklı kesimlerini, sosyal, siyasal ve kurumsal açıdan bütünleştirmek ve uyumlu hale getirmektir. Ulusal kimlik yaratmak çabası olarak uluslaştırma; `zorunlu eğitim sistemi`, `ordu ve zorunlu askerlik kurumu`, `ulusal tarih yazıcılığı` ve `siyasal katılım` gibi belli temel araçlar aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilir. Ulus-devlet, uluslaştırma araçlarıyla kendi ulusunu yaratır. Böylelikle olgu, kurguya uydurulmaya çalışılır. Atatürk önderliğindeki Türk Devrimi ile sınırları belli olmayan Türk ulusçuluğunun `Misak-ı Milli içinde sınırları çizilmiş, meşruiyet kaynağını bu sınırlar içinde yaşayan Türk ulusal kimliğini edinmiş (ya da uluslaştırma süreci içinde bu kimliği kazanan) halktan alan, bir ulus-devlet yaratılmıştır. Every nation state, whether it has been established by changing the existing state structure or by founding a new state, attempts to create a nation that will provide a source for Iegitimisation. The process of creating a national identity known as nation building is an effect to homogenise the individuals that are not homogenous. The goal is to integrate the different sections of society in terms of social, political and institutional frame and to generate a harmony between them. As a process of creating national identity, nation building is realised through certain basic means such as `compulsory education system`, `national historiography` and `political participation`. Nation state create its nation thorough nation-building. Thus, there is an effort to confirm the phenomenon to the device. The Turkish Revolution under the leadership of Atatürk has delineated the vague frontiers of the Turkish nationalism according to the `National Pact` and has created a nation state that takes its source of Iegitimisation from the people has assumed (or has acquired) the Turkish national identity within these frontiers through the nation-building process. 277

VII ÖZET Orta Doğu Bölgesi'nin dünyada jeopolitik önemi büyüktür. Başta petrol (dünya rezervinin %62.7'si) olmak üzere zengin yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynaklarına sahiptir. Orta Doğu'da tarihin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren din, siyaset, kültür, uygarlık, ekonomi vb. gibi alanlarda pek çok yenilikler (ilkler) yaşanmıştır. Bölgede Osmanlı Devleti uzunca bir süre egemen olmuş, daha sonra İngiltere'nin uyguladığı `bölücü` politikalar sonucunda Orta Doğu XX. yüzyılda yeniden şekillenmiştir. Jeopolitik, devletler açısından önemli bir kavramdır. Türkiye jeopolitikin statik ve dinamik unsurları açısından dünyada önemli bir yere sahip bulunmaktadır. Türklerin 1071 yılında Malazgirt Zaferi ile Anadolu'yu fethetmeleri sonrasında Avrupalı devletler `Şark Meselesi` adım verdikleri bir sorunu çözmek amacıyla Türkleri geri püskürtmek istemişlerdir. Dünya da devletleri uğraştıran en büyük sorunların bazdan `bölücülük, anarşi, terör, gerilla ve düşük yoğunluklu çatışma` denilen kavramlar, eylem ve çatışmalardır. Bunların her birinin özellikleri olup, teröre karşı son yıllarda alınan uluslararası önlemler artmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti'ne karşı Avrupalı büyük devletler Şark Meselesi'nin bir uzantısı olarak `Ermeni Sorunu`nu suni olarak oluşturarak (XIX. yy. sonlan) Doğu Anadolu'da bağımsız bir Ermenistan Devleti kurdurmak suretiyle `böl, parçala, yönet` politikasını uygulamak istemişlerdir. Bunun başanlı olmadığını görünce yine bölücü politikalar sonucunda ayn bir ulus yaratmak amacıyla oryantalist çalışmalan Doğu Anadolu'da yoğun olarak yaşayan `Kürt` toplulukları üzerine yöneltmişlerdir. Emperyalist devletler dil, kültür ve siyasal çalışmalarla alt yapıyı oluşturduktan sonra `Kurdistan Devleti`ni kurdurmak istemişlerdir. I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında İngilizler'in çabasıyla Sevr Banş Antlaşması'nda kağıt üzerinde kurdurulan `Ermenistan` ve `Kürdistan` devletleri, Atatürk önderliğinde kazanılan Kurtuluş Savaşı ile yok edilmiştir. Yeni kurulan T.C. Devleti'ne karşı yine batı devletleri önce bölücü unsurlan