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The judiciary plays a pivotal role in maintaining the rule of law and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens, pledging the efficient enforcement of rules and regulations and upholding civil and criminal justice in principles. The judicial system in an emerging economy like India must ensure timely and equitable justice for all citizens. For more than the last thirty years, the Indian judiciary has been facing colossal pendency levels and long case processing times. Against this backdrop, this paper visualises the spatial variations in the number of unresolved court cases in different districts of India in 2023. The spatial visualisation using a cartogram map elucidates some specific districts in certain Indian states, based on their population, that are now awaiting huge court proceedings. The spatial variations in pending cases across different regions emphasise the need for deliberate initiatives to promote regional justice by maximising the number of pending cases to be disposed of as soon as possible. The visualisation analysis validates that for the smooth functioning of overburdened pending court proceedings and to maximise the number of cases disposed, the judicial system needs substantial reforms, upgradation of massive court infrastructure, required reallocation and recruitment of judges and court staff, especially in high-density populated areas like New Delhi and Mumbai metropolitan cities in India. Therefore, this finding suggests that a massive backlog of pending court and overburdened cases knowledge is critical for state governments seeking to increase judicial efficiency by focusing on districts with a high volume of pending cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The judiciary plays a pivotal role in maintaining the rule of law and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens, pledging the efficient enforcement of rules and regulations and upholding civil and criminal justice in principles. The judicial system in an emerging economy like India must ensure timely and equitable justice for all citizens. For more than the last thirty years, the Indian judiciary has been facing colossal pendency levels and long case processing times. Against this backdrop, this paper visualises the spatial variations in the number of unresolved court cases in different districts of India in 2023. The spatial visualisation using a cartogram map elucidates some specific districts in certain Indian states, based on their population, that are now awaiting huge court proceedings. The spatial variations in pending cases across different regions emphasise the need for deliberate initiatives to promote regional justice by maximising the number of pending cases to be disposed of as soon as possible. The visualisation analysis validates that for the smooth functioning of overburdened pending court proceedings and to maximise the number of cases disposed, the judicial system needs substantial reforms, upgradation of massive court infrastructure, required reallocation and recruitment of judges and court staff, especially in high-density populated areas like New Delhi and Mumbai metropolitan cities in India. Therefore, this finding suggests that a massive backlog of pending court and overburdened cases knowledge is critical for state governments seeking to increase judicial efficiency by focusing on districts with a high volume of pending cases.

Cartograms serve as representations of geographical and abstract data, employing a value-by-area mapping technique. As a variant of the Dorling cartogram, the Demers cartogram utilizes squares instead of circles to represent regions. This alternative approach allows for a more intuitive comparison of regions, utilizing screen space more efficiently. However, a drawback of the Dorling cartogram and its variants lies in the potential displacement of regions from their original positions, ultimately compromising legibility, readability, and accuracy. To tackle this limitation, we propose a novel hybrid cartogram layout algorithm that incorporates topological elements, such as rivers, into Demers cartograms. The presence of rivers significantly impacts both the layout and visual appearance of the cartograms. Through a user study conducted on an Electronic Health Records (EHR) dataset, we evaluate the efficacy of the proposed hybrid layout algorithm. The obtained results illustrate that this approach successfully retains key aspects of the original cartogram while enhancing legibility, readability, and overall accuracy.

ABSTRACTChina's population and development land have changed dramatically over the last decade. Yet, our understanding of the spatial distribution patterns of the population and built-up areas remains limited. To fill this gap, we employ China's Population Census and GlobeLand30 remote sensing data from 2010 to 2020 at the county level to geovisualize the evolution of the population and built-up area. We find an increasing correlation between built-up areas and population as a result of the urbanization of rural areas, but the rapid expansion of built-up areas has not fundamentally changed concentration of China's population over the period 2010–20.

Dot maps are a type of representation of absolute and aggregated population quantities presented in a disaggregated form, with a planimetric/geometric and graphic point layout. While several such maps are developed, the proposed Dot Cartogram (also known as le cartogramme par points in french) is a new map belonging to the graphic cartograms and resulting from the articulation between three Dot Map: the Proportional Dot Map, the Dot Density Map (Montizon, 1830) and the Dorling’ circular cartogram of population (Dorling, 1996). The Dot Cartogram renews the cartographic image of the Dotmap in two directions: firstly, in terms of the perceived patterns, which is likely to vary according to several parameters; secondly, the steps to which it is subject. Our introduction of the Dot Cartogram is carried out on different static or interactive, executable and reproducible media. Its definition is complete by an application achieved on two data sets examined in parallel: population data and the gross domestic product of the countries of the world, both observed from 1950 to 2018.

The Gender Equality Index allows analyzing and measuring the progress of gender equality in the EU and, therefore, the relation between men and women in different domains, such as Health, Work or Money. Even though the European Institute for Gender Equality has created some visualizations that are useful to look at the data, this website does not manage to make graphs that allow for observing the spatiotemporal variable. This article enhances the understanding of the index with spatiotemporal visualizations, such as cartograms, heatmaps and choropleth maps, and some strategies focusing on analyzing the evolution of the countries over the years in an open-access environment. The results show how the application created may be used as an addition to the EIGE website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s population and development land have changed dramatically over the last decade. Yet, our understanding of the spatial distribution patterns of the population and built-up areas remains limited. To fill this gap, we employ China’s Population Census and GlobeLand30 remote sensing data from 2010 to 2020 at the county level to geovisualize the evolution of the population and built-up area. We find an increasing correlation between built-up areas and population as a result of the urbanization of rural areas, but the rapid expansion of built-up areas has not fundamentally changed concentration of China’s population over the period 2010–20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The relevance of the study of steppe phytocenoses is caused by the unsatisfactory state of natural grass stands, namely a low level of biodiversity and a high degree of degradation. The aim of the work is to determine the features of the connection of the Earth remote sensing data with the state and degree of degradation of natural grass stands in unstable moistening zone and arid zone of the Stavropol Territory. The Earth remote sensing data with certain temporal and spatial resolutions make it possible to carry out almost continuous monitoring of the state of natural grass stands. Materials and Methods. The study of steppe phytocenoses was carried out in 2016–2020 on the ground at discount areas (100 m2) according to the requirements of methods generally accepted in phytocenology. Vegetation condition was assessed using the Earth remote sensing data based on the values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. According to the satellite data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index cartograms were constructed for each point of the study. Results. The proportion of polygons with a high degree of degradation is 18.8% of research objects located in the zone of unstable moistening and the proportion of polygons with an average degree of degradation is 37.5%, while in the arid zone 70.6 and 23.5%, respectively. In the zone of unstable moistening, the highest coefficients of rank correlation between the degradation degree and the area occupied by herbaceous vegetation with a certain value of the vegetation index are observed in the case if Normalized Difference Vegetation Index is in the range of 0.0–0.4, and in the arid zone 0.0–0.3 (at 0.01 significance level). Discussion and Conclusion. When using the Earth remote sensing data to assess the degree of degradation of steppe ecosystems of the Stavropol Territory, it is necessary to use regression models specific to various soil and climatic conditions.

Through globalization, countries around the world have been integrated into an interconnected economic system underpinned by international trade. Against this backdrop, this paper visualizes the evolving patterns of world trade geographies from 2000 to 2019. The maps show that the global trade centres have transformed from the two traditional major trading circles of North America and the European Union to the present three major trading circles of North America, the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region, along with the rapid rise of East Asian economies centred on China, Japan and South Korea. At the same time, some emerging economies have significantly increased their status in the world trade system.

This paper visualizes variations in the recovery patterns of intercity mobility during the Covid-19 outbreak in China using cartogram mapping. We found large regional disparities in intercity mobility recovery, with lower recovery ratios and speeds primarily concentrated in megacities and provincial capitals. Conversely, the recovery of intercity mobility was relatively high in other cities, especially in some labour-exporting cities of central and south-western China. In addition, cities in southern China showed a relatively higher recovery ratio and speed in intercity mobility than those in northern China.

In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of creating flattening maps of simply connected open surfaces in ℝ3Using a natural principle of density diffusion in physics, we propose an effective algorithm for computing density-equalizing maps with any prescribed density distribution. By varying the initial density distribution, a large variety of flattening maps with different properties can be achieved. For instance, area-preserving parameterizations of simply connected open surfaces can be easily computed. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Applications to data visualization and surface remeshing are explored.

The high prevalence of tuberculosis, complex treatment (requires a lot of time and persistence) with a concomitant integrated approach, which is due to the social dependence of the disease, other aspects make the fight against tuberculosis ineffective, and in some countries – with little prospect. The disease is often accompanied by disability and even death. Therefore, the high prevalence of infectious diseases, including due to airborne transmission, significant time and money associated with treatment, insufficient response to treatment due to the phenomenon of drug resistance, the need to improve treatment taking into account modern advances in medicine in different countries. The aim of the study – to use the capabilities of VOSviewer software in the analysis of publications in the field of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Scopus web database. Materials and Methods. The material for this study was bibliometric data on scientific publications from the Scopus web database, obtained on request for the keyword "pulmonary tuberculosis" for the period 1862–2021. Information processing was performed in the program VOSviewer v.1.6.16. In the course of work the program analysis of 92,263 articles was carried out. Results. The main functions of the VOSviewer software for research of scientific publications are considered in the article. The evaluation of publications on pulmonary tuberculosis in the period 1862–2021 is made, the data of the obtained cartograms with clusters are interpreted. A total of 5 clusters were obtained, which are devoted to the following aspects: complications and diagnosis, socially dependent disease factors, vaccination and genetic-immunological factors, pharmacological aspect and new approaches. Conclusions. Visualization showed that, in general, the authors most actively cover issues of complications and diagnosis, as well as socially dependent factors of the disease, and write less about vaccination or pharmacological aspects

Our regional graphic maps deprivation for small neighbourhoods in England in a way that enables the extent, distribution and spatial structure of deprivation to be perceived at multiple levels of geography. All 32,844 neighbourhoods are depicted using rectangles of constant size and with an approximate geographical arrangement. This approach overcomes familiar cartographic challenges when representing demographic data, exposing local pockets of deprivation that would otherwise be obscured in a conventional map. Neighbourhoods are nested hierarchically, and this hierarchy is emphasized in our design, allowing analysis within and between regions. The graphic reveals important spatial processes – rich patterns of continuity and discontinuity at multiple spatial scales – that may not be as effectively represented using non-visual means.

Our regional graphic maps deprivation for small neighbourhoods in England in a way that enables the extent, distribution and spatial structure of deprivation to be perceived at multiple levels of geography. All 32,844 neighbourhoods are depicted using rectangles of constant size and with an approximate geographical arrangement. This approach overcomes familiar cartographic challenges when representing demographic data, exposing local pockets of deprivation that would otherwise be obscured in a conventional map. Neighbourhoods are nested hierarchically, and this hierarchy is emphasized in our design, allowing analysis within and between regions. The graphic reveals important spatial processes - rich patterns of continuity and discontinuity at multiple spatial scales - that may not be as effectively represented using non-visual means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a collection of daily Search Index data of symptom-, prevention- and recovery-related terms in Baidu, this study visualizes the spatial patterns of public responses towards the COVID-19 outbreak during the response and coexisting response and recovery phases. We find that provincial capitals and cities in China’s Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions show a relatively high level of public responses in both phases. Furthermore, cities with similar past experiences show a high level of public responses in the response phase, suggesting that enhancing urban resilience is associated with the learning-by-doing process.

The development zone (DZ) is a typical representative of China's regional economic development model. By comparing the development pattern of DZs in China from 2005 to 2017, we find that there was strong imbalance in 2005, but this trend decreased in 2017, mainly due to the rapid increase in the number of DZs in the central and western regions. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the spatial pattern of the DZs and economic development. But compared with the spatial pattern of economic development, DZs have dispersed more strongly from 2005 to 2017. Indeed, the rapid dispersion of DZs has not fundamentally changed the imbalanced pattern of China's economic development from 2005 to 2017.

The outbreak of COVID-19 exposed the shortage of medical resources and the imbalance between cities in China. To better reveal this inequality, this study uses cartograms and half-violin plots to visualize the hospital beds per 10,000 people, medical personnel per 10,000 people and number of 3A hospitals in China. We find that China has made remarkable progress in the primary healthcare system; however, there is still a significant imbalance in the distribution of medical resources, especially the high-quality part. There is a two- to three-fold gap in primary medical care resources between diverse cities, and high-quality medical resources are highly concentrated in cities with high administrative rank and influence.

Cartogram drawing is a technique for showing geography-related statistical information, such as demographic and epidemiological data. The idea is to distort a map by resizing its regions according to a statistical parameter by keeping the map recognizable. This article describes an R package implementing an algorithm called RecMap which approximates every map region by a rectangle where the area corresponds to the given statistical value (maintain zero cartographic error). The package implements the computationally intensive tasks in C++. This paper's contribution is that it demonstrates on real and synthetic maps how package recmap can be used, how it is implemented and how it is used with other statistical packages.

Research objective. To estimate a geographical variation of the indicator of the incidence of atopic dermatitis among the child population of the Grodno region. Material and methods. The data of the official statistical reports of the Grodno Regional Department of Statistics, the annual report forms «Form 1 – children» of the medical statistics office of the Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital for the period of 1999-2016 years were analyzed. Territorial differentiation of the indicator of disease incidence was carried out by the method of cluster analysis (k-means clustering). Results. The geographical characteristic of the indicator of the incidence of atopic dermatitis among the child population of the Grodno region aged 0–14 years during 1999-2016 years has been given. Low, below the average, above the average, average and high values of the indicator of atopic dermatitis incidence have been established. The cartogram of territorial distribution of the indicator of atopic dermatitis incidence among the child population has been made. Conclusion. The established features, various intensity of the degree of a geographical variation of the indicator of atopic dermatitis incidence reflect the influence of a set of various factors determining an indicator of diseases incidence in various territories of the region and confirm the need to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships in the system «medium-indicator of atopic dermatitis incidence among the child population».

The development zone (DZ) is a typical representative of China's regional economic development model. By comparing the development pattern of DZs in China from 2005 to 2017, we find that there was strong imbalance in 2005, but this trend decreased in 2017, mainly due to the rapid increase in the number of DZs in the central and western regions. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the spatial pattern of the DZs and economic development. But compared with the spatial pattern of economic development, DZs have dispersed more strongly from 2005 to 2017. Indeed, the rapid dispersion of DZs has not fundamentally changed the imbalanced pattern of China's economic development from 2005 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of the rural labour market development in terms of districts of Volyn region of Ukraine was conducted, identified and characterized trends in the rural population employment through the State Employment Service of Ukraine, the rural population unemployment scale in the study region of Ukraine and identify key areas for optimizing the labour market. forces taking into account the revealed tendencies. In order to highlight the local rural labour markets features and further development of individualized recommendations, the detailed assessment of them in terms of districts of Volyn region of Ukraine, in particular, based on the results of the registered rural labour market study developed a map to visualize the relevant regional groups. It is established that family-labour farms, functioning in the form of peasant farms, in the current economic situation provide the necessary conditions for the institutional foundation's formation for private management in rural areas of Ukraine. The necessity of forming preconditions for strengthening the effectiveness of employment policy in rural areas of Ukraine is substantiated. The article outlines proposals for improving and optimizing the functioning of the rural labour market. Based on the results of research and trends in the work, the need to develop measures to intensify the activities of advisory services and specialized staffing agencies to take into account the specifics of the rural labour market rationalization and the peculiarities of rural employment in the economic realities of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper substantiates that because the soils ploughing level in Ukraine has not changed for a long time, soil depletion is growing every year. As a result of the formed culture tendencies which grow on such lands, every year will lose productivity, and consequently, the efficiency of managing the agricultural enterprises systematically decreases. Cartogram of Ukrainian regions grouping by the average annual rent for the agricultural land use is given. It was found that that in the current business environment in Ukraine, the amount of rent does not depend on the soil fertility level, because in most western, southern and south--eastern regions of Ukraine, where the most fertile soils are concentrated, the level of rent is relatively low. In addition, it should be noted that the agricultural land of public and private ownership renting cost differs significantly from each other, which we found by comparing the data of the relevant cartograms of Ukraine. We systematized the results of the impact factors assessing on the sale of gross output of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in 2014 - 2018 by analysing the dynamics of the return rate on their fixed assets and the factors that influenced its formation. The results of the factor analysis will make it possible to identify the quantitative impact of factors on the efficiency of non-current assets of agricultural producers, the significant share of which is directly occupied by land resources. The work is systematized the results of assessing the impact of factors on the return on assets of agricultural producers of Ukraine for 2014 - 2018 by identifying the factors that influenced its formation by determining their quantitative impact through factor analysis methods, including the method of elimination. It is substantiated that having significant and quite high--quality reserves of fertile lands, Ukraine is 2-3 times less productive than developed countries, which is evidence of inefficient use of agricultural land by agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. In our opinion, the main task of the state to rationalize and establish the efficient use of land resources in the agricultural sector is to introduce a number of measures to ensure efficient land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1972 Lou Skoda and J.C. Robertson published an isodemographic map (a cartogram) of Canada that represented a population-oriented rendering of the 1966 Canadian census divisions. The map was developed with a physical analog model that kept all of Canada together in a contiguous mass while preserving recognizable divisions and province outlines.

In the context of debates about segregation within the UK, this paper maps the residential geography of two groups of White British school children, one of which was in secondary school in 2011 and the other in 2017. To present that geography, hexograms are introduced as a complement to visually balanced cartograms, both of which seek to address the problems of invisibility and distortion encountered with more conventional choropleth and cartogram maps. The nature of these problems is introduced, our solutions discussed, and the methods applied to the case study, which allow changes in the geography to be seen.

The identification and analysis of regional disparities are increasingly important issues for a better understanding of regions and their socioeconomic development, and the subsequent application of regional policies. The objective assessment of regional disparities is an important step in directing regional policies by individual countries and supranational institutions such as the European Union. The paper deals with selected indicators of regional socio-economic disparities in the territory of the Czech Republic that were observed, visualized and evaluated to contribute to measuring regional disparities. The indicators were divided into three categories - demographic, economic and infrastructural - and defined and analyzed at the level of the Czech NUTS3 regions (counties), with the data organized as a geodatabase within ArcGIS software. A synthetic index was used to define and analyze the disparities within the three categories. The values for the indicators, along with the results of the regional evaluation, were presented cartographically as a series of cartograms, and the analysis and cartographic visualizations were used to reach conclusions about existing disparities.

Methods of monitoring of cyst nematodes using telecommunication technolo-gies, aerospace photography, as well as the traditional route investigation of agro-cenosis have been improved. Terms, sequence of monitoring implementation steps and perspectives of practical use of different cartograms of nematodosis have been proved. It is necessary to select and analyze plant samples on all four field sides. 5 plants from each sample are investigated on a rectangular field. In relation to culti-vated crops, perennial legumes – 100 plants from each field were studied. A me-chanic sampler device is being used for plant sampling that allows to reduce 10 times labor costs. Aerial photography of the earth surface including fields enables to detect the centres of plant infection. Aerospace monitoring of plant nematodosis is being conducted at the end of June – in the first and second decades of July. For more precise examination small aircraft and remote sensing unmanned planes with digital cameras are being used. Spectral analysis of pictures allows to detect nidi of plant damage by nematodes. To determine degree of plant damage and species composition of nematodes a route examination of fields are conducted, cartograms created, forecasts fulfilled, electronic cards of cyst nematode spread created.

The paper presents the methodology for creating variable resolution maps, which was developed by the author and implemented to generate passability maps. These studies are used in military applications and crisis management in order to determine the possibility of crossing the area off-road. They may significantly facilitate the process of planning rescue or search operations. The developed methodology uses source data in the form of a spatial database to generate maps consisting of Voronoi polygons. The proposed solution automates the process of creating such maps, which was realized in practice by developing a dedicated IT system. It served to generate a series of passability maps in various configurations, which were then thoroughly compared. The conducted research demonstrated that variable resolution passability maps may successfully replace maps that consist of sometimes several dozen times higher numbers of primary fields. This enables reducing the amount of data stored in computer memory and shortens the time necessary to access visualization and information analysis on passability maps.

The outbreak of COVID-19 exposed the shortage of medical resources and the imbalance between cities in China. To better reveal this inequality, this study uses cartograms and half-violin plots to visualize the hospital beds per 10,000 people, medical personnel per 10,000 people and number of 3A hospitals in China. We find that China has made remarkable progress in the primary healthcare system; however, there is still a significant imbalance in the distribution of medical resources, especially the high-quality part. There is a two- to three-fold gap in primary medical care resources between diverse cities, and high-quality medical resources are highly concentrated in cities with high administrative rank and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new perspective of national power—sustainable national power (SNP)—emphasizing both the traditional comprehensive national power (CNP) and social and environmental sustainability. We propose a measurement to quantify the SNP based on the measurement of comprehensive national power and a sustainable adjusted index. In addition, density-equalizing maps are adopted to visualize the sustainable national power of countries in order to gain a better understanding for its current state and future development from a cartographic perspective. China and its neighboring countries are selected as a case study area. The results show that China outperforms other countries in most of the CNP dimensions but performs poorly in various SNP-adjusted dimensions within the study area. The composite score shows that China is with the highest regional SNP, followed by Japan, Russia, South Korea and India. Furthermore, time series of cartograms reveal evidence showing power transitions among countries. In addition, the effectiveness of cartograms for cartographic communication is discussed.

The purpose of this article is to report a study aimed at systematic assessment of the functionality of commercially available software for the automatic generation of area cartograms. The issue of the wide choice of algorithms developed over the years for generating various types of surfaces has also been raised.

