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Se evaluó el aporte calórico, el contenido de grasa saturada y la aceptación sensorial de helados de vainilla formulados con inulina, como sustituto parcial de grasa saturada. Se formularon por triplicado cuatro mezclas para helados, en las cuales, se reemplazó parte de la grasa de palma (2, 3 y 4%) por inulina comercial. La grasa del tratamiento control, se formuló con 7% de grasa vegetal saturada. Para el reemplazo, se utilizó una relación 1:0,25 (grasa saturada:inulina). El aporte calórico, se calculó mediante la medición de energía bruta. El análisis sensorial, se realizó con 23 jueces consumidores habituales de helado. Se concluyó que en la formulación de helados de vainilla es posible reemplazar el 57,14% de grasa vegetal saturada por inulina sin que se afecten las propiedades sensoriales en el producto, logrando reducir en un 16%, el contenido calórico y, en 48,6%, el contenido de grasa saturada. Por lo tanto, la sustitución de grasa vegetal por inulina es una alternativa, que permite ofrecer en el mercado helados funcionales, con bajo contenido calórico, sin perder la palatabilidad, que hace a los helados un producto placentero para la gran mayoría de la población mundial. The caloric intake, saturated fat content and sensory acceptance of vanilla ice cream formulated with inulin as a partial substitute for saturated fat was evaluated. Ice cream mixtures by triplicate were formulated, and part of the palm fat (2, 3 and 4%) was replaced by commercial inulin. The fat of the control treatment was formulated with 7% vegetable fat. For the replacement of fat, a ratio of 1: 0.25 (fat: inulin) was used. The caloric intake was calculated by measuring gross energy. The sensory analysis was carried out with 23 habitual consumers judges of ice cream. It was concluded that in the formulation of vanilla ice cream is possible to replace 57.14% vegetable fat for inulin without affecting the sensory properties in funcionalthe product, with this is possible to obtain 16% reduction in the caloric content and 48.6% in the content of saturated fat. Therefore, the replacement of vegetable fat by inulin is an alternative that allows offering functional ice cream with low caloric content, without losing the palatability that makes ice cream pleasant for most of the world population. Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Scientific experimentation is a practical activity that can be widely used in the classroom to boost the motivation of students for learning Physics concepts. It can also be promising to improve the relationship between teacher and students. Experimentation can be used as a complementary methodology for the theoretical classes of Physics in order to facilitate the understanding of physical concepts usually treated in an abstract and mathematical way. Experimentation can be applied as a demonstration activity, in which the teacher is the mediator of the activity, or an activity performed by the students themselves, aiming the description of a investigated phenomenon. In this work we perform an experiment for the determination of the mechanical equivalent of the calorie through a different approach to the celebrated experiment carried out by James Prescott Joule. Our goal was to introduce new technologies and devices used to monitor the physical properties of the system for obtaining the equivalent between joules and calories through measurements of parameters such as electric voltage and current. Using a solar photovoltaic cell, as a power source, connected to a resistor inserted in an adiabatic calorimeter, we explore concepts such as heat and temperature and the difference between both, energy, analysis and processes of thermodynamic systems, the laws of thermodynamics and the Joule and photovoltaic effects. Our proposal was successfully received by the students, having a motivating and integrative character. It is also promising for the mathematical treatment of the phenomena described through propagation of errors, by plotting and fitting the curve obtained experimentally and the modeling of the system. Our educational product consists of a guide for assembling the experiment and several suggestions of physical concepts that can be approached during the execution of the experiment in a simple and adequate language for high school Physics teachers. A experimentação científica é uma atividade prática que pode ser utilizada em sala de aula para aumentar a motivação de alunos para aprendizagem de conceitos de física, podendo ser promissora também para a melhoria da relação entre professor e alunos. Esta pode ser utilizada como uma metodologia complementar das aulas teóricas de física no intuito de ser uma atividade facilitadora para o entendimento de conceitos físicos usualmente tratados de forma abstrata e matemática. A experimentação pode ser aplicada como uma atividade de demonstração, em que o professor é o mediador da atividade, ou uma atividade realizada pelos próprios alunos partindo da descrição de um determinado fenômeno que se deseja investigar. Neste trabalho construímos um experimento para a determinação do equivalente mecânico da caloria através de uma abordagem um pouco diferente do célebre experimento realizado por James Prescott Joule. Nosso objetivo foi, através do experimento, inserir novas tecnologias e equipamentos de monitoramento de propriedades físicas do sistema para obtenção do equivalente entre joules e calorias através de medidas de parâmetros elétricos, como tensão e corrente elétricas. Utilizando uma placa solar fotovoltaica como fonte de alimentação conectada a um resistor inserido em um calorímetro adiabático foi possível explorar conceitos como calor e temperatura e a diferença entre ambos, energia, análise e processos de sistemas termodinâmicos, as leis da Termodinâmica e os efeitos Joule e fotovoltaico. Nossa proposta foi muito bem recebida em sala de aula, tendo um caráter motivador, integrador e promissor para o tratamento matemático dos fenômenos envolvidos através da propagação de erros, plotagem e ajuste da curva obtida experimentalmente e a modelagem do sistema. Nosso produto educacional consiste de um guia para a montagem do experimento e várias sugestões de conceitos que podem ser abordados durante a execução do experimento em uma linguagem simples e adequada para o professor de Física do nível médio de ensino.

Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896) (Figure 34 D–E) Material examined. Ten specimens. MB28-004534, ZSC, 14 May 2012, 22m, 10mm; MB28-004581, ZRP, 19 Jun. 2012, 1m, 20mm, collected by A. Roseblum; MB28-004583, ZRP, 20 Jun. 2012, 1m, 14mm; MB28-004585, ZRP, 20 Jun. 2012, 1m, 29mm; MB28-0 0 4690, ZGWS, 25 Jun. 2013, 20m, 12mm. MHN-YT1175, POA, 0 7 May 2014, 15m, 7mm; MB28-004832, POB, 0 8 May 2014, 18m, 17mm; MB28-0 0 4976 & MB28-004978, 23 Feb. 2015, ZRP, 0.5m, both 7mm; MB28-004994, ZRP, 0 5 May 2015, 0.3m, 12mm. Habitats. Subtropical tidal reefs and rocky reefs. Occurrences. Ponta do Ouro and Zavora. Geographic distribution. Indo-west, central Pacific. Hawaii, Japan, Australia, Indonesia (Gosliner 1987), Fiji, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Christmas Island, Oman, Seychelles (Gosliner et al. 2008), Tanzania, South Africa (Gosliner 1987) and Mozambique. Remarks. The colour is variable. The dorsum ranged from translucent white to dark orange. The rhinophores in one morphotype have an orange base, yellow middle and orange top and in another, orange base bluish middle and yellow top., Published as part of Tibiriçá, Yara, Pola, Marta & Cervera, Juan Lucas, 2017, Astonishing diversity revealed: an annotated and illustrated inventory of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Mozambique, pp. 1-133 in Zootaxa 4359 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4359.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1069168, {"references":["Bergh, L. S. R. (1896) Eolidiens d'Amboine. In: Voyage de M. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie et Annales de Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 4, pp. 385 - 394, pl. 16.","Mayes, B (2012) Cerberilla sp., Nudipixel, Pergentian, Malasya. Available from: http: // www. nudipixel. net / photo / 00041707 / (accessed 26 July 2017)","Gosliner, T. M. (1987) Nudibranchs of southern Africa: a guide to opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa. Sea Challengers, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 136 pp."]}

El Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador (LATAM), por decreto ministerial implementó en noviembre de 2013 una medida innovadora en un esfuerzo por mejorar los hábitos alimenticios de la población ecuatoriana y así reducir la incidencia de enfermedades causadas por una nutrición deficiente. Los productores de alimentos procesados se vieron obligados a poner en sus etiquetas de producto un sistema gráfico que indique a los consumidores la cantidad de grasa, azúcar y sal en sus productos mediante el uso de colores rojo, amarillo y verde como advertencia. Esta investigación busca analizar el impacto de la implementación de este sistema de alerta en el consumo de alimentos procesados para considerar si la medida realmente ha tenido el impacto deseado y ha reducido el consumo de productos con altos niveles de azúcar, sal y grasa. A través de entrevistas en profundidad con jefes de hogar de clase media y media alta de la ciudad de Guayaquil, se encontró que en general los ciudadanos están de acuerdo con la medida y consideran negativamente productos con alerta roja (alto contenido de azúcar, sal y grasa). A pesar de que han reducido la cantidad de consumo de este tipo de productos, son pesimistas sobre la posibilidad de dejar de comprarlos. // The Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador (LATAM), by ministerial decree implemented in November 2013 an innovative measure in an effort to improve the eating habits of the Ecuadorian population and thus reduce the incidence of diseases caused by poor nutrition. The producers of processed foods were obliged to put on their product labels a graphic system that indicates consumers the amount of fat, sugar and salt in their products by using colors red, yellow and green as a warning. This research seeks to analyze the impact of the implementation of this warning system in the consumption of processed foods to consider whether the measure has actually had the desired impact and has reduced the consumption of products with high levels of sugar, salt and fat. Through in depth interviews with middle and upper middle class heads of household in the city of Guayaquil, it was found that in general the citizens agree with the measure and regard negatively products with red alert (high sugar, salt and fat). Even though they have reduced the amount of consumption of this type of products, they are pessimistic about the possibility of completely stop buying them.

Los objetivos principales de la prevención de la obesidad son disminuir el desarrollo de sobrepeso en personas en riesgo con peso normal, evitar que quien presenta sobrepeso llegue a ser obeso e impedir la ganancia de peso en las personas con sobrepeso u obesidad que han conseguido adelgazar. Los objetivos terapéuticos de la pérdida de peso están dirigidos a mejorar o eliminar las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad y disminuir el impacto de las futuras complicaciones médicas relacionadas con el exceso de peso. No deben centrarse en alcanzar el peso ideal, sino en conseguir pequeñas pérdidas de peso. The main objectives of prevention of obesity are slowing the development of overweight people at risk with normal weight, prevent who are overweight will become obese and prevent weight gain in overweight or obese who have managed to lose weight. The therapeutic goals of weight loss are aimed at improving or eliminating the comorbidities associated with obesity and lessen the impact of future medical complications related to excess weight. They should focus on achieving the ideal weight but getting small weight losses.

