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En la actualidad existen diversas aplicaciones de la iluminación LED, sin embargo, algunas de estas requieren regular la iluminación con precisión y en un amplio rango de operación, principalmente en tareas de seguimiento. Es en estos casos en donde es necesario considerar la no linealidad del LED para el diseño de esquemas de control, además, se necesita de una fuente de alimentación eficiente ante los cambios de tensión y corriente requeridos por la lámpara. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de un convertidor DC-DC capaz de realizar y soportar estas variaciones, así como el diseño, simulación y comparación de esquemas de control PI clásico, PI difuso y ganancias programadas para estas aplicaciones. Con el fin de validar los esquemas de control descritos, y con el propósito de cumplir las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se toma el control de la iluminancia producida por una lámpara de protección ocular como caso de estudio, en donde el controlador varía el ciclo de trabajo del convertidor, ajustando de esta manera la tensión de la lámpara, y en consecuencia regulando la intensidad luminosa. Comparando los esquemas de control, el desempeño del sistema con el control por ganancias programadas tiene mejores características para el caso de estudio descrito con anterioridad, presentándose un error en estado estable de 0 % y menor sobretiro en comparación con los otros esquemas de control desarrollados., Nowadays there are several applications of LED lighting, but some of them require to precisely regulate lighting in a wide range of operation, mainly in tracking tasks. In these cases, it is necessary to consider the nonlinearity of the LED for the design of control schemes; moreover, an efficient power source is needed to supply the voltage and current variations required by the lamp. This paper presents the design of a DC-DC converter capable of implementing these variations, as well as the design, simulation and comparison of classical PI, fuzzy PI and gain-scheduling control schemes for these applications. In order to validate the described control schemes and to comply with the recommendations of the World Health Organization, the control of the illuminance produced by an eye protection lamp is taken as a case study, where the controller varies the duty cycle of the converter to adjust the voltage of the lamp, and consequently regulate the luminous intensity. Comparing the control schemes, the gain-scheduling control has a better performance for the case study described above, presenting a steady state error of 0% and lower overshoot.

Cell therapy is a progressively growing field that is rapidly moving from preclinical model development to clinical application. Outcomes obtained from clinical trials reveal the therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapy to deal with unmet medical treatment needs for several disorders with no therapeutic options. Among adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the leading cell type used in advanced therapies for the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory and vascular diseases. To date, the safety and feasibility of autologous MSC-based therapy has been established; however, their indiscriminate use has resulted in mixed outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. While MSCs derived from diverse tissues share common properties depending on the type of clinical application, they markedly differ within clinical trials in terms of efficacy, resulting in many unanswered questions regarding the application of MSCs. Additionally, our experience in clinical trials related to critical limb ischemia pathology (CLI) shows that the therapeutic efficacy of these cells in different animal models has only been partially reproduced in humans through clinical trials. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new research to identify pitfalls, to optimize procedures and to clarify the repair mechanisms used by these cells, as well as to be able to offer a next generation of stem cell that can be routinely used in a cost-effective and safe manner in stem cell-based therapies targeting CLI.

Carmen L Insausti,1 Miguel Blanquer,1 Ana M García-Hernández,1 Gregorio Castellanos,2 José M Moraleda11Unidad de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular, 2Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, Murcia, SpainAbstract: Epithelial and mesenchymal cells isolated from the amniotic membrane (AM) possess stem cell characteristics, differentiation potential toward lineages of different germ layers, and immunomodulatory properties. While their expansion and differentiation potential have been well studied and characterized, knowledge about their immunomodulatory properties and the mechanisms involved is still incomplete. These mechanisms have been evaluated on various target cells of the innate and the adaptive system and in animal models of different inflammatory diseases. Some results have evidenced that the immunomodulatory effect of AM-derived cells is dependent on cell-cell contact, but many of them have demonstrated that these properties are mediated through the secretion of suppressive molecules. In this review, we present an update on the described immunomodulatory properties of the derived amniotic cells and some of the proposed involved mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe some assays in animal models of different inflammatory diseases which reveal the potential use of these cells to treat such diseases.Keywords: epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, cell therapy, immunomodulation