The purpose of the study is to perform the spatial risk assessment of aquifer contamination in the administrative regions of Chernihiv oblast using GIS-technologies. A geoinformation approach to determining the level of groundwater pollution risk for different aquifers was proposed, which was based on identifying different types of landscape hydrogeological complexes within the studied area. The authors defined possible sources of the underground hydrosphere pollution in Chernihiv oblast, which could lead to emergencies associated with the quality deterioration of groundwater, used for utility and drinking water supply. The structure of spatial and attribute data on hydrogeological zoning, aquifers vulnerability and potential sources of groundwater pollution was developed with geoinformation software. The created geodatabase allows performing special analysis and creating thematic maps to assess and visualize the risk of occurrence of emergency situations as a result of groundwater contamination of different aquifers. The overlay analysis of cartographic layers of hydrogeological and administrative zoning and location of potential pollution sources was performed. The total risk of emergencies occurrence as a result of the unconfined and confined aquifers pollution in the administrative regions of Chernihiv oblast was calculated. The obtained research results show that the north-western part of Chernihiv oblast has the highest groundwater vulnerability to man-made impact (a very high risk of phreatic aquifer contamination). Taking into account the obtained results, constant monitoring should be provided for the prevention of emergencies, caused by the groundwater pollution in Chernihiv, Horodnia, Koriukiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Snov, and Ripky administrative regions, mainly in the locations of technogenically hazardous facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of debates about segregation within the UK, this paper maps the residential geography of two groups of White British school children, one of which was in secondary school in 2011 and the other in 2017. To present that geography, hexograms are introduced as a complement to visually balanced cartograms, both of which seek to address the problems of invisibility and distortion encountered with more conventional choropleth and cartogram maps. The nature of these problems is introduced, our solutions discussed, and the methods applied to the case study, which allow changes in the geography to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A table cartogram of a two dimensional m × n table A of non-negative weights in a rectangle R , whose area equals the sum of the weights, is a partition of R into convex quadrilateral faces corresponding to the cells of A such that each face has the same adjacency as its corresponding cell and has area equal to the cell's weight. Such a partition acts as a natural way to visualize table data arising in various fields of research. In this paper, we give a O ( m n ) -time algorithm to find a table cartogram in a rectangle. We then generalize our algorithm to obtain table cartograms inside arbitrary convex quadrangles, circles, and finally, on the surface of cylinders and spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and analysis of regional disparities are increasingly important issues for a better understanding of regions and their socioeconomic development, and the subsequent application of regional policies. The objective assessment of regional disparities is an important step in directing regional policies by individual countries and supranational institutions such as the European Union. The paper deals with selected indicators of regional socio-economic disparities in the territory of the Czech Republic that were observed, visualized and evaluated to contribute to measuring regional disparities. The indicators were divided into three categories - demographic, economic and infrastructural - and defined and analyzed at the level of the Czech NUTS3 regions (counties), with the data organized as a geodatabase within ArcGIS software. A synthetic index was used to define and analyze the disparities within the three categories. The values for the indicators, along with the results of the regional evaluation, were presented cartographically as a series of cartograms, and the analysis and cartographic visualizations were used to reach conclusions about existing disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Communication of climate change (CC) risks is challenging, in particular if global‐scale spatially resolved quantitative information is to be conveyed. Typically, visualization of CC risks, which arise from the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, is confined to showing only the hazards in the form of global thematic maps. This paper explores the potential of contiguous value‐by‐area cartograms, that is, distorted density‐equalizing maps, for improving communication of CC risks and the countries' differentiated responsibilities for CC. Two global‐scale cartogram sets visualize, as an example, groundwater‐related CC risks in 0.5° grid cells, another one the correlation of (cumulative) fossil‐fuel carbon dioxide emissions with the countries' population and gross domestic product. Viewers of the latter set visually recognize the lack of global equity and that the countries' wealth has been built on harmful emissions. I recommend that CC risks are communicated by bivariate gridded cartograms showing the hazard in color and population, or a combination of population and a vulnerability indicator, by distortion of grid cells. Gridded cartograms are also appropriate for visualizing the availability of natural resources to humans. For communicating complex information, sets of cartograms should be carefully designed instead of presenting single cartograms. Inclusion of a conventionally distorted map enhances the viewers' capability to take up the information represented by distortion. Empirical studies about the capability of global cartograms to convey complex information and to trigger moral emotions should be conducted, with a special focus on risk communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GlobeLand30 is the world's first global land cover dataset at 30 m resolution for two epochs, i.e., 2000 and 2010. On the official website, the data are represented by qualitative thematic maps which show the distribution of global land cover, and some proportional symbol maps which are quantitative representations of land cover data. However, researchers have also argued that the cartogram, a kind of value-by-area representation, has some advantages over these maps in some cases, while others doubt their usability because of the possible distortion in shape. This led us to conduct an experimental evaluation of the usability of the cartogram for the representation of GlobeLand30. This experimental evaluation is a comparative analysis between the cartogram and the proportional symbol map to examine which is more effective in various kinds of quantitative analyses. The results show that the thematic map is better than the cartogram for the representation of quantity (e.g., area size), but the cartogram performs better in the representation of tendency distribution and areas' multiple relationships. The usability of the cartogram is notably affected by map projection and the irregularity in area shapes, but the equal-area projection does not necessarily perform better than equidistance projection, especially at high latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species distribution models have become an important tool for biodiversity monitoring. Like all statistical modelling techniques developed based on field data, they are prone to uncertainty due to bias in the sampling (e.g. identification, effort, detectability). In this study, we explicitly quantify and map the uncertainty derived from sampling effort bias. With that aim, we extracted data from the widely used GBIF dataset to map this semantic bias using cartograms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid development of geoinformation technology and GIS - a classic cartogram is still widely used method for presenting geographic features and phenomena, especially with regard to the relative values connected with the basic fields. The aim of this article was to investigate how the size and shape of the different basic fields influence the results of the phenomenon presentation (in this case anthropogenic line forms). In the experiment were used fields in the shape of: square, hexagon, circle and triangle with different sizes: 1 km, 2 km, 4 km, 8 km and 10 km. Different field areas with the same height, but of a different shape affected to varied quantitative characteristics within them. However, different field heights have caused an obvious increase or decrease the detail of the results. To take a look at the image of the spatial distribution of line forms compared cartograms with another, independent method - kernel density analysis. After setting kernel density image with cartograms one turned out that basic fields shape did not change the image of spatial relations significantly and wellcharacterized them in general. For this study area the best results obtained after the application fields with heights of 2 km and 4 km in the shape of squares and hexagons. It appears that the hexagons better than squares reflect the spatial image of the forms (hexagons allow better representation of the directions and shapes of the studied phenomena), however, they are less common in a geostatistical researches, and that's why they are more difficult to use, especially for comparative analysis.

The paper presents a technique for efficient visualisation of election results in proportional electoral systems. Three cartographic methods (cartogram, inward-oriented buffer and proportional striping) are combined to produce a static map that gives an overview of the distribution of voting power, the electoral abstention and the election results. Unlike the conventional design that shows only the winning subjects, the proposed technique allows reader to analyse the results within a district as well as in the context of the whole country. Regional differences and patterns not present on conventional election maps can be observed. The proposed technique is demonstrated on a map of Slovak parliamentary election held in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]