Aquatic ecosystems hold valuable sources of food, energy and bioproducts. Studies related to these environments become important for economic development of communities, dependent on them, and can benefit from their sustainable exploitation. Fishing is a considerable part of the socio-economic importance of these sectors in aquatic ecosystems, and should be considered in the development of public policies for food security, social inclusion, poverty eradication and employment generation and income. However, the fisheries sector needs to be planned, focusing the planning, on generation of processed products (with aggregate value added), the conservation of exploited species and improving the quality of life of the people involved in their supply chains. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of the following species of native fish populations and targets of fishing activity in the Itapecuru River, Rosario-MA: Plagioscion squamosissimus, Geophagus surinamensis, Curimata sp, Prochilodus lacustris, dissimilis Schizodon, ucayalensis Ageneiosus and Hypostomus plecostomus by concentrating mineral components: calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, nickel and chemical composition of muscle tissue of the sampled specimens caught of the total catch, without size distinction nor sex, and selected only copies with good organoleptic conditions. Such species have significant abundance and considerable commercial value for the region. The average results of proximate analysis revealed the following variations between species: moisture 73.7% to 79.2%; total lipids, 0.2% to 6.8%, protein 18.6% to 23.0%; ashes, 0.8% to 1.8%; energy, 77-136 kcal / 100g. The species G. surinamensis showed a higher moisture content and ash, and lower energy value, indicating that the species with the highest mineral content between fished species. Copies of A. ucayalensis showed, on average, higher levels of total fat and higher energy value, while the species P. lacustris showed a higher percentage of protein. The comparison of the concentrations of minerals, determined for the seven species of fish investigated showed no statistically significant differences, suggesting that the eating habits of these fish do not exert influence on absorption. In parallel, the water quality of the Itapecuru River was investigated in the same passages and fishing periods, using protocols standard in the AQI-Cetesb. The results revealed that the river falls into the "good" and "regular" classes, revealing spatial differences between the sampling stations. The results of the work as a whole, allowed to increase knowledge about the protein and lipid value of native species, and provide subsidies for biotech and economic development of fisheries resources of the Itapecuru River and their respective areas of influence. Os ecossistemas aquáticos detêm valiosas fontes de alimento, de energia e de bioprodutos. Estudos relacionados a estes ambientes assumem importância para o desenvolvimento econômico de comunidades que dependem e podem se beneficiar de sua exploração sustentável. A pesca figura entre os setores de relevância socioeconômica destes ecossistemas aquáticos e deve ser considerada na elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para segurança alimentar, inclusão social, erradicação da pobreza e geração de emprego e renda. Entretanto, o setor pesqueiro necessita ser planejado, objetivando o ordenamento, a geração de produtos beneficiados (agregação de valor), a conservação das espécies exploradas e a melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas envolvidas em suas cadeias produtivas. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade nutricional das seguintes espécies da ictiofauna nativa e alvos da atividade pesqueira do Rio Itapecuru, Rosário-MA: Plagioscion squamosissimus, Geophagus surinamensis, Curimata sp, Prochilodus lacustris, Schizodon dissimilis, Ageneiosus ucayalensis e Hypostomus plecostomus, através da concentração dos constituintes minerais Cálcio, Ferro, Potássio, Magnésio, Fósforo, Zinco, Cobre, Iodo, Selênio e Níquel e da composição centesimal do tecido muscular dos exemplares amostrados, apanhados da captura total,sem distinção de tamanho e sexo e selecionados somente exemplares com boas condições organolépticas. Tais espécies apresentam expressiva abundância e valor comercial considerável para a região. Os resultados médios da análise centesimal revelaram as seguintes variações entre as espécies: umidade de 73,7% a 79,2%; lipídeos totais, de 0,2 % a 6,8%, proteínas de 18,6 % a 23,0 %; cinzas, de 0,8% a 1,8%; valor energético, de 77 a 136 kcal/100g. A espécie G. surinamensis demonstrou maior teor de umidade e de cinzas e menor valor energético, indicando ser a espécie com maior conteúdo em minerais entre as espécies pescadas. Os exemplares de A. ucayalensis apresentaram, em termos médios, teores mais elevados de lipídios totais e maior valor energético, enquanto a espécie P. lacustris revelou maior percentual de proteínas. A comparação das concentrações dos minerais, determinadas para as sete espécies de peixes investigadas, não revelou diferenças estatísticas significantes, sugerindo que os hábitos alimentares desses pescados não exercem influências na sua absorção. Paralelamente, foi investigada a qualidade da água do rio Itapecuru, nos mesmos trechos e períodos de pesca, por meio de protocolos padrões do IQA-CETESB. Os resultados revelaram que o rio se enquadra nas classes ”Boa” e “Regular”, revelando diferenças espaciais entre as estações de amostragem. Os resultados do trabalho, como um todo, permitiram ampliar o conhecimento sobre o valor proteico e lipídico das espécies nativas pescadas, além de fornecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento biotecnológico e econômico dos recursos pesqueiros do Rio Itapecuru e de suas respectivas áreas de influência.