destekleyerek Kürt isyanlarının çıkmasında rol oynamışlardır. Bunlar bastırılınca da ideolojik olarak ülkede Marksist-Leninist düşünce akımlannı güçlendirip örgütleyerek anarşi ve terör ortamı yaratmışlardır (1970-1980). İçte bunlar olurken dışta da `Ermeni Terörü` vasıtasıyla 1973 'ten itibaren T.C. Devleti'nin dış temsilcileri olan diplomatlar ve diğer görevliler 1984'e kadar geçen süreçte katledilmişlerdir. Türkiye'nin getirildiği terör ve iç savaş ortamı 1980 askeri darbesi ile önlenirken, çeşitli nedenlerin etkisiyle Ermeni terörünün en etkili ve vurucu örgütü olan ASALA, Lübnan'ın Bekaa vadisinde bünyesine aldığı PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan) bölücü terör örgütüne nöbeti devrederek sahneden çekilmiştir. Türkiye'nin komşularının ve batılı devletlerin desteklediği PKK, 1984 yılından itibaren T.C. Devleti'ne ve Güneydoğu Anadolu halkına karşı bölgede `Kürdistan` adını verdiği bir `Kürt Devleti` kurmak suretiyle ülke ve ulus birliğini parçalamak amacıyla acımasız bir terör uygulamıştır. Son 15 yıllık PKK terörünün maddi ve manevi bilançosu korkunç boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Devletinin ve ulusunun bölünmesine izin vermeyip, azimle direnen Türk Ulusu ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti PKK'yı `kontrol edilebilir bir çatışma` düzeyine getirmiştir. Devlet ise bölücü terör örgütünün lideri Abdullah Öcalan'ı önce Suriye'den çıkartmış daha sonra ise Kenya'da bir operasyon ile tutuklayıp Türkiye'ye getirerek gücünü dünyaya göstermiş ve PKK'yı parçalanma sürecine sokmayı başarmıştır. VIII SUMMARY The Middle East is a geopolitically important region in the world. It has rich underground and open vesources such as oil (62.7 % of the world reserve). Many new happenings about religion, politics, culture, economy civilization etc. have been occuredin Middle East since the begining of history. Ottoman State has been dominant in the region for a long time, then Middle East has been reshaped in 20th century as a result of the dividing policy of England. Geopolitic is an important aspect from the point of srievyof any state. Turkey has an important place in the world because of its static and dynamic geopolitical factors. After the invasion of Anatolia by Turks in 1071 with Malazgirt Victory, Europian States wanted to push them back with the aim of solving the problem they called `Eastern Matter`. The states of the world struggle with big problems suck as divisiveness, anarchi, terror, guerilla and small dansity fighting. Each of these has its own nature so that international measures against terror is increasing lately. Against the Ottoman State, Stronger Europian states wanted to push `divide, seperate and govern` policy by creating an artificial `Armenian Matter` as a part of `Eastern Matter` and making Armenians establish a new state in eastern Anatolia. After this unsuccesfull attemptthey continued their divisive policies with the aim of creating a new nation and turned their attempts to Kurdish people whe live heavily in Eastern Anatolia Imperialist states wanted them to establish a Kurdistan State after creating all the needed bach ground such as language, cultare and politics. Armenia and Kurdistan states which were established by the English Efforts on paper singned in Sevr were gotten rid of by the Independence war which was won by the lidership of Atatürk. Then Western States again worked against the new Turkish State by helping divisive elements and supporting Kurdish Ribelious motions. After these problems were overcame, they created a state of anarchi and terror by supporting and organizing Marxist-Leninist idealogy (1970-1980). When these are happening internally, Armenian Terrorists Milled Turkish Representatives and Diplomats of the Turkish State from 1973 to 1984 outside of Turkey. While interal war and terror was stopped by army take over in 1980, ASALA which is the most effective and deadly organization of Armenian Terror was leaving its place tp PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan) in