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High blood press ure remains a public health problem. High blood pressure in children and adole scent is a major risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood which can cause high morbidity and mortality. Listening to the classical music can be used as an alternative in reducing high blood pressure. Objective To investigate the effect of classic al music in reducing blood pressure in children with high normal blood pressure and or hypertension. Methods Eighty eight students of Sidorame Senior High School Medan with blood pressure;:: 120/80 mmHg or blood pressure ;:: 90 percentile Task Force were included in this study. The Vivaldi's Four Seasons was played for 30 minutes using Sony stereo cassette recorder and earphone. The students' blood pressure were measured after listening to the music. Results The reduction of students' blood pressure in the classical music group was greater than control group (LiSBP, LiDBP 9,41mmHg, 6.0SmmHg versus 4.37mmHg, 2.23mmHg) and showed statistically difference. Conclusion Listening to the classical music can reduce blood pressure in children with high blood pressure. (Paediatr Indones 2008;48:142-6).

The awareness and the extent of usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) components by Village Extension Agents (VEAs), in three selected States Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) of Nigeria, were investigated. Two hundred and four (204) VEAs were sampled as respondents for the study. With aid of simple statistical tools (average, cumulative and percentages), and the analysis of the results indicate that the level of awareness of ICTs among the respondents (VEAs) was quite high especially on radio (99%), GSM phones (96%); and television (93%). On the contrary, the level of awareness was low on fax (68%) and Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) (69%). It was also noted that the following devices were highly used by the respondents; GSM phones, radio, cassette recorder, television, CD/DVD player and VHS Video player. Unfortunately, the respondents recorded least ICT usage on fax and PDAs. It was recommended that both awareness and usage of available ICT formats should be intensified among VEAs so as to optimize their usage in the effective performance on the job.

I recorded the calling activity of the males of a population of the common eastern froglet Crinia signifera during 1988 to determine the seasonal and temporal patterns of calling activity and the influence of micrometeorological variables on calling. The patterns of calling were recorded using an automated cassette recorder switched on for 10 seconds approximately every 15 minutes. To assess the effects of micrometeorology on calling I compared the mean hourly calling activity with air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, rainfall and wind intensity with time of day as a co-variable. This comparison was undertaken for data from three separate two-month periods of the year, as well as with the data from the three periods combined, to determine if there were seasonal differences in the effects of micrometeorology. For the analysis I used a forward stepwise Generalised Linear Model. Chorusing was recorded in every month of the year. Time of day was highly significant as a predictor of hourly calling a...

Diel patterns in underwater sounds from five beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and five Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) housed at John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, IL were studied. Underwater sounds were sampled systematically over 24‐h periods by using a battery‐operated cassette recorder and an Ithaco 605C hydrophone controlled by a digital timer, which activated every hour and then shut off after 2.5 min. Belugas had 14 sounds and Pacific white‐sided dolphins produced 5 sounds. For each species, the use of some sounds was correlated with other sounds. The diel pattern for both species was similar and mostly affected by the presence of humans. Sounds gradually increased after the staff and visitors arrived, peaked during the midday, gradually decreased as closing of the aquarium approached, and was minimal overnight. These data can help identify the best time of day to make recordings and perhaps could be used to examine social, reproductive, or health changes in these captive cetaceans.

The present study had the objective of collecting data about herbal remedies from residents of the central urban area fron the city of Bandeirantes , Parana. The data were collected from February to December 2003, through interviews done with people aging over 40 years old, chosen considering the knowledge about the medical use of herbal species, based on indication done by local residents. The interviews were kept using a form with questions related to the interviewed one and to the herbal medicine mentioned. Each interview was recorded using a cassette recorder and pictures for a later transcription. Vegetal samples were collected as often as possible and the samples were herborized, then exsicats were prepared for later botanical identification. After the identifications, the exsicats were incorporated to the herbaceous border of FALM Botanical Garden (Faculdades Luiz Meneghel, Bandeirantes, Parana). 31 plants (herbal remedies) were indicated, distributed among 19 families. The Lamiaceae contributed with the highest number of species, followed by Rosacea, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae. Leafs were the most used part for the medical preparation and the most common way of preparation was the infusion. The most mentioned therapeutic indications were: headaches, stomachahes, fever, stomach cramps and infection.

The Omacha Foundation conducted a project to identify and compare vocal repertoires of the freshwater dolphins Inia geoffrensis and Sotalia fluviatilis in the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers in Colombia. Field recordings of 2457 min. were made using an omnidirectional hydrophone connected to a cassette recorder. Six different types of sounds were identified for Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana in the Orinoco River. Low‐frequency whistles were recorded (fundamental signal around 3 kHz, maximum frequencies of 13 kHz), when foraging/socializing dolphin groups consisted of more than five animals. Screams, squeaks, pulsed sounds, low‐frequency sounds, and echolocation clicks were identified as additional sound types for the species. In the Amazon region, where both species of river dolphins are found, recordings were only analyzed when the species occurred separately. Four different types of vocalizations including echolocation clicks, screams, squeaks, and pulsed sounds were identified for Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis. No clear whistles were heard for this species. Sotalia fluviatilis whistled constantly, even when only two dolphins were sighted. Whistles varied in frequency contour and duration. Generally high frequencies were observed with maximum values of 21.7 kHz and a fundamental signal of 15.8 kHz. Squeaking sounds, echolocation clicks, and burst pulses were also recorded. (To be presented in Spanish.)

Whistles of Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) at the John G. Shedd Aquarium were studied to determine: (1) whistles associated with a particular individual, (2) if whistles of isolated dolphins differed from whistles from dolphins in a group, (3) time and/or frequency variables important in classification, and (4) whistle types. Individual dolphin whistles were recorded in an isolated pool using a hydrophone and a Telex recorder. Whistles were recorded from dolphins in a group setting using the same hydrophone, but with a Marantz cassette recorder. Whistles were digitized using Canary software. Frequency and time measurements were taken from power spectra and spectrograms. ANOVA, principle component analysis (PCA), discriminate analysis (DFA), and cluster analysis were performed. Whistles were classified visually into six types. There were no significant differences between whistles from isolated or social dolphins. PCA showed duration of the series, number of whistle in the series, maximum frequency, minimum frequency, and peak frequency were important in classification. DFA showed dominant bandwidth, duration of first whistle, harmonic structure, maximum frequency, and peak frequency were important in categorizing types. Using the variables in PCA, cluster analysis separated the whistles into different types than those classified visually. This study provides no evidence of individualized signature whistles.

Most echolocation studies have focused on bats and dolphins. Because of technological improvements in ultrasonic sensing and recording equipment, there now are cost‐effective approaches towards examining ‘‘other’’ groups of mammals for possible echolocation abilities. In this study, we suggest that echolocation is a primitive characteristic, first appearing in insectivores, the ancestor of all other placental mammals. A few other studies and anatomical, behavioral, and physiological attributes suggest that shrews are likely to echolocate. In captivity, least shrews (Cryptotis parva) produce series of pulses. We used a board divided into an inner and outer box of equal area to run 8 least shrews through a set of foraging and orientation experiments. Experiments were in the dark and we monitored the circumstances under which shrews produced pulses using a night‐vision video camera. An ANABATII bat detector monitored the presence of pulses, a Marantz cassette recorder documented the sounds, and Audioscope so...

We describe the design and use of a simple and inexpensive timing device for recording body temperatures (Tb's) of a free-ranging animal. This timing device is the first to use CNT-35-26 programmable counters, making it more efficient than recently described timing devices (e.g., Beaupre and Beaupre, 1994). The device is used with a cassette recorder and the researcher's existing telemetry equipment to create a highly mobile temperaturemonitoring system. The CNT-35-26 programmable counters allow for easy programmability for any time interval, observation of timing status due to digital LCDs, and the ability to record precise and accurate pulse frequencies without calibration for changes in cassettetape recorder speed. Use of this simple timing device to operate equipment or various datacollecting systems may be of interest to many researchers. The design, operation, and use of this timing device to create a telemetry monitoring system are discussed.

Hermaphrodites, although well documented among fishes, are relatively rare among the tetrapods (Warner, 1978). Among the amphibians, it has long been known that the Bidder's organ of male toads (attached to the anterior of the testes) will develop into functional ovarian tissue if the testes are removed (Pancak, 1987; Pancak-Roessler et al., 1990). However, this phenomenon has rarely been reported under natural conditions (see reviews in Witschi, 1933; Pancak, 1987; Pancak-Roessler and Norris, 1991). Herein we report on a toad taken from an area of hybridization between Bufo microscaphus and B. woodhousii that exhibited typical male secondary sexual characters (advertisement and release call production, well-developed nuptial pads, and clasping behavior) while it simultaneously extruded eggs. We observed the toad in a breeding aggregation of B. microscaphus, B. woodhousii, and putative hybrids along Black Canyon Creek, 1 km north of Black Canyon City, Yavapai County, AZ, at 2030 h on 15 March 1994. The toad was producing advertisement calls in alternation with six other males (hybrids and B. microscaphus) chorusing along 6 m of shoreline. We saw a recently (< 12 h based on developmental stage and absence of silt) deposited clutch at the calling site of the hermaphrodite, although no females were observed in the vicinity and chorusing activity had just been initiated (< 30 min). For each toad, we recorded three or more advertisement calls with a Sennheiser ME 80 microphone (K3U power module) and Marantz PMD 430 cassette recorder. We collected each

A portable, unprepared simple reaction time (USRT) test is described. This test is particularly suitable for assessing performance in the field as a function of arousal-related stress. The test, which is housed in a small, battery-powered cassette recorder, presents a visual stimulus at quasi-random intertrial intervals ranging from 1 to 10 s. The subject responds by pressing a button as quickly as possible, whereupon the reaction time is displayed. The duration of the test is limited only by the cassette tape on which the data are recorded, but 10 min is recommended. Reviewed are studies illustrating the test's brief practice curve and its sensitivity to arousal-related stress.

A recording system is described which enables the duration and sequence of the behaviour patterns of two (or more) interacting animals to be recorded on a single channel cassette recorder. A retrieval system has been developed which enables the data to be recovered simply. The instrumentation for both recording and retrieval is exceptionally portable and inexpensive to construct, and places no limits on the size of the behavioural catalogue to be studied.

The significance of the mass media in everyday musical life can scarcely be exaggerated. Music is nowadays, to a large degree, heard in technologically communicated form, i.e. as ‘transmitted music’ (Übertragungsmusik), not live (see especially Silbermann 1954, Eberhard 1962, Jungk 1971, Goslich 1971, Bornoff 1972, Blaukopf, Goslich and Scheib 1973, Schmidt 1975, Rösing 1978a, Brinkmann 1980, Hosokawa 1981). It can be assumed that young people and adults in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) consume, on average, a good three hours' worth of music a day, on radio, cassette recorder, television or records. The fact that music, by means of the technological transmission-chain, is available at all times and can be replayed at will, independent of the here-and-now of live performance, has far-reaching consequences for the listening behaviour, listening expectations, musical preferences and musical understanding of every individual. Two of these aspects, listening behaviour and musical preferences, will be examined in detail in what follows.

The present information production techniques are so inefficient that it is out of the question to generalize them. On the other hand audio-visual communication raises a major political problem especially for developing countries. Audio-visual equipment has gone through adjustment phases; the example of the tape and cassette recorder is given: 2 technological improvements have completely modified its use; the transistors have allowed considerable reduction in volume and weight as well as the energy necessary; the invention of the cassette has simplified its use. Technological research is following 3 major directions: the production of equipment which consumes little energy; the improvement of electronic component production techniques (towards cheaper electronic components); finally the designing of systems allowing to stock large quantities of information. The communication systems will probably make so much progress in the areas of technology and programming that they will soon have very different uses than the present ones. The question is whether our civilizations will let themselves be dominated by these new systems or whether they will succeed to turn them into progress tools.

A semi-automated system is described for use in research in biofeedback-assisted muscular relaxation therapy. The system employs a cassette tape recorder for presentation of instructions and for program control signals, programming modules for timing and gating EMG feedback and EMG recording intervals, a Kodak Carousel programmer to interface the cassette recorder with the programming system, and an EMG processor wired for external timing of feedback and counting of averaged EMG activity. A description of the current functioning of the system is presented, along with possible extensions.

This paper presents the format of pre -recorded tape for playing back on a rotating-head digital-audio tape cassette recorder (DAT( ') and presents a technique for high-speed duplication of this tape. The sampling frequency of 44.lkHz is only used for pre-recorded tape and digital copying is not possible. The format also includes a wide track-pitch mode, which is used by producers of pre-recorded tape for high-speed contact duplication.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux has been assessed in 10 symptomatic patients and 10 asymptomatic normal subjects during a study period of 24 hours at work and in the home using a newly developed pH sensitive radiotelemetry capsule and a portable receiving system. Oesophageal pH was continuously monitored by the tethered radiotelemetry capsule and recorded with a portable receiver and a 24-hour cassette recorder, allowing the patient complete freedom of movement so that ambulatory studies could be undertaken during a normal working day. The number and duration of reflux episodes was greater in symptomatic patients than normal subjects during 24-hour studies at home (p less than 0.002). In both groups, reflux occurred more during the day than at night (p less than 0.01). Patients refluxed significantly more at home than when they were in hospital (p less than 0.01). Ambulatory outpatient oesophageal pH monitoring may be useful in the management of patients with atypical symptoms and may demonstrate significant reflux when inpatient investigations and endoscopy findings show minimal abnormality.