Faced with the search for healthy products that provide additional benefits to consumers’ health, the main objectives of this work were to develop a low-calorie preserve containing prebiotics (lactulose and polydextrose) and to evaluate the effects of these prebiotics on oxidative stress and colon carcinogenesis in male rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A total of 62.5% w/w of the sucrose in conventional preserves was replaced by polydextrose, and lactulose was added at 0%, 16%, 19.5% or 23% w/w concentrations. The acceptance of these four low-calorie guava preserve samples and the conventional sample was equal ( P > 0.05), with a score of 6.49. The level of degradation of lactulose was low (18.45 g 100 g −1 lactulose), ensuring that even at a lower concentration of this prebiotic (16% w/w), the concentration remained above the minimum level considered functional. We found that consumption of the low-calorie preserves with prebiotics does not have an effect on the development of mucin-negative ACF and classical ACF in the initiation phase of the mutagenic process. However, the consumption of 1.5 g of the preserve/rat/day potentiated lipid peroxidation and proteic oxidation in the liver.

The treatment of Diabetes should not only be sought through drug administration; diet is also a part of its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a diet with six meals having equal calories on the body weight and blood glucose on diabetes type 2 patients. This research is an Experimental study conducted in 2009 on 181 patients with diabetes. The patients visited the IDSF (Iranian Diabetes Society of Fars) weekly and the patients to be studied were randomly divided into two groups of 85 and 96 patients, respectively. The participants were repeatedly requested to consume their calculated calorie in six equal parts. The average age in the Experimental and Control groups were 51.2 ± 13.3 and 53.1 ± 9.4, respectively. The mean body weight and fasting blood glucose at the beginning of the study in Experimental and Control groups were 66.3 ± 9.4 and 69.1 ± 11.1 kg, 198.9 ± 35.1, and 199.8 ± 39.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. At the end of the study, however, the values were 63.5 ± 7.5 and 66.98 ± 9 kg, 139.5 ± 34.6 and 164.2 ± 22.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. Only the mean fasting blood glucose at the end of the study revealed a significant difference (p-value = 0.001). The results show that educating those afflicted with Diabetes Type 2 aiming at changing their diet can greatly help them manage their blood glucose.O tratamento do diabetes não deve ser buscado apenas através do uso de medicação; a dieta também é uma parte do tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o efeito de uma dieta de 6 refeições de igual valor calórico sobre o peso corporal e glicose no sangue de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Esta pesquisa foi feita em 2009 com 181 pacientes com diabetes. Os pacientes frequentavam o IDSF (Sociedade Iraniana de Diabete de Fars) uma vez por semana e os pacientes a serem estudados foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos de 85 e 96 pacientes, respectivamente. Aos participantes era solicitado que consumissem em 6 partes iguais suas calorias calculadas. A média de idade do grupo experimental e controle foi 51,2 ± 13,3 e 53,1 ± 9,4, respectivamente. O peso corporal médio e a glicemia de jejum no início do estudo foram 66,3 ± 9,4 e 69,1 ± 11,1 kg, 198,9 ± 35,1 e 199,8 ± 39,1 mg.dL-1, respectivamente. No final do estudo, entretanto, os valores foram 63,5 ± 7,5 e 66,98 ± 9 kg, 139,5 ± 34,6 e 164,2 ± 22,1 mg.dL, respectivamente. Apenas a média da glicemia de jejum no final do estudo revelou uma diferença significativa (P-valor = 0,001). Os resultados mostram que educar pacientes com o diabetes tipo 2, focando na mudança de suas dietas, pode contribuir imensamente para a administração da glicose sanguínea.

The treatment of Diabetes should not only be sought through drug administration; diet is also a part of its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a diet with six meals having equal calories on the body weight and blood glucose on diabetes type 2 patients. This research is an Experimental study conducted in 2009 on 181 patients with diabetes. The patients visited the IDSF (Iranian Diabetes Society of Fars) weekly and the patients to be studied were randomly divided into two groups of 85 and 96 patients, respectively. The participants were repeatedly requested to consume their calculated calorie in six equal parts. The average age in the Experimental and Control groups were 51.2 ± 13.3 and 53.1 ± 9.4, respectively. The mean body weight and fasting blood glucose at the beginning of the study in Experimental and Control groups were 66.3 ± 9.4 and 69.1 ± 11.1 kg, 198.9 ± 35.1, and 199.8 ± 39.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. At the end of the study, however, the values were 63.5 ± 7.5 and 66.98 ± 9 kg, 139.5 ± 34.6 and 164.2 ± 22.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. Only the mean fasting blood glucose at the end of the study revealed a significant difference (p-value = 0.001). The results show that educating those afflicted with Diabetes Type 2 aiming at changing their diet can greatly help them manage their blood glucose.