Bekaa Valley in Lubenon. * PKK, with the support of the neighbours of Turkey and Western States, from 1984 to today, carried out an incredable terror aiming to divide the people and the country by creating a Kurdish State called Kurdistan against the wish of Turkish State and Southeastern Anatolian people. PKK terror of last 15 years caused a huge financial last and demoralization. Strongly resistent Turkish people and Republic of Turkey has brought PKK to a controlable level in battle by not allowing the division of the state and people. Turkish State forced the leader of Divisive terror organization Abdullah Öcalan out of Sryia then captured him in Kenia with an operation and brought him to Turkey as a prisoner. This showed the power of Turkey and put the PKK to a diminishing process. 321

ÖZET 1937 Dersim İsyanı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin tarihine damgasını vuran önemli bir olaydır. İsyana tanık olan insanlar, bu acı olayın izlerini günümüze kadar taşıdılar. Yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Osmanlı yöneticilerinden farklı olarak Dersim ve Doğu Anadolu üzerinde merkezi otoriteyi kurmaya başladı. Cumhuriyet hükümetinin amacı, bölgedeki feodal yapıyı ortadan kaldırarak tam ve kesin egemenlik kurmaktı. Çünkü, feodal beyler, bölge halkı üzerinde acımasız bir egemenlik kurarak halkın tüm haklarını ellerinde toplamışlardı. 1934 yılında çıkarılan İskan Kanunu ile özellikle 1935' de çıkarılan Tunceli Kanunu feodal beylerin, ağalann, seyitlerin yüzyıllardır süren egemenliklerine son veriyordu. Bu iki kanun uygulamaya konulunca bölgede bulunan toprak ağalan tedirgin olmaya başladılar. Seyit Rıza ile birlikte 6 aşiret lideri halk arasında mezhep etkenini de kullanarak devlete karşı ayaklandı. 20-21 Mart gecesi yani Nevruz (yeni gün-ilkbahar başlangıcı) günü isyan başladı. İsyanın amacı bağımsız Kürt Devleti kurmaktı. Seyit Rıza'nın bu hareketinde zengin olan bu bölgede çıkarlan olan İngiltere ve Fransa Devletinin etkisi oldu. Zaten isyanın başladığı sırada Fransa ile Türkiye arasında Hatay sorunu görüşülüyordu. Fransa'nın amacı Türkiye'yi bu isyan vasıtasıyla zor durumda bırakarak Hatay'ın Suriye'ye kalmasını sağlamaktı. Bu sırada Başbakan olan İsmet İnönü aldığı askeri önlemlerle isyanı 10 Eylül 1937 tarihinde bastırdı. İsyan lideri Seyit Rıza yakalandı. Yapılan mahkeme sonucu isyanda etkili olan 11 kişi idama mahkum oldu ve bu kişiler Elazığ'da asıldılar. İsmet İnönü hastalığı nedeniyle başbakanlıktan ayrıldı. Yerine Celal Bayar getirildi. Celal Bayar Dersim üzerine `1938 Tenkil Harekatı'`nı başlattı. İsyana katilan birçok aile Türkiye'nin batı bölgelerine yerleştirildi. Öte yandan İngiliz'lerin Musul için oynadıklan oyunu oynamaya çalışan Fransa başarılı olamadı ve Hatay Türkiye'ye kaldı. ABSTRACT The 1937 the Dersim Uprising is a significant event which has left its mark on the history of the Turkish Republic. The people who had witnessed this event are still under its effect. Unlike the Ottoman state rulers, the newly founded Turkish Republic started to established ite central authority in Dersim and the eastern part of Turkish. The aim of the Turkish Republic was to establish its absolute sovereignty by removing the feudalistic structure. As the landlords had captured all the rights of the ruthless oppression. `The Residence Law` which was passed in 1934 and especially `The Tunceli Law` which was passed in 1935 were taking away the authority which landowners and squires had been enjoying for centuries. The French were aiming to keep Hatay to Syria by putting Turkey into a difficult situation. Meanwhile İsmet inönü, who was the prime minister at the time, brought the uprising to an end military measures. The rebel leader Seyit Rıza was captured and sentenced to death with his 11 friends. They were hanged in Elazığ. İsmet İnönü was replaced by Celal Bayar due to his illness. Celal Bayar moved many of the people who participated in the uprising to the western parts of the country. As the Britich did in the Musul Conflict, the French tried to play a trick on Turkey by they failed. Hatay was annexed to the motherland. m 286

127 7. O Z E T Anayasa'mızda ifadesini bulan ve insan olmanın yegane unsurlarından birini oluşturan hak arama özgürlüğünün kullanılabilmesi için için en önemli unsur, hakkın mahkemeye getirilmesidir. Eğer kişiler haklarını biliniyorlarsa, mahkeme ve mahkeme ile ilgili unsurlardan bihaber iseler, yargılama harç ve giderlerinden korkuyorlarsa, avukata gidemiyorlarsa ve tüm bunların sonucu olarak da hak aramak yerine kaderlerine razı oluyorlarsa adli bilimlerin etkinliği, adli bilimcilerin uzmanlığı maalesef işe yaramayacaktır. Bu durumda bireylere haklarını anlatmak, mahkemeleri tanıtmak ve gerektiğinde masraflarını karşılamak gereklidir. Eğer bunlar yapılamazsa, suçlular yaptırmışız bir ortamda mutlu yaşayacaklar ve haklar hukuk dışı yollarla elde edilmeye devam edilecektir. Bunun sonunda ise toplum hukuk toplumu olma vasfını yitirecektir. O halde bireylere her şeyden önce haklan anlatılmalıdır, haklarını nasıl elde edebilecekleri öğretilmelidir, hukuki yollar gösterilmelidir, avukatla dost kılınmalıdır ve tüm bunların neticesinde haklarını hukuki yoldan alabileceği yere, mahkemeye giderken kafasında para endişesi taşımamalıdır.128 İşte bu ve benzeri sorunların çözümünde Avrupa' da uzun yıllardır kullanılan hukuksal koruma sigortası etkin rol oynayacaktır. İlk olarak Fransa' da uygulanmaya başlanmış olan bu sigortada, sigorta şirketi davanın yürütülmesini, dolayısıyla da avukatlık hizmetlerinin verilmesini ve dava masraflarını üzerine almaktadır. Hukuksal koruma sigortacısı, sigortalıya avukatlar vasıtasıyla danışma hizmeti verecek, sigortalının kafasındaki soru işaretlerini silerek haklarını tanımasını sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca sigorta şirketi, sigortalının hak arayışında hukuki durumu ortaya koyacak ve yargılama giderlerini karşılayacaktır. Sigortalının daima yanında olmak suretiyle onun haklarını elde etmek için sonuna kadar mücadele etmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu sayede kişiler korkusuzca mahkemeye gidebilecek, bu da Anayasamızda ifadesini bulan hak arama özgürlüğünün gerçekleşmesini sağlayacaktır. 129 SUMMARY The freedom to search for and protect his own rights, expressed in an explicit way in our Constitution, forms one of the essential components of to be an human being; and the most important element of this freedom is to declare and defend his own rights before a tribunal. If people don't know what are their rights, if they are not aware of the legal procedure, if they don't want to pay legal fees and / or lawyers' honorarium and as a result if they resign and prefer to accept their sorts, the effectiveness of legal sciences, as well as the expertise of legal scientist won't help much. In that case we should explain people what their rights are, make them known what a tribunal is, and even pay the legal fees for themselves. If you don't do these, criminals will go free, without any sanction and people will try to get their rights via unlawful means. Finally, the society will lose its characteristic to be a society of law and order. So, first of all, we must explain to individuals what their rights are, teach them how to get and defend their rights, show them what the legal procedure is, make them friends with a lawyer. He or she should also no financial concerns130 when he / she goes to the tribunal. From that point of view the ` legal protection insurance `, widely used in European countries, is an important instrument. First put in use in France, this insurance helps the victim to pay all kinds of legal charges, including the lawyers' and tribunals' fees. This way, the victim would have access to a lawyer and can consult him, which is a means to protect his rights. The insurance also covers all kinds of expenditures during the legal procedure, helping him to stand and fight back until he gets his rights. So people can apply to legal authorities without any fear or concern, which make the freedom of search for right a reality. 157