A 70 dB erase ratio, the minimum practical for metal tapes, was obtained with ac erase magnetic heads of audio compact cassette recorders. Prerequisites for obtaining this level were the prevention of a "re-recording effect" and the selection of a gap configuration that would generate a highly efficient erase field. The relation between the erase effect and gap length has been clarified by the use of the finite element method; the number, depth, and length of the gaps have been determined. A practical design method for erase heads is also described.

The walkman – a cassette recorder for headphone listening. This gadget, originally invented and marketed by Sony in the spring of 1980 in Japan, and soon exported, has become known throughout the West, however awkward its Japanese-made English may sound. As its use has proliferated, so have the arguments about its effects. One example, a report in Nouvel Observateur, was cited by Philippe Sollers (Sollers 1981, p. 50). The interviewer, apparently, asks young people (eighteen to twenty-two years old) the following: whether men with the walkman are human or not; whether they are losing contact with reality; whether the relations between eyes and ears are changing radically; whether they are psychotic or schizophrenic; whether they are worried about the fate of humanity. One of the interviewees replies: your question is out-of-date. All of these problems of communication and incommunicability, according to him, belong to the sixties and the seventies. The eighties are not the same at all. They are the years of autonomy, of an intersection of singularities in the construction of discourses. Soon, he says, you will have every kind of film on video at home, every kind of classical music on only one tape. This is what gives me pleasure.

FOR many years teachers have found filmstrips useful in their classrooms. Now, through the commercial availability of "U" Film, the teacher can design and prepare his own filmstrips ; he is no longer limited to catalog listings. Accompanied by an audiotape, a homemade filmstrip can enhance both group presentations and individualized instruction ; it offers endless opportunities for enriching learning. Filmstrips provide one way to indi vidualize instruction in any class. Some classrooms have a listening center where a single student or a small group of students can use both the filmstrip and the tape without disturbing others. If a listening center is not available, one student or a group of students can assemble in a corner of the classroom and use the recorder and projector (with the volume set at "low"), while other activities continue to take place undisturbed. To design and prepare a filmstrip is very simple. First, lay out a series of frames on paper. To confirm that the series is clear, you may wish to seek editorial help from another teacher. If your filmstrip is to be accompanied by an audiotape, the script too should be de signed and edited on paper. When you are ready to prepare the filmstrip, consult the instruction booklet available in a "U" Film Kit (this kit is the product of Hud son Photographic Industries, 2 S. Buckhout St., Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. 10533). To prepare the accompanying audiotape, it is best to use a cassette tape and re corder. Students are less likely to damage the tape when using the cassette recorder. A small bell will serve well to indicate the time for changing from one frame to the next. Experience in using these two media simultaneously will enable a teacher to program instruction for individualization. By posing questions and presenting prob lems in the frames, the teacher can evalu ate learning. The audiotape allows time for the student's reply or instructs the stu dent to stop the recorder until he has com pleted the problem. An example of just such a coordinated filmstrip and audiotape is included here. "Introduction to Logic" contains a se quence of 32 frames and a script. The article "Some Elementary Concepts of Logic/'1 appearing in a Houghton Mifflin newsletter, provided the basis from which the following filmstrip and audiotape evolved.2

A simple and inexpensive system for coding and recording interaction patterns in small groups is described. It consists of a keyboard and a standard tape recorder, and it is capable of storing sequential data using up to 36 codes. Its main application is in the study of speaker-target patterns, but it can also be used in encoding up to 12 behavioral codes, or six speakers and 6 codes. The keyboard costs less than $200 and is used with conventional tape recorders and minicomputers available at most research sites.

Procedures for reaction time research with 1-msec accuracy are described using the video display of the TRS-80 microcomputer. The LVB Corporation interface is also employed. Use of the cassette recorder as a voice key in this research is illustrated. A sample assembly language program is presented.

We have developed a portable home sleep monitoring system using nasal airflow (NA), tracheal sound recordings (TSR), and electrocardiogram (ECG). NA was recorded by two thermisters. TSR was recorded by a microphone attached to the skin overlying the cervical trachea. Three kinds of signals were recorded with a cassette recorder. Thirty-seven outpatients who had sleep complaints were monitored during sleep at home using this recorder. Attachment of the pickups was performed by the patients themselves. Recordings were played back and analyzed by a personal computer to evaluate apnea episodes from TSR and R-R intervals beat by beat. This home monitoring system had labor-saving and cost-saving benefits and seemed to be a satisfactory technique for screening.

Sixty-nine 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring sessions were conducted in 54 ambulatory subjects. Thirty-one had coronary heart disease (CHD); 11 had miscellaneous heart ailments; and 12 were free of any heart disease. Monitoring was accomplished with a miniaturized cassette recorder and ventricular premature beats (VPBs) were analyzed as to incidence and grade. The occurrence of VPBs during sleep hours was compared to the awake state. In 22 patients, the incidence of VPBs was reduced by at least 50% during sleep. An additional 13 patients showed a reduction of 25 to 50%. If patients free of ectopic activity during 24-hour monitoring sessions are excluded from analysis, then in 35 of 45 patients, or in 78%, sleep was associated with a lowered occurrence of ventricular extrasystoles. During sleep the VPB grade was likewise lowered. Thus the mean grade for 45 patients changed from 2.75 while awake to 1.78 while asleep. It is of interest that in a number of these patients, trials of various antiarrhythmic drugs were less effective than sleep in reducing the incidence and grade of VPBs. It is concluded that treatment of sporadically occurring ventricular ectopic activity in some patients may require attention to the neurophysiologic trigger rather than the cardiac target.

The hydrophone array installed near Wake Island (WHA) was reactivated as a seismic station in June 1979 by the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics. WHA consists of six bottom phones, at 5.5‐km depth, in an array 40 km across and an additional four pairs of phones, at large spacing, suspended at SOFAR depth. The bottom array lies in a flat area on high Q lithosphere > 108 years old. All of the deep and five of the SOFAR phones are operational. Until September 1982, generally data were recorded from only three phones, on a slow speed analog cassette recorder. The station is now being upgraded for digital recording of all 11 phones. Many circumpacific earthquakes and nuclear tests have been well recorded by WHA, its location being ideally suited for monitoring such events. Nearly pure oceanic paths between WHA and circumpacific sources facilitate studies of the ocean‐lithosphere waveguide such as propagation and attenuation of high‐frequency, teleseismic Pn and Sn. For frequencies above 3 Hz, WHA is quieter than ...

The CX5M computer is a worthy addition to Yamaha's line of frequency-modulation (FM)-based digital synthesis equipment, and a breakthrough in the realm of affordable computer music systems (Fig. 1). By "affordable" I mean that a complete system, comprising computer with built-in synthesizer, software, and keyboard, can be had for well under $1000.00. (Not including a video monitor or a data cassette recorder.) The CX5M has its limitations-sometimes frustrating and annoying limitations. But, precisely because much of this review concerns itself with

The purpose of the study was to detect the frequency and quality of rhythm disturbances in athletes during the late recovery period following a training session. Thirty-two athletes volunteered to participate. The ECG tracing was recorded by the use of a one-channel 12-h portable electrocardiograph cassette recorder. All subjects were instructed to keep a diary of symptoms and activities, and to record the onset of sleep and waking time. The tapes were analyzed using a rapid scanner with digital circuit for arrhythmia detection. Samples of all arrhythmic events were recorded for further analysis. The data from fitness testing, PWC170 and VO2max were higher than the mean values for active people of the same age group. The most common feature observed in our subjects, as expected, was sinus bradycardia. Most (91%) had a mild or pronounced sinus respiratory arrhythmia. Isolated atrial or ventricular premature contractions were observed in 6.2% of the subjects, intermittent first degree A-V block and second degree A-V block with Wenckebach periods were observed in 3.1%, high T-waves were found in 43.5%, and high take-off of ST segments were found in 53%. No symptoms, such as chest pain or palpitation, were recorded. The average heart rate when awake or asleep, including the longest RR interval, did not differ from the results of healthy individuals. The arrhythmias observed in our athletes were fewer than those reported in a normal population.