αMUPA mice carry as a transgene the cDNA encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a member of the plasminogen/plasmin system that functions in fibrinolysis and extracellular proteolysis. These mice spontaneously consume less food when fed ad libitum and live longer compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. αMUPA mice are obesity resistant and they share many similarities with calorically restricted animals. However, extensive metabolic characterization of this unique transgenic model has never been performed.Metabolism of αMUPA mice was analyzed by measuring hormone, lipid and glucose levels in the serum, as well as gene and protein expression levels in the liver, hypothalamus and brainstem.αMUPA mice were found to be leaner than WT mice mainly because of reduced fat depots. Serum analyses showed that αMUPA mice have high levels of the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin, and low levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Analyses of brain neuropeptides showed that the transcript of the anorexigenic neuropeptide Pomc is highly expressed in the brainstem, whereas the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides Npy, Orexin and Mch is blunted in the hypothalamus of αMUPA mice. In addition, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels were higher in the liver and lower in the hypothalamus, thus promoting simultaneously central reduction in appetite and peripheral loss of fat. The levels of SIRT1 were low in the liver, but high in the hypothalamus, a feature that αMUPA mice share with calorically restricted animals.Taken together, αMUPA mice exhibit a unique metabolic phenotype of low-calorie intake and high leptin levels, and could serve as a model for both spontaneous calorie restriction and resistance to obesity.

To evaluate the rate of remission of metabolic syndrome (Met Syn) among patients undergoing a brief, low-calorie lifestyle change weight loss intervention and to compare the baseline characteristics of patients who were remitted and not remitted from Met Syn at post-treatment.Obese adults (N=36) meeting criteria for Met Syn enrolled in an outpatient fee-for-service behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants were assessed on key Met Syn variables (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and fasting blood glucose) at pre- and post-treatment.The majority of patients (61%) responded to treatment after a 9.9% mean weight loss. Although Met Syn responders did not differ significantly from Met Syn non-responders on any baseline Met Syn criterion variable, responders had significantly lower baseline body mass indices (BMI; kg/m(2)) and met criteria for fewer baseline Met Syn variables. As expected, Met Syn responders, compared with Met Syn non-responders, had significantly lower post-treatment waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. Patient groups did not differ significantly on weight lost (kg or %), or on the proportion of patients losingor =10% of initial body weight.In a community population, Met Syn responds to weight loss through a low-calorie lifestyle intervention; for some patients, however, the recommended 10% weight loss may not be enough for Met Syn remission.

Low-calorie diets are commonplace for reducing body weight. However, no information is available on the effects of a reduced-calorie diet on periodontal inflammation and disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a long-term calorie-restriction (CR) diet on periodontitis in an animal model of periodontitis.Periodontitis was induced in 55 young, healthy, adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by tying 2.0 silk ligatures at the gingival margins of maxillary premolar/molar teeth. Animals on a CR diet (30% CR; N = 23) were compared to ad libitum diet controls (N = 32). Clinical measures, including the plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), modified gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months after ligature placement.Significant effects of CR were observed on the development of inflammation and the progression of periodontal destruction in this model. Compared to controls, CR resulted in a significant reduction in ligature-induced GI (P0.0001), BOP (P0.0015), PD (P0.0016), and CAL (P0.0038). Periodontal destruction, as measured by CAL, progressed significantly more slowly in the CR animals than in the controls (P0.001).These clinical findings are consistent with available evidence that CR has anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, these experimental findings are the first observations, to the best of our knowledge, that CR dampens the inflammatory response and reduces active periodontal breakdown associated with an acute microbial challenge.

Clinical trials involving calorie restriction (CR) require an assessment of adherence to a prescribed CR with the use of an objective measure of energy intake (EI).The objective was to validate the use of energy expenditure (EE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW), in conjunction with precise measures of body composition, to calculate an individual's EI during 30% CR.Ten participants underwent 30% CR for 3 wk. During the last week (7 d), 24-h EE was measured in a respiratory chamber and simultaneously by DLW (EEDLW). EI was calculated from 7-d EE measured by DLW and from changes in energy stores (ES) (weight and body composition). Calculated EI was then compared with the actual EI measured in the chamber by using the following equations: calculated EI (kcal/d) = EEDLW + DeltaES, where DeltaESFM/FFM (kcal/d) = (9.3 x DeltaFM, g/d) + (1.1 x DeltaFFM, g/d), FM is fat mass, and FFM is fat-free mass.We found close agreement (R = 0.88) between EE measured in the metabolic chamber and EEDLW during CR. Using the measured respiratory quotient, we found that the mean (+/-SD) EE(DLW) was 1934 +/- 377 kcal/d and EE measured in the metabolic chamber was 1906 +/- 327 kcal/d, ie, a 1.3 +/- 8.9% overestimation. EI calculated from EEDLW and from changes in ES was 8.7 +/- 36.7% higher than the actual EI provided during the chamber stay (1596 +/- 656 kcal/d).DLW methods can accurately estimate 24-h EE during CR. Although the mean difference between actual and calculated EIs for the group was small, we conclude that the interindividual variability was too large to provide an assessment of CR adherence on an individual basis.

