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Herein, the effect of Nb content on the phase transformation kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of hot-rolled quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel is investigated. The characteristics of three C–Mn–Si–Ti steels (0.18C, 2.0Si, 2.6Mn, and 0.015Ti) containing 0, 0.027, or 0.061 wt% Nb are compared. Results reveal that grain boundary pinning by precipitates and Nb solute drag effects refine the austenite grain size during the hot-rolling process; the microstructural refinement is carried over to the final microstructure subjected to the Q&P treatment. The remaining supersaturated Nb suppresses the bainite formation and decreases the final bainite fraction formed in the Q&P process. The microstructural evolution leads to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the steel containing 0.027 wt% Nb from 1169 to 1228 MPa, while keeping the total elongation at 18%. When the Nb content is increased to 0.061 wt%, the UTS of the steel increases to 1313 MPa, but the elongation at break drops to 16%. The effect is due to the carbon consumption by the Nb precipitates, which causes a decrease in the stability of the retained austenite and reduces the strain hardening at high strain levels., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Novel Aerospace Materials