Twenty-four hour AEEGS were done on 12 children (ages 4 months to 16 years) on a Medilog 4 channel cassette recorder (Ives and Woods, 1975); the tapes were analysed on a PDP 11/40 computer system and the data compared to that obtained from conventional EEGs (CEEGs). Results: Group I: History of frequent daily seizures (N=8): 6/8 had several paroxysms on AEEGs similar to those on CEEGs; two of these showed a greater than 60% improvement in the AEEG after treatment. Paroxysms were not seen in 2/8 and frequent seizures were considered unlikely. Group II: (N=2): these two children with 2 and 5 normal CEEGs and a history of akinetic seizures had abnormal AEEGS. Group III: ?functional? complex seizures (N=2): one child (2 normal CEEGs) had a normal AEEG during episodes. A focal abnormality was identified in the CEEG and AEEG, in the other. Problems: two AEEGs failed, presumably due to a faulty plug. A faulty channel in one case resulted from a damaged electrode. Conclusions: (1) The EEG rhythms on AEEGs were comparable to those on CEEGs. (2) The AEEG provided clinically useful information in 6/12 children and has a practical application in pediatric practice. Funded by: Manitoba Medical Services Foundation Inc.

We have developed a digital microprocessor system for high-speed occultation photometry. The principal features are: timekeeping to accuracy of milliseconds, real-time data display, ruggedness, lightweight (1.8 kg), and low cost (250). The observational data can be stored on an ordinary cassette recorder or transferred to a host computer for reduction.

A major concern in rearing insects for sterile release is the production of males that are sexually competitive with wild rivals. A means of achieving quality control is to first quantify sexual signals in wild insects and then monitor these signals in laboratoryreared individuals (eg. Boller & Chambers 1977). Male acoustic signals are important components of courtship and territorial defense in lekking tephritids (Sivinski & Burk 1988). The sexual repertoire of the male Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), includes three distinct sounds: 1) the calling song, produced simultaneously with pheromone emission and often in the absence of other nearby flies, 2) the approach song, an intermittent series of buzzes made when other flies are nearby, and 3) the precopulatory song, a brief sound produced by males when they mount a prospective mate (Webb et al. 1983). Females in captivity make the equivalent of the first two songs although their function is presently obscure. We have on two occasions, April 1985 and 1987, recorded Mediterranean fruit flies in Guatemala City, Guatemala C.A. On the first of these occasions we obtained wild flies, reared from maggots in local coffee beans, and fertile laboratory-reared insects produced by the Moscamed Commission facility in San Miguel Petapa. On the second, both fertile laboratory-reared and irradiated sterile laboratory-reared flies from the above facility were recorded. With our data we can make three comparisons pertaining to the quality of the Guatemalan medfly product: 1) the acoustic signals of wild flies versus those of flies reared in the laboratory for several generations, 2) courtship sounds of sterile flies (irradiated at 17 kR 48 h before eclosion) versus fertile laboratory-reared flies, 3) flies reared in the laboratory in 1985 versus those of the same genetic stock still in the laboratory in 1987. The insects, when recorded, were held in either groups of 10 or less, in 10 cm x 7 cm wire screen cylinders or in large numbers (>100) in 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm plexiglass and wire screen cages. A condenser microphone (Sony MTL-96, Sony Corp., New York, NY) was held approximately 1-2 cm from the dorsal surfaces of calling males and the sounds were recorded on a Nakamichi 550 cassette recorder Sounds were later analyzed with a Nicolet 660A fast Fourier analyzer (Nicolt Instrument Corp., Madison, WI). The examined sound parameters were fundamental frequency (peak frequency in the first harmonic bandwidth), first harmonic bandwidth (total range of frequencies about the mode created by the fundamental frequency), and percent waveform distortion (the proportion of energy in a sound that is contained in the first harmonic band; for more details see Webb et al. 1984). Due to imperfect recordings or small sample sizes, not all of these features were measured for each category of fly. Statistical analysis is by Duncan's multiple range test and t-test. All results are in Table 1. There was a significant difference in the fundamental frequency of the calling song of wild males compared to those of both laboratory-reared males and females in 1985 (P

INTERVIEWING is one of the oldest and most widely used data-gathering procedures in sociology. With the exception of depth interviewing (in which tape recorders are frequently used) interviewers have employed a paper and pencil technology from the inception of these procedures. The portable cassette recorder has failed to supplant paper and pencil recording of interviews in spite of the fact that it appears to meet the four essential criteria for any technological innovation in general survey research: technical efficiency as a data-gathering device, ease and simplicity of use, low per interview cost, and acceptability to respondents. This situation undoubtedly arises from the transcription and coding problems generated when the primary data record is on tape. As is well known, transcription is costly, time-consuming, and difficult (e.g., Bevis, 1949:631-32; Bucher, et al., 1956b:436-38; Gorden, 1975: 273). In most studies a verbatim record is simply not worth the expenditure required in time, money, and effort. Coding may also be more difficult because much of the convenience of the precoded question is lost when working from transcripts.