To investigate how and to what extent platycodin saponin (PS) from Platycodi Radix exerts a favorable influence on obesity and hyperlipidemia.Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high fat (HF) diet for 4 weeks and then the animals were treated with 35 or 70 mg / kg of PS for another 4 weeks. Changes in body weight and daily calorie intake were measured regularly during the experimental period and the degree of linear correlation for the above two variables was further analyzed. The in vitro lipase inhibition of each PS compound and the in vivo fecal lipid excretion were examined in hope of revealing their relationship. The concentrations of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol in serum.The body weight reduction (13+/-4% vs HF control, P0.05) by PS administration was highly correlated to the food intake restriction (Pearson's linear coefficient r=0.752, P0.005). The in vitro inhibition of lipase by each isolated compound and mixture of PS were virtually identical. Consequently, the fecal TG excretion was increased by 2.1-3.2 folds depending on the dose of PS. The serum TG and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were decreased without noticeable changes in HDL-cholesterol levels. Concomitantly, the contents of the hepatic TG, cholesterol, and the liver surface fat pads were decreased in ubiquity, but no noticeable biochemical abnormalities or histological tissue damages were observed.The administration of PS produced profound effects on the control of obesity and lipid metabolism, which resulted in LDL-cholesterol reduction. PS also caused a remarkable reduction in calorie intake, which was highly correlated to the body weight loss. These results suggest that PS has a greater role in anti-obesity, hypolipidemia, and liver protection than previously thought. Hence, PS could be a potential therapeutic alternative in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Atrazine, which has been used worldwide as a pesticide, is now known to exert endocrine disrupting (antiandrogenic) effects in mammals. In this study, modifying effects of dietary feeding of 500 and 1000 p.p.m. atrazine on the development of androgen-dependent prostate cancer were investigated using male probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic (TG) rats. As administration of atrazine has now been identified as causing a decrease in bodyweight, a dietary-restricted TG rat group was also included in order to elucidate the influence of reduction of calorie intake per se on the development of prostate cancer. At week 13, almost the entire lobes of the prostate were occupied with tumor lesions, with no clear intergroup differences in the incidences and multiplicities. Therefore, morphometrical assessment ratios of the prostate epithelial area to the whole prostate tissue area were evaluated. The ratio in the lateral lobe of the 1000 p.p.m. atrazine-treated group was significantly decreased, and there was a tendency to decrease in the ratios in the dorsal lobe of the atrazine-treated groups. However, dietary restriction itself without atrazine treatment caused the same reduction to a similar or greater extent. Testosterone levels were not affected by atrazine administration or dietary restriction. Our results indicate that the observed atrazine-related suppression of prostate carcinogenesis was probably caused by the decrease in calorie intake, rather than by atrazine-related endocrine disruption.

The aim of this review was to evaluate data regarding potential thermodynamic mechanisms for increased rates of weight loss in subjects consuming diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate. Studies that compared weight loss and energy expenditure in adults consuming diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate with those in adults consuming diets low in fat were reviewed. In addition, studies that measured the metabolizable energy of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates were reviewed. Diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate produced an approximately equal to 2.5-kg greater weight loss after 12 wk of treatment. Neither macronutrient-specific differences in the availability of dietary energy nor changes in energy expenditure could explain these differences in weight loss. Thermodynamics dictate that a calorie is a calorie regardless of the macronutrient composition of the diet. Further research on differences in the composition of weight loss and on the influence of satiety on compliance with energy-restricted diets is needed to explain the observed increase in weight loss with diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate.

Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar o perfil e o estado nutricional da clientela e a composição química e nutricional das refeições oferecidas no restaurante universitário da Universidade Estadual Paulista de Araraquara, Brasil. Realizou-se a determinação química do teor de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibra, cinzas e umidade de amostras das refeições fornecidas. A amostra populacional foi constituída de 403 usuários (212 mulheres e 191 homens). Em relação ao perfil do usuário, constatou-se que 82,60% encontravam-se na faixa etária de 18 a 25 anos e 75,44% dos indivíduos apresentaram índice de massa corporal dentro da faixa de normalidade. Em média, as refeições continham 4,74% de proteínas, 10,84% de lipídeos, 24,32% de carboidratos, 3,30% de fibras, 1,00% de cinzas e 55,00% de umidade. Os dados mostraram que as refeições do restaurante universitário continham excesso de proteínas e de energia e que se faz necessário realizar ajustes na sua composição para adequá-la ao perfil da clientela atendida.This study aimed at determining the clientele's profile and nutritional status and the chemical composition of the meals offered at the university restaurant of University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil. For checking these aspects, the study carried out the chemical determination of the content of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, ashes and humidity of meals samples. The population sample was comprised of 403 users (212 women and 191 men). Regarding the users' profile, it was verified that 82.6% were in the age group of 18 to 25 years and 75.44% of the individuals showed body mass index (BMI) within the range of normality. On average, the meals contained 4.74% of proteins, 10.84% of lipids, 24.32% of carbohydrates, 3.30% of fibers, 1.00% of ashes and 55.00% of humidity. The data showed that the University Restaurant meals contained proteins and calories in excess. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust this composition in order to make it suitable to the assisted clientele profile.

Foram avaliados dados obtidos de experimentos conduzidos, no período de 1990 a 1995, na Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, objetivando estudar a conversão e o balanço energético de quatro sistemas de produção de grãos com pastagens anuais de inverno. Os quatro sistemas foram constituídos por: sistema I (trigo/soja, aveia-preta/soja e aveia-preta/soja); sistema II (trigo/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); sistema III (trigo/soja, aveia-preta + ervilhaca/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); e sistema IV (trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e aveia-branca/soja). As culturas, tanto de inverno como de verão, foram estabelecidas sob sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e parcelas totalizando 500 m². Os sistemas II e III apresentaram conversão energética (5,78 e 5,44) e balanço energético (23.728 e 21.741 kg/Mcal) superiores aos sistemas I (3,79 e 11.553 kg/Mcal) e IV (4,33 e 12.879 kg/Mcal), respectivamente. Ficou evidenciado que a integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema plantio direto foi viável, pois a conversão e o balanço energético foram positivos, tendo sido significativamente maiores nos sistemas que incluíram a cultura de milho. Data obtained from experiments conducted, from 1990 to 1995, at the Universidade de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were evaluated with the objective to study the energy conversion and balance of four grain production systems with annual winter pastures. Four grain production systems were evaluated: system I (wheat/soybean, black oats/soybean, and black oats/soybean); system II (wheat/soybean and black oats + common vetch/corn); system III (wheat/soybean, black oats + common vetch/soybean, and black oats + common vetch/corn); and system IV (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean, and white oats/soybean). Both winter and summer crops were grown under no-tillage. The trial was set up blocks at random, with three replications and plots with 500 m². Systems II and III showed higher energy conversion (5.78 and 5.44) and balance rates (23,728 and 21,741 kg/Mcal), as compared to systems I (3.79 and 11,553 kg/Mcal) and IV (4.33 and 12,879 kg/Mcal), respectively. It was evident that the integration crop-livestock under no-tillage is a viable system, since the energetic conversion and balance showed positive results; actually, these rates were significantly higher in the systems including corn crop.

The serum concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is inversely related to weight and in animal studies is inversely related to protein intake. As SHBG can affect the biological activity of testosterone and estradiol, we wished to determine the role of protein intake on SHBG levels in men. Using data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study we examined cross-sectional relationships between dietary components and SHBG levels in 1552 men (aged 40-70 yr) for whom these factors were known. Analyzed by multiple regression, controlling for testosterone and estradiol levels, age (P

This study investigated potential underreporting of energy intake in the 1990 Ontario Health Survey (OHS). Underreporting was higher in overweight individuals, Asian-born individuals, and respondents from urban areas. Intakes of underreporters were slightly closer to current dietary guidelines (less fat, more fruit and vegetables, fewer sweets). These results underline that caution is warranted when interpreting the association of dietary data with health outcomes.

Recent studies suggest that subtle vitamin K depletion has far-reaching consequences. As this entity is not associated with prothrombin time elevation, it is important to determine whether alternate methods can help identify it. We investigated subtle vitamin K depletion in a hospital setting and determined whether protein calorie malnutrition predicts its presence.Using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of plasma phylloquinone and a food frequency questionnaire for phylloquinone intake, we examined the phylloquinone status of 27 hospitalized patients with normal coagulation parameters, no liver disease, and no recent warfarin use. We assessed protein-calorie nutritional status with Reilly's criteria and anthropometrics.51% of patients (95% CI = 31% to 70%) had evidence of subtle vitamin K depletion as defined by a subnormal plasma phylloquinone concentration. Patients whose phylloquinone intake was less than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) over the preceding year had lower plasma phylloquinone concentrations when compared to other patients: median (range) 0.106 nmol/l (0.022-0.461) versus 0.301 nmol/l (0.067-3.928), respectively (P = 0.023). Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were no different, however, between well-nourished and malnourished patients: median (range) 0.245 nmol/l (0.022-0.522) versus 0.188 nmol/l (0.067-3.928), respectively (P=0.782).Subtle vitamin K depletion is common among hospitalized patients and protein-calorie malnutrition does not predict its presence.

The role of alcohol consumption (alcoholic calories, alcoholic beverages) on breast cancer risk was investigated in a case-control study of 154 premenopausal female patients diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma. For each case, one control was matched for age (± 3 years) and socio-economic status. The survey was carried out in Northeastern France (Lorraine) between 1986 and 1989. While taking into account total caloric intakes and various breast cancer factors, breast cancer risk was shown to increase as consumption of alcohol increased (p value for trend = 0.007). A significant relative risk (RR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.40–5.17) was shown above 60 kcal per day (approximately 9 g of alcohol per day). Breast cancer risk appeared to be restricted to red wine consumption among these premenopausal women, for monthly consumption (p value for trend = 0.003) as well as for duration of consumption (p value for trend = 0.01). A relative risk of 3.96 (95% CI: 1.59–9.84) was found for a monthly consumption higher than 4 liters per month. This reinforces the notion of a particular sensitivity of young women to breast cancer in relation to alcohol consumption.

OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that belief in an association between diet and cancer, knowledge of dietary recommendations and food composition, and perceived norms would predict healthful dietary changes. METHODS: Data are from a population-based sample of Washington State residents (n = 607). Psychosocial constructs measured at baseline (1989/90) were used to predict changes in dietary practices, fat intake, fiber intake, and weight over 3 years. RESULTS: Adults who strongly believed in a diet-cancer connection decreased the percentage of energy consumed from fat by 1.20 percentage points and increased fiber intake by 0.69 g, compared with decreases of 0.21 percentage points and 0.57 g among those with no belief (P < .05). Adults with knowledge of the National Cancer Institute fat and fiber goals decreased their percentage of energy from fat by 1.70 points compared with an increase of 0.27 points among those with little knowledge (P < .05). Food composition knowledge and perceived pressure to eat a healthful diet were not significant predictors of changes in fat intake, fiber intake, or weight. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that increase the public's beliefs in diet and health associations and communicate diet recommendations can encourage healthful dietary change.

Adaptation of energy metabolism to undernutrition and to the duration of undernutrition was studied in adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes at the whole-animal, portal-drained viscera, liver and hindquarters levels. Arterio-venous and indirect calorimetry techniques were used. Animals were successively fed at 1 times (3 weeks) and at 0.5 times (7 weeks) their metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm). Portal, hepatic and hindquarters blood flows in quietly standing ewes decreased by 22, 19 and 11% respectively within the first week of undernutrition and remained at that level thereafter. Standardizing hindquarters blood flow to that in a given posture (quietly standing) reduced blood flow by 9.8%. In the portal-drained viscera and liver, O2 extraction rates decreased, leading to 34 and 38% drops in O2 consumption with underfeeding respectively. In the hindquarters, O2 extraction rate increased, partly counterbalancing the drop in blood flow. Thus O2 consumption of hindquarters tended to decrease but the effect was not significant. All changes appeared to be completed from day 5 of underfeeding. Consequently, the portal-drained viscera, liver and carcass were responsible for 39, 32 and 5% respectively of the drop in whole-animal O2 consumption with underfeeding. At the end of the 0.5 X MEm period, in vivo metabolic rates averaged 1.65, 4.89 and 0.38 mmol O2 consumed/d per g fresh weight of adipose-tissue-free portal-drained viscera, liver and boneless hindquarters respectively. Undernutrition imposed a much greater nutritional challenge to splanchnic tissues than to hindquarters. The former reduced theirenergy expnditure whereas hindquarters metabolism adapted by counteracting the slight drop in nutrient supply.

RESUMENObjetivo. Comparar métodos de estimación del TND a partir de ensayos de digestibilidad y análisis químico de la dieta. Materiales y métodos. La digestibilidad in vivo fue determinada usando cebuínos alimentados con heno (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. cv. Tifton 85), maíz y soya. La digestibilidad in vitro siguió la metodología de Tilley y Terry (TT). Los métodos de estimación del TND fueron: convencional (MET 1), calorimétrico desde valores de combustión cuantificados en bomba calorimétrica (MET 2), calorimétrico desde calores de combustión predefinidos (MET 3), desde la digestibilidad in vivo e in vitro de la materia orgánica (MET 4), desde el modelo multicompartimental del NRC (2001) (MET 5). Los datos se analizaron en diseño completamente aleatorizado y la comparación del efecto promedio se realizó usando la prueba de Tukey (α=5%). La intercambiabilidad entre los valores de TND obtenidos desde el procedimiento TT (MET 4) y el MET 5 se valoró a partir del método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Los valores de TND estimados in vivo por MET 1, MET 3 y MET 4 no presentaron diferencia (p>0.05) pero difirieron del valor obtenido por MET 2 (p

Objetivo.Comparar métodos de estimación del TND a partir de ensayos de digestibilidad y análisis químico de la dieta. Materiales y métodos. La digestibilidad in vivo fue determinada usando cebuínos alimentados con heno (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. cv. Tifton 85), maíz y soya. La digestibilidad in vitro siguió la metodología de Tilley y Terry (TT). Los métodos de estimación del TND fueron: convencional (MET 1), calorimétrico desde valores de combustión cuantificados en bomba calorimétrica (MET 2), calorimétrico desde calores de combustión predefinidos (MET 3), desde la digestibilidad in vivo e in vitro de la materia orgánica (MET 4), desde el modelo multicompartimental del NRC (2001) (MET 5). Los datos se analizaron en diseño completamente aleatorizado y la comparación del efecto promedio se realizó usando la prueba de Tukey (α=5%). La intercambiabilidