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To explore the influence of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) with different pH and available chlorine contents (ACC) on the germination of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the germination rate was taken as the index, and the germination process of tartary buckwheat sprouts with SAEW was optimized by single factor and response surface experiments. Moreover, to obtain good quality selenium-enriched tartary buckwheat sprouts, the effects of different Na2SeO3 concentrations on tartary buckwheat were studied on the basis of SAEW germination, with the total selenium content and germination rate as indexes. The optimum technological parameters were determined as follows: soaking time 2.3 h, pH6.5, germination temperature 21 ℃ and germination time 108 h. Under these conditions, the germination rate was 84.96%, which was close to the predicted value of the response surface group (85.36%), being 14.3% and 11.71% higher than those of distilled water and tap water groups, respectively. The optimal concentration of Na2SeO3 was 60 mg/L, under which the total selenium content of tartary buckwheat sprouts was 15.5 mg/L, and the germination rate was 85.63%, which were both higher than the predicted and actual values of response surface group. This study provided a theoretical and scientific basis for the development of SAEW and selenium-enriched treatment of tartary buckwheat sprouts.

In practice, it is often necessary to add retarders to β-hemihydrate phosphogypsum (β-HPG) to prolong its setting time. In this paper, the effects of modified amino acid (XK) on physical and mechanical properties, hydration characteristics, and microstructure of β-HPG were investigated using various methods including fluidity, setting time, strength, hydration heat, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The findings indicate that the addition of XK enhances the fluidity of β-HPG, and as the content of XK increases, there is an occurrence of prolonged setting time but a concurrent decrease in both the compressive and flexural strength. In addition, the incorporation of XK hampers the hydration process of β-HPG, resulting in a reduction in the hydration exothermic rate. Microscopic analysis reveals that while XK does not alter the final hydration products, it does affect the growth pattern of dihydrate gypsum crystals because of surface adsorption, and specifically, the crystals become short and columnar, with a looser crystal structure. Furthermore, XK leads to larger pores and deterioration of the pore structure of β-HPG.

In this work, a comprehensive multi-physics electrochemical hybrid stack model is developed for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) stack considering electrolyte flow, mass transport, electrochemical reactions, shunt currents, and as heat generation and transfer simultaneously. Compared with other VRFB stack models, this model is more comprehensive in considering the influence of multiple factors. Based on the established model, the electrolyte flow rate distribution across cells in the stack is investigated. The distribution and variation in shunt currents, single-cell current and single-cell voltage are analyzed. The distribution and variation in temperature and heat generation and heat transfer are also researched. It can be found that the VRFB stack temperature will exceed 40 °C when operating at 60 A and 100 mA cm−2 at an ambient temperature of 30 °C, which will lead to electrolyte ion precipitation, affecting the performance and safety of the battery. To control the stack temperature below 40 °C, a new tank cooling control strategy is proposed, and the suitable starting cooling point and the controlled temperature are specified. Compared with the common room cooling strategy, the new tank cooling strategy reduces energy consumption by 27.18% during 20 charge–discharge cycles.

PurposeOsteoporosis represents a profound challenge to public health, underscoring the critical need to dissect its complex etiology and identify viable targets for intervention. Within this context, the gut microbiota has emerged as a focal point of research due to its profound influence on bone metabolism. Despite this growing interest, the literature has yet to see a bibliometric study addressing the gut microbiota’s contribution to both the development and management of osteoporosis. This study aims to fill this gap through an exhaustive bibliometric analysis. Our objective is to uncover current research hotspots, delineate key themes, and identify future research trends. In doing so, we hope to provide direction for future studies and the development of innovative treatment methods.MethodsRelevant publications in this field were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. We used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, an online analysis platform and the R package “Bibliometrix” for bibliometric analysis.ResultsA total of 529 publications (including 351 articles and 178 reviews) from 61 countries, 881 institutions, were included in this study. China leads in publication volume and boast the highest cumulative citation. Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Southern Medical University are the leading research institutions in this field. Nutrients contributed the largest number of articles, and J Bone Miner Res is the most co-cited journal. Of the 3,166 scholars who participated in the study, Ohlsson C had the largest number of articles. Li YJ is the most co-cited author. “Probiotics” and “inflammation” are the keywords in the research.ConclusionThis is the first bibliometric analysis of gut microbiota in osteoporosis. We explored current research status in recent years and identified frontiers and hot spots in this research field. We investigate the impact of gut microbiome dysregulation and its associated inflammation on OP progression, a topic that has garnered international research interest in recent years. Additionally, our study delves into the potential of fecal microbiota transplantation or specific dietary interventions as promising avenues for future research, which can provide reference for the researchers who focus on this research filed.

IntroductionDifenoconazole (DIFE) is a common pesticide used in citrus cultivation; excessive intake can cause neurological damage to the organism, and the existing colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips cannot meet the requirements for the detection of citrus samples.MethodsDifenoconazole test strip was prepared based on the colloidal gold immunochromatographic technique (GICT), and its application in citrus samples was investigated; with colloidal gold (CG) as the probe, the optimization of GICT parameters, and the determination of reaction method, the immunochromatographic test strips for the detection of DIFE in citrus was developed, and the limit of detection (LOD), specificity, accuracy, and stability of the test strips were verified.ResultsThe results showed that the visual detection limit of the prepared colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips was 0.2 mg/kg and the quantitative range was 0.06–0.6 mg/kg, and the test strips could specifically identify DIFE and have no cross-reaction with other common triazole pesticides. The detection method established in this study was verified by the GC–MS method, and the detection results achieved good consistency (R2 > 0.98).ConclusionThe test strips developed in this study have good performance and can be used for highly sensitive detection of citrus samples.

In recent years, Pacific oyster growers in British Columbia (BC), Canada have experienced devastating losses due to summer mortality syndrome. While anecdotal evidence suggests that intertidally-grown oysters may fare better during mass mortality events than deep-water counterparts, there remains a lack of research examining how different culture conditions may influence severity. To address this, we compared growth, condition, histopathology, reproductive status, and survival between intertidally- and deep-water-cultured oysters over 2 years at three oyster farms in Baynes Sound (BC). A reciprocal transplant was carried out after 1 year to test the use of the intertidal as a mechanism for promotion of physiological resilience prior to deep-water deployment. Field trial results showed significantly higher final survival in oysters transferred from the intertidal to deep water (83.5%) compared to those maintained in deep water (63.6%), but only at one farm, likely as a consequence of varying physical and/or biological characteristics associated with particular farm locations. Histopathology showed little role of disease with regards to varying survival among treatments, though higher occurrence of Viral Gametocytic Hypertrophy was observed in Year 1 oysters under deep-water (62.2%) versus intertidal (37.8%) conditions. Additionally, after 2 years, there was no significant difference in oyster size nor condition index between oysters transplanted from the intertidal to deep water and those solely cultured in deep water. A laboratory-challenge experiment determined significantly different survival curves of Year 1 intertidally- and deep-water-cultured oysters under immersion/emersion and warming conditions, with final survival of 88% and 64%, respectively, under conditions of high temperature (25°C) and immersion. Likewise, Year 2 (i.e. post-transfer) intertidally- and deep-water-cultured oysters showed significantly different survival curves under laboratory-based Vibrio challenge conditions (16°C) with final survival of 63% and 34%, respectively. Results suggest that partial culture in the intertidal at some farms may be an effective method for conferring resilience to summer mortality in Pacific oysters.

NO_x and VOCs emissions from coal-fired power plants account for roughly 30% of anthropogenic emissions and provide a severe challenge to air quality protection. Synergistic NO and VOCs removal from coal-fired power plants flue gas in the SCR zone can efficiently cut treatment costs, which needs scientific investigation and is of environmental benefits. This review describes the latest research development of SCR catalysts for the synergistic removal of NO and VOCs from coal-fired power plant flue gas. Currently, the studies are mainly associated with impregnation method, co-precipitation method, hydrothermal method, sol-gel method, template method and other ways to prepare multifunctional catalysts. Doping with transition metals/ nobel metals or selecting appropriate carriers will dramatically increase the amounts of acidic sites and reactive oxygen species on the surface, resulting in a rapid rise in synergistic removal capacity. However, multiple pollutants in the actual flue gas will interact on the catalyst surface. The interaction mechanism of multiple reactants and the effect of reaction conditions on the synergistic removal rate have also been focused on. To address the problems and challenges of current research, two powerful tools, in situ technology and DFT, can be applied to explore the synergistic catalytic reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms, guiding the design of SCR catalysts with good redox activity, low by-products, high resistance to toxicity and regeneration. Current research on synergistic NO and VOCs elimination is mainly conducted in the laboratory. In the future, the theory of multi-pollutant synergistic control should be improved to realize the practical engineering applicationsfor the synergistic removal of NO_x and VOCs from complex flue gases.

The regenerative braking energy of heavy haul railway is abundant but poorly utilized, reflected by low regenerative energy quality and poor economic benefit. In order to reduce cost and save energy, a scheme of regenerative braking energy scheduling system for traction power supply of heavy haul railway is proposed. An energy dispatching device is installed in the section post to realize regenerative braking energy scheduling between adjacent substations. In order to maximize energy-saving effect of the energy dispatching device, this paper focuses on the analysis of the traction energy characteristics of substation, and based on the intermittent condition characteristics of energy dispatching between substations. During the intermittent period of the power dispatching device, the pulse output of the multiplex converter is blocked, so as to reduce the no-load loss of the energy dispatching device. The field practical engineering application shows that the reverse electricity utilization rate of the renewable energy dispatching system is more than 50%, and the positive electricity consumption of the traction power supply system is reduced by more than 2%, thus reducing the electricity cost of the railway power supply department.

IntroductionTilia miqueliana is an endemic species whose population is declining. The permeability barrier and mechanical constraint of the pericarp (seed coat) are important causes of its seed dormancy. Although there has been considerable research on this subject, questions remain regarding how the permeability barrier and mechanical constraint of the seed coat are eliminated during dormancy release and how water enters the seed. Therefore, protecting the species by improving its germination/dormancy breaking in the laboratory is urgentMethodsIn this study, the changes in the cellular structure, mechanical properties, and components of the Tilia miqueliana seed coat after an H2SO4-gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment were analyzed during dormancy release. Various analyses (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and paraffin section detection) revealed the water gap and water channel.ResultsThe H2SO4 treatment eliminated the blockage at the micropyle and hilum of the seeds. Water entered the seeds through the water gap (micropyle) rather than through the hilum or seed coat, after which it dispersed along the radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledon to the endosperm. During the cold stratification period, the cellular structure was damaged and an increasing number of holes appeared on the inner and outer surfaces of the seed coat. Vickers hardness tests showed that GA3 decreased the seed coat hardness. Additionally, the seed coat lignin and total phenol contents continuously decreased during the cold stratification period. Notably, the Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of the seed coat detected polyethylene glycol (osmoregulator), which may have destabilized the water potential balance inside and outside the seed and increased the water content to levels required for germination, ultimately accelerating seed dormancy release.DiscussionThis sophisticated and multi-level study reveals how H2SO4 and GA3 eliminate the permeability barrier and mechanical constraints of the seed coat during dormancy release of Tilia miqueliana seeds. This will be beneficial to artificially assist the natural regeneration and population expansion of Tilia miqueliana.

Background Youth suicide has been a pressing public mental health concern in China, yet there is a lack of gatekeeper intervention programmes developed locally to prevent suicide among Chinese adolescents.Aims The current Delphi study was the first step in the systematic development of the Life Gatekeeper programme, the first gatekeeper programme to be developed locally in China that aims to equip teachers and parents with the knowledge, skills and ability to identify and intervene with students at high risk of suicide.Methods The Delphi method was used to elicit a consensus of experts who were invited to evaluate the importance of training content, the feasibility of the training delivery method, the possibility of achieving the training goals and, finally, the appropriateness of the training materials. Two Delphi rounds were conducted among local experts with diversified professional backgrounds in suicide research and practice. Statements were accepted for inclusion in the adjusted training programme if they were endorsed by at least 80% of the panel.Results Consensus was achieved on 201 out of 207 statements for inclusion into the adapted guidelines for the gatekeeper programme, with 151 from the original questionnaire and 50 generated from comments of the panel members. These endorsed statements were synthesised to develop the content of the Life Gatekeeper training programme.Conclusions This Delphi study provided an evidence base for developing the first gatekeeper training programme systematically and locally in China. We hope that the current study can pave the way for more evidence-based suicide prevention programmes in China. Further study is warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Life Gatekeeper training programme.

Over the past two decades, China has introduced significant changes to drug regulations through regulatory innovations to accelerate drug review and approvals, keeping in line with the rapidly growing scientific innovation in drug research and development (R&D). In this study, we outlined the revolution of drug regulation in China since the establishment of the State Drug Administration in 1998. More particularly, we performed a comprehensive analysis of newly approved anticancer drugs in China from the year 2005 to May 2021, as a powerful illustration of how the revolution has changed the drug R&D landscape. Innovative drug development in China has boomed, benefiting in particular from pro-innovation policies as well as expedited program designations by the authority. We found a significant increase in the number of both imported and domestic new anticancer drugs from 2005 to 2021, with the emergence of drugs with novel mechanisms of action, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapy products. Drug lag has also been dramatically shortened by more than 70% for imported drugs in years 2016–2020 compared to years 2006–2010. Furthermore, we provide an insight into the potential approaches to further optimize the science-based and clinical value-based regulatory and R&D drug ecosystem in China. This review provides evidence of significant impacts of regulations and policies on drug R&D and suggests that the constantly adapting regulatory ecosystem will speed up drug development in China and worldwide.

Abstract The booming of gene and cell therapy (GCT) worldwide in recent years has been observed, especially in the field of cancers. In order to provide the comprehensive GCT landscape in China with a focus on differential development pathways under the current dual-track regulation mode, we analyzed 953 clinical trials initiated by March 2021 including Investigational New Drugs (IND) registered trials and investigator-initiated trials (IITs). We classified GCT products into three categories and analyzed the clinical development by phases and regulation tracks, disease areas, indications, and targets. We found that CAR-T therapies from ex vivo category and stem and somatic cells from non-gene category are two most studied therapy types and GCT mostly focused on cancers. The number of IITs far exceeded IND-registered trials except for in vivo category. After 2017, when the cell therapy guideline issued, products of all categories boomed, especially the ex vivo categories. These data showed that current dual regulation tracks in China complemented each other and together facilitated the GCT development, especially after 2017. More consistent technical standards and risk-based regulation will help bring more GCT products to patients.

BACKGROUND As an epigenetic deposit dominated by supergene fluid, a sandstone type uranium deposit has many low-temperature minerals. In recent years, the Pengyang uranium deposit, a deep sandstone type uranium deposit, has been discovered in the southwest edge of the Ordos Basin, China. The deposit has the characteristics of large sand body scale, wide uranium mineralization area, large thickness and high grade. Many low-temperature altered minerals have developed, including calcite, gypsum, pyrite, and clay minerals. It is of great significance to study the spatial distribution characteristics of minerals and their relationship with uranium minerals to identify the main sources and properties of ore-forming fluids and their controlling on uranium mineralization. Near-infrared core spectral scanning technology can identify layered silicate minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, sericite, and sulfate minerals such as gypsum and alunite, and carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite. OBJECTIVES To study the distribution characteristics of minerals and their relationship with uranium mineralization. METHODS Core samples were scanned by VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy core scanning system and analyzed by TSG 8.0. In addition, the microscopic occurrence characteristics of minerals related to uranium minerals were observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, chlorite, carbonate, gypsum, and iron oxide were identified in the Luohe Formation. The mineral assemblage of uranium ore section was "illite+gypsum+carbonate", and minor kaolinite was present locally. CONCLUSIONS The uranium-bearing section of the Luohe Formation is mainly a set of alkaline environments in the sedimentary period. However, there is also an injection of reducing acid fluid in the metallogenic period.

IntroductionCryo treatment of dry seeds is known to attenuate the structure of fruit and seed coats, but little is known about the microstructural impacts of such treatment. The seeds of Tilia miqueliana are dispersed within a hard pericarp, the manual removal (hulling) of which is time-consuming and inefficient. Rapid hulling technology is urgently needed for sustainable production and convenience of edible nuts.MethodsWe explored the mechanistic basis of liquid nitrogen (N)-treatment weakening of the pericarp of T. miqueliana fruits using a range of microscopical, biophysical and chemical approaches.ResultsLiquid N treatment (40 s) resulted in lower pericarp contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, and increased amounts of lignin. Profound changes in cell structure and mechanical properties included the emergence of large holes and gaps between the mesocarp and endocarp cells. Also, the toughness of the pericarp decreased, whilst the hardness and brittleness increased, thereby changing the fracture type from ductile to brittle. Liquid N treatment of dry fruits followed by tapping with a hammer, reduced the number of damaged seeds three-fold and pericarp peeling time four-fold compared with manual hulling, whilst seed viability was not negatively affected.DiscussionComparable findings for the efficient and economical removal of hard covering structures from dispersal units of five more species from three other families following liquid N treatment indicates the potential application of our findings to large-scale production of seeds and seedlings for breeding, forestry and conservation/restoration purposes. Furthermore, it introduces a novel concept for postharvest treatment and pre-treatment of deep processing in nuts.

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate compound widely abundant in cruciferous vegetables with multiple bioactive functions. However, traditional analytical methods for the extraction and determination of SFN are cumbersome, time-consuming, and low sensitivity with large amounts of organic solvents. Herein, novel magnetic COF-on-COFs (MB-COFs) were fabricated using Fe3O4 as a magnetic core and COFs-1 grown with COFs-2 as a shell, and they were used as efficient adsorbents of magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction for rapid quantification of SFN in cruciferous vegetables by combining with HPLC-MS/MS. At the optimal ratio of COFs-1 to COFs-2, MB-COFs had a spherical cluster-like structure and a rough surface, with a sufficient magnetic response for rapid magnetic separation (1 min). Due to the introduction of Fe3O4 and COFs-2, MB-COFs exhibited outstanding extraction efficiencies for SFN (92.5–97.3%), which was about 18–72% higher than that of the bare COFs. Moreover, MB-COFs showed good adsorption capacity (Qm of 18.0 mg/g), rapid adsorption (5 min) and desorption (30 s) to SFN, and favorable reusability (≥7 cycles) by virtue of their unique hierarchical porous structure. The adsorption kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order, Ritchie-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich models, while the adsorption isotherm data were highly consistent with the Langmuir, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson models. Finally, under the optimized conditions, the developed method showed a wide linear range (0.001–0.5 mg/L), high sensitivity (limits of quantification of 0.18–0.31 μg/L), satisfactory recoveries (82.2–96.2%) and precisions (1.8–7.9%), and a negligible matrix effect (0.82–0.97). Compared to previous methods, the proposed method is faster and more sensitive and significantly reduces the use of organic solvents, which can achieve the efficient detection of large-scale samples in practical scenarios. This work reveals the high practical potential of MB-COFs as adsorbents for efficient extraction and sensitive analysis of SFN in cruciferous vegetables.

Abstract Background Patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T-cell) therapy are immunocompromised and at high risk of viral infection, including SAR2-CoV-2 infection. However, the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in these recipients is not well characterized. The present meta-analysis evaluated the serologic response and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in these population. Methods Literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, MedRvix and BioRvix) were searched for original studies with serologic response post COVID-19 vaccination in HSCT or CAR T-cell recipients published until July 14, 2022. The analysis included 27 observational studies with a total of 2899 patients receiving allogeneic HSCT (2506), autologous HSCT (286) or CAR T-cell therapy (107), and 683 healthy participants with serologic response data. Random effects models were used to pool the rate of serologic response to COVID-19 vaccination in HSCT or CAR T-cell recipients and odds ratio comparing with healthy controls. Results The pooled seropositivity rates in HSCT and CAR T-cell recipients were 0.624 [0.506–0.729] for one dose, 0.745 [0.712–0.776] for two doses. The rates were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (nearly 100%). In subgroup analysis, CAR T-cell recipients exhibited an even lower seroconversion rate (one dose: 0.204 [0.094–0.386]; two doses: 0.277 [0.190–0.386]) than HSCT counterparts (one dose: 0.779 [0.666–0.862]; two doses: 0.793 [0.762–0.821]). The rates were comparable between autologous and allogeneic HSCT recipients. Other possible impact factors related to seropositivity were time interval between therapy and vaccination, use of immunosuppressive drugs and immune cell counts. Most vaccine-related adverse effects were mild and resolvable, comparable to general population. Conclusions This analysis revealed a diminished response to COVID-19 vaccines in HSCT or CAR T-cell recipients. Our findings may inform regular COVID-19 vaccination at appropriate intervals after HSCT or CAR T-cell therapy.

Summary: Background: With the growing notion of patient-focused drug development, the quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of cancer patients are gaining considerable attention. Several drug regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are calling attention to PROs. This review aims to comprehensively characterise the application of PROs and regulatory considerations for PROs in the FDA-approved novel oncology drugs. Methods: The FDA review documents and labels for novel oncology drugs approved from July 2017 to July 2022 were retrieved. We collected and analysed drug approval information, types of endpoints for PROs, PRO measures, designs of trials including PROs, and regulatory comments on PRO-related contents. Findings: Results demonstrated that PROs were used more commonly for solid tumours than hematologic malignancies, which might be correlated with the disease characteristics. We further categorised and analysed existing PRO measures, providing insight for tool selection in future oncology trial design. Our findings also indicated that PROs currently do not play a significant role in oncology drug approvals. The major deficiencies related to PROs commented on by FDA reviewers were analysed, followed by recommendations for improvements. Interpretation: This review demonstrates that PROs currently do not play a significant role in oncology drug marketing review, and how they can be used to support the approval of new oncology drugs is still in the exploratory stage. This current situation is not only related to the deficiencies in the design and implementation of PRO-related contents in oncology trials, but more importantly, it is a reminder that we should pay more attention to patient experience in the development of oncology drugs. Funding: This study was not supported by any funding.

IntroductionUnderstanding the modulations of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the valence of the stimulus from rewarding and aversive status to neutral status is crucial for the development of novel treatments for drug addiction. This study addressed this issue and examined whether optogenetic ChR2 photostimulation in the cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices of the mPFC regulated the valence of saccharin solution consumption from the rewarding property, the aversive property induced by morphine’s conditioning, and the neutral states via saccharin extinction processes after morphine’s conditioning.MethodsAll rats received virus infection, buried optical fiber, optical stimulation, water deprivation, and saccharin solution consumption phases. In Experiment 1, rats were given ChR2 virus infection into the cingulate cortex (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex (IL) to influence the rewarding saccharin solution consumption under photostimulation. In Experiment 2, rats were given ChR2 or EYFP virus infection into the Cg1, PrL, and IL to alter the saccharin solution consumption in the morphine-induced aversively conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and the saccharin solution consumption in the neutral state following the extinction process under photostimulation. Later, the immunohistochemical staining with c-Fos protein was performed for the Cg1, IL, PrL, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, central amygdala, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area, and dentate gyrus.ResultsThe results showed that optogenetic PrL stimulation decreased the rewarding valence of saccharin solution consumption and increased the morphine-induced, aversive valence of saccharin solution consumption. PrL stimulation decreased the neutral valence of saccharin solution consumption via the extinction process. Cg1 optogenetic stimulation increased the rewarding valence of saccharin solution consumption and the aversive valence of saccharin solution consumption induced by morphine in conditioning. Optogenetic IL stimulation increased the aversive valence of saccharin solution consumption induced by morphine via conditioning.ConclusionAltogether, optogenetic stimulation in the subareas of the mPFC modulated the reward, aversion, and neutral valences of the stimulus and altered neuronal activity in the mPFC, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. Notably, the change of valence was temporary alternation during light-on related to the light-off periods. However, the findings may provide insights in the development of novel treatments for addictive symptoms.

BackgroundThere are a variety of treatment options for recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and the optimal specific treatment still remains to be determined. Therefore, this Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the optimal treatment options for recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.MethodsPubmed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles published until 15 June 2022. The outcome measures for this meta-analysis were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs) of Grade 3-4. The Cochrane assessment tool for risk of bias was used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included original studies. The Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022347273).ResultsOur systematic review included 11 RCTs involving 1871 patients and 11 treatments other than chemotherapy. The results of meta-analysis showed that the overall survival (OS) was the highest in adavosertib + gemcitabine compared with conventional chemotherapy, (HR=0.56,95%CI:0.35-0.91), followed by sorafenib + topotecan (HR=0.65, 95%CI:0.45-0.93). In addition, Adavosertib + Gemcitabine regimen had the highest PFS (HR=0.55,95%CI:0.34-0.88), followed by Bevacizumab + Gemcitabine regimen (HR=0.48,95%CI:0.38-0.60) and the immunotherapy of nivolumab was the safest (HR=0.164,95%CI:0.312-0.871) with least adverse events of Grades 3-4.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that Adavosertib (WEE1 kinase-inhibitor) + gemcitabine regimen and Bevacizumab + Gemcitabine regimen would be significantly beneficial to patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and could be preferred for recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. The immunotherapeutic agent, Nivolumab, is of considerable safety, with a low risk for grade-III or IV adverse events. Its safety is comparable to Adavosertib + gemcitabine regimen. Pazopanib + Paclitaxel (weekly regimen), Sorafenib + Topotecan/Nivolumab could be selected if there are contraindications of the above strategies.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022347273.

To address the issue of non-unique interpretation of dolomite reservoir diagenetic and porosity evolution in the previous qualitative or semi-quantitative studies, we investigate two dolomite reservoir types, i.e. weathering-crust karstic reservoirs and mound-beach reservoirs, in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin by using in-situ laser ablation U-Pb dating as well as carbon and oxygen isotopic composition analysis. The results show that: (1) According to the dating of 8 reservoir samples, the Majiagou Formation experienced 5 diagenetic stages (Stage 1: deposition of matrix dolomite or penecontemporaneous dolomitization, in 444.0–494.0 Ma; Stage 2: dogtooth- or blade-shaped dolomite cementation, in 440.0–467.0 Ma; Stage 3: dolomitic silt filling, in 316.5–381.0 Ma; Stage 4: crystalline dolomite filling, in 354.0 Ma; Stage 5: crystalline calcite filling, in 292.7–319.0 Ma). (2) Supra-salt weathering-crust karstic dolomite reservoirs went through several diagenetic processes including penecontemporaneous dolomitization, compaction, weathering-crust karstification, packing, and rupturing in succession. Gypsum mold pores formed in the phase of hypergenic karstification and were filled with such minerals as dolomitic silts and calcites, and thus the porosity decreased from 10%–40% to 3%–8%. (3) Sub-salt mound-beach dolomite reservoirs went through the diagenetic processes including penecontemporaneous dolomitization, compaction, subsea cementation, penecontemporaneous corrosion, infiltration backflow dolomitization, packing, and rupturing. The porosity of reservoirs was originally 10%–30%, decreased to 0–6% due to seawater cementation, rose back to 5%–15% owing to penecontemporaneous corrosion, and finally declined to 2%–6% as a result of crystalline dolomites and calcites packing. The above methodology for the restoration of dolomitization and porosity evolution may be helpful for the restoration of porosity evolution in other basins or series of strata.

Root hypoxia stress and soil nutrient turnover have been related to reduced crop productivity. Aerated drip irrigation (ADI) can effectively enhance crop productivity and yield. However, the response of the soil bacterial community to different irrigation water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations remains elusive due to the extreme sensitivity of microorganisms to environmental variations. We investigated the effects of aerated irrigation with different concentrations of DO on soil properties and agronomic performance of cucumber, as well as the contribution of the bacterial community. We performed experiments on cucumber cultivation in Shouguang, China, including different irrigation methods (ADI: O2–10 and O3–20 mg L−1, non-aerated groundwater: O1–5 mg L−1) and nitrogen (N) application rates: 240 and 360 kg N ha−1. ADI (particularly O2) significantly improved soil properties, root growth, cucumber yields, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and appropriate DO concentrations reduced N fertilizer application and increased crop yields. Furthermore, these changes were associated with bacterial community diversity, aerobic bacteria abundance, and consolidated bacterial population stability within the network module. Environmental factors such as soil respiration rate (Rs), DO, and NO3−-N have significant effects on bacterial communities. The FAPROTAX results demonstrated enhanced nitrification (Nitrospira) and aerobic nitrite oxidation by soil bacteria under ADI, promoting the accumulation of effective soil N and improved soil fertility and crop yield. Appropriate DO concentration is conducive to the involvement of soil bacterial communities in regulating soil properties and cucumber growth performance, which are vital for the sustainable development of facility agriculture.

Abstract The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has led to increasing research interest in the cooperative control of multi‐prosumers in a transactive energy (TE) paradigm. While the existing literature shows that TE offers significant grid flexibility and economic benefits, few studies have addressed the incorporation of security constraints in TE. Herein, a market‐based control mechanism in real‐time markets is proposed to economically coordinate the TE among prosumers while ensuring secure system operation. Considering the dynamic characteristics of batteries and responsive demands, a model predictive control (MPC) method is used to handle the constraints between different time intervals and incorporate the following generation and consumption predictions. Owing to the computational burden and individual privacy issues, an efficient distributed algorithm is developed to solve the optimal power flow problem. The strong coupling between prosumers through power networks is removed by introducing auxiliary variables to acquire locational marginal prices (LMPs) covering energy, congestion, and loss components. Case studies based on the IEEE 33‐bus system demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method and model.

Blast furnace slag and steelmaking slag, as the main accessory products of iron and steel smelting, are piled up in large quantities due to their huge output, high treatment difficulty and low comprehensive utilization rate, which has a serious impact on the land and environment. In order to improve the comprehensive utilization of steelmaking slag, low basicity blast furnace slag was added to the existing steel slag for quenching and tempering. The influence of basicity on the chemical composition and phase precipitation of mixed slag was analyzed. In the research process, the phase composition and morphology of blast furnace slag and steel slag of Baotou Steel were analyzed using FactSage7.1 thermodynamic calculation software, ZEISS high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), modern fast high-resolution Bruker energy dispersive spectrometer and AMICS-Mining automatic mineral analysis software. The results show that the mineral phase composition of blast furnace slag is mainly calcium aluminum yellow feldspar and that of steelmaking slag is mainly dicalcium silicate(C2S), magnesium-iron phase solid solution, rose pyroxene and calcium iron aluminate. When the basicity of the mixed slag is 2.0, it can effectively inhibit the formation of non-cementitious mineral anorthite and promote the formation of better cementitious mineral C2S. At the same time, it is found that the melting temperature of mixed slag decreases with the increase in Al2O3 content.

Xinjiang serves as a hub for trans-Eurasian exchange. The Xinjiang hominids are supposed to be greatly influenced by the environment due to the fragile ecology and arid climate. As the territory with the most significant and complex geomorphic units in Inner Asia, Xinjiang features a diverse spectrum of geomorphic forms, including mountains, basins, deserts, river valleys, and oases. This paper presents a systematic summary of the geomorphic locations of 127 Bronze Age to early Iron Age (3000–200 BC) sites and cemeteries in Xinjiang and their economic strategies, exploring the different economic choices of ancient humans who lived in other geomorphic units, and how they adapted to their microenvironments. We have divided Xinjiang into five regions: the Junggar Basin, the Tarim Basin, the Western Tianshan Mountains, the middle Tianshan Mountains, and the Eastern Tianshan Mountains. Our study shows that there were different agropastoral economic modes in different geographical units. Roughly bounded by the Tianshan Mountains, the economy in northern Xinjiang was heavily based on animal husbandry, while oasis farming was popular in the Southern Xinjiang reigon. From the perspective of geomorphology, most sites are situated in mountain valleys, alluvial fans, and oases regions with surface water sources and fine-textured soil cover. Sites near mountains were more likely to develop a mixed pastoral-hunting economy, and oasis communities of a specific size were more likely to build a mixed agricultural-pastoral economy. In large river valleys or alluvial fans, it is expected that settlement clusters and large central settlements will grow, leading to the emergence of social complexity. This study will help to understand the complex “man-land” dynamics between 3000 and 200 BC in Xinjiang.

To re-examine the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs, the present study concerned whether different doses of morphine disparately affect neuronal activity and associations among the subareas of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC: cingulate cortex 1-Cg1, prelimbic cortex-PrL, infralimbic cortex-IL), the subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc; both core and shell), and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) following conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and conditioned place preference (CPP). All rats were given a 0.1% saccharin solution for 15-min, and they were intraperitoneally injected with saline or 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg morphine to form the aversive CTA learning. Later, half of the rats were tested for CPP (including the CTA and then CPP tests) for 30-min. Finally, the immunohistochemical staining with c-Fos was conducted after the behavioral test. After the CTA test, c-Fos (%) in the Cg1 and PrL (but not the IL) was more in 20–40 mg/kg of the morphine groups; c-Fos (%) in the NAc core, NAc shell, and BLA was more in the 30–40 mg/kg morphine group. After the CPP test, the Cg1, PrL, IL, and BLA showed more c-Fos (%) in 20 mg/kg morphine; the NAc core showed fewer in c-Fos (%) in the 30–40 mg/kg morphine groups. The mPFC subregions (e.g., Cg1, PrL, and IL), NAc subareas (e.g., NAc core and NAc shell), and BLA were involved in the different doses of morphine injections. The correlation analysis showed that a positive correlation was observed between PrL and IL with NAc core with low doses of morphine and with NAc shell with increasing doses of morphine after the CTA test. After the CPP, an association between PrL and NAc core and NAc shell at low doses and between IL and BLA and NAc shell with increasing doses of morphine. Therefore, different neural substrates and the neural connectivity are observed following different doses of morphine and after the CTA and CPP tests. The present data extend the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs.

Venous indwelling needle has the advantages of protecting blood vessels and reducing repeated puncture. It is widely used in clinical settings, but there are still problems such as phlebitis and infection in the treatment process, which affects the use efficiency of indwelling needle. This paper mainly summarizes the influencing factors and nursing measures of phlebitis caused by venous indwelling needle, so as to improve nurses' ability to identify and control the influencing factors of various phlebitis, reduce the incidence of complications, reduce the incidence of phlebitis caused by indwelling needle, and improve the use efficiency of indwelling needle. (静脉炎是使用留置针常见的并发症之一。本文主要对静脉留置针致静脉炎的影响因素及护理措施进行综述, 以提高护士对各类静脉炎影响因素的识别与控制能力, 减少并发症发生, 降低留置针致静脉炎发生率, 提高留置针使用效能。)

The superhydrophobic scallop-like Cu6Sn5 micro/nano structure were successfully constructed on pure copper substrate by heat-induced Cu/Sn interfacial metallurgical reaction and simple chemical modification process. The microstructure, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of as-prepared samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. The results show that the averaged shear resistance strength between micro Cu6Sn5 and Cu substrate is higher than 40 MPa. After modified with myristic acid and Cu2+, copper myristate with low surface energy is formed on the armor Cu6Sn5 surface. The wetting angle of water droplets on as-modified surface is higher than 150° and its rolling angle is 7.2°. Compared with pure copper, the self corrosion current density of the samples modified by copper myristate in 3.5%NaCl(mass fraction) solution is about 1/10 of that of the samples before modification,showing better corrosion resistance. Based on the metallurgical bonding mechanism between intermetallic compounds and metal matrix, the armor formation strategy of metal materials in micro-scale by heat-induced interfacial reaction is proposed, which can successfully solve the open and key scientific problem of low mechanical stability for artificial superhydrophobic interface.

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is currently a global pandemic, and there are limited laboratory studies targeting pathogen resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected disinfection products and methods on the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratory. We used quantitative suspension testing to evaluate the effectiveness of the disinfectant/method. Available chlorine of 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L required 20 min, 5 min, and 0.5 min to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, respectively. A 600-fold dilution of 17% concentration of di-N-decyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (283 mg/L) and the same concentration of di-N-decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride required only 0.5 min to inactivate the virus efficiently. At 30% concentration for 1 min and 40% and above for 0.5 min, ethanol could efficiently inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Heat takes approximately 30 min at 56 °C, 10 min above 70 °C, or 5 min above 90 °C to inactivate the virus. The chlorinated disinfectants, Di-N-decyl dimethyl ammonium bromide/chloride, ethanol, and heat could effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratory test. The response of SARS-CoV-2 to disinfectants is very similar to that of SARS-CoV.

A growing body of evidence showed that environmental enrichment (EE) ameliorated footshock-induced fear behavior of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no research comprehensively tested the effect of EE, cue, and the combination of EE and cue in footshock-induced fear behavior of PTSD symptoms. The present study addressed this issue and examined whether the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, including the cingulate cortex 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex (IL)), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and the hippocampus (e.g., CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG)) regulated the amelioration of the EE, cue, or the combination of EE and cue. The results showed that EE or cue could reduce fear behavior. The combination of EE and cue revealed a stronger decrease in fear behavior. The cue stimulus may play an occasion setting or a conditioned stimulus to modulate the reduction in fear behavior induced by footshock. Regarding the reduction of the EE in fear behavior, the Cg1 and IL of the mPFC and the NAc upregulated the c-Fos expression; however, the BLA downregulated the c-Fos expression. The mPFC (i.e., the Cg1, PrL, and IL) and the hippocampus (i.e., the CA1, CA3, and DG) downregulated the c-Fos expression in the suppression of the cue in fear behavior. The interaction of EE and cue in reduction of fear behavior occurred in the Cg1 and NAc for the c-Fos expression. The data of c-Fos mRNA were similar to the findings of the c-Fos protein expression. These findings related to the EE and cue modulations in fear behavior may develop a novel nonpharmacological treatment in PTSD.

Reversible vasoconstriction is rare in the pediatric population. Typically manifesting as peripheral vasoconstriction with variable neurologic symptoms, Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is often a diagnosis of exclusion and may not be diagnosed in the absence of angiographic imaging. Shown here are 2 cases of pediatric Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with disparate MRI findings and arterial spin labeling perfusion findings. Keywords: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

The structural parameters of five bituminous coals were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The combustion behavior of coal was investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer under air conditions. Furthermore, the relationships between combustion parameters and the coal structure were established. The results show that bituminous coals contain crystalline and amorphous carbon. The aromaticity, interlayer spacing, average stacking height, aliphatic chain length, and the hydrocarbon-generating potential varied with the different bituminous coals. The coal samples exhibited similar weight changes during the combustion process, and the combustion parameters increased with increments in heating rate. The maximum combustion rate and activation energy increased with declining interlayer spacing and hydrocarbon-generating potential and increasing aromaticity, average stacking height, and aliphatic chain length. The bituminous coal for the utilization of combustion should have high aromaticity, a degree of graphitization, crystalline, long aliphatic chain length, and weak hydrocarbon-generating potential.

BACKGROUND: Aging-associated left ventricular dysfunction promotes cardiopulmonary fibrogenic remodeling, Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH), and right ventricular failure. At the time of diagnosis, cardiac function has declined, and cardiopulmonary fibrosis has often developed. Here, we sought to develop a molecular positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol to detect both cardiopulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic disease activity in a left ventricular dysfunction model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Left ventricular dysfunction was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 6-month-old senescence-accelerated prone mice, a subset of mice that received sham surgery. Three weeks after surgery, mice underwent simultaneous PET-MRI at 4.7 T. Collagen-targeted PET and fibrogenesis magnetic resonance (MR) probes were intravenously administered. PET signal was computed as myocardium- or lung-to-muscle ratio. Percent signal intensity increase and Δ lung-to-muscle ratio were computed from the pre-/postinjection magnetic resonance images. Elevated allysine in the heart (P=0.02) and lungs (P=0.17) of TAC mice corresponded to an increase in myocardial magnetic resonance imaging percent signal intensity increase (P

Whether BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA expression of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; cingulated cortex area 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex (IL)), amygdala, and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG)) was involved in fear of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the situational reminder of traumatic memory remains uncertain. Footshock rats experienced an inescapable footshock (3 mA, 10 s), and later we have measured fear behavior for 2 min in the footshock environment on the situational reminder phase. In the final retrieval of situational reminder, BDNF protein and mRNA levels were measured. The results showed that higher BDNF expression occurred in the Cg1, PrL, and amygdala. Lower BDNF expression occurred in the IL, CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG. BDNF mRNA levels were higher in the mPFC and amygdala but lower in the hippocampus. The neural connection analysis showed that BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA exhibited weak connections among the mPFC, amygdala, and hippocampus during situational reminders. The present data did not support the previous viewpoint in neuroimaging research that the mPFC and hippocampus revealed hypoactivity and the amygdala exhibited hyperactivity for PTSD symptoms. These findings should be discussed with the previous evidence and provide clinical implications for PTSD.

Contamination of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, by human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major constraint to sustainable shellfish farming in coastal waters of the Northeast Pacific. HuNoV is not a marine virus and must originate from a human source. A barrier to effective management is a paucity of data regarding HuNoV dispersal in the marine environment. The main objective of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and persistence of HuNoV in an active shellfish farming region in the Northeast Pacific. Market-size C. gigas were sequentially deployed for two-week intervals at 12 sites during the 2020 winter risk period from January to April. Detection of HuNoV quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RTqPCR) according to method ISO 15216-1:2017, with modifications. RTqPCR did not detect GI HuNoV. The estimated prevalence of GII HuNoV in oyster digestive tissue was 0.8 ± 0.2%. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed that contamination of oysters with GII HuNoV changed through time and space during the surveillance period. A single cluster of oysters contaminated with GII.2 HuNoV was detected in a small craft harbor on 23 April. There was no significant increase in the proportion of positive pools in the next nearest sampling station, indicating that HuNoV is likely to disperse less than 7 km from this non-point source of contamination. Results from this study indicate that HuNoV contamination of coastal waters from non-point sources, such as small craft harbors and urban settings, can pose a significant localised risk to shellfish farming operations in the region.

Do chronic fluoxetine treatments reduced footshock-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including fear and comorbid depression, in the situational reminder phase? Moreover, are the subareas of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), including the cingulate cortex 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), and basolateral amygdala (BLA), involved in the fluoxetine amelioration of PTSD symptoms? These two crucial issues were addressed in the present study. All mice were injected with chronic fluoxetine or normal saline treatments for the adaptation (14 days), footshock fear conditioning (1 day), and situational reminder (3 days) phases. After adaptation, the mice were subjected to footshock (2 mA, 10 seconds) or nonfootshock and stayed 2 min in a footshock box for 2 min for fear conditioning. Later, they were placed in the footshock box for 2 min in the situational reminder phase. In the final session of the situational reminder phase, a forced swimming test (FST) and immunohistochemical staining were conducted. The results indicated that footshock induced fear and comorbid depression. Meanwhile, chronic fluoxetine treatments reduced fear and depression behaviors. The Cg1, PrL, IL, and BLA were seemingly to increase c-Fos expression after footshock-induced PTSD symptoms in the situational reminder phase. The fluoxetine treatments reduced only the BLA’s c-Fos expression. The findings suggest that BLA contributes to the fluoxetine amelioration of PTSD symptoms; however, the mPFC, including the Cg1, PrL, and IL, did not mediate PTSD symptoms’ amelioration stemming from fluoxetine. The present data might help us to further understand the neural mechanism of fluoxetine treatments in PTSD symptoms.

ABSTRACT Detection of moving objects is an essential skill for animals to hunt prey, recognize conspecifics and avoid predators. The zebrafish, as a vertebrate model, primarily uses its elaborate visual system to distinguish moving objects against background scenes. The optic tectum (OT) receives and integrates inputs from various types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), including direction-selective (DS) RGCs and size-selective RGCs, and is required for both prey capture and predator avoidance. However, it remains largely unknown how motion information is processed within the OT. Here we performed in vivo whole-cell recording and calcium imaging to investigate the role of superficial interneurons (SINs), a specific type of optic tectal neurons, in motion detection of larval zebrafish. SINs mainly receive excitatory synaptic inputs, exhibit transient ON- or OFF-type of responses evoked by light flashes, and possess a large receptive field (RF). One fifth of SINs are DS and classified into two subsets with separate preferred directions. Furthermore, SINs show size-dependent responses to moving dots. They are efficiently activated by moving objects but not static ones, capable of showing sustained responses to moving objects and having less visual adaptation than periventricular neurons (PVNs), the principal tectal cells. Behaviorally, ablation of SINs impairs prey capture, which requires local motion detection, but not global looming-evoked escape. Finally, starvation enhances the gain of SINs’ motion responses while maintaining their size tuning and DS. These results indicate that SINs serve as a motion detector for sensing and localizing sized moving objects in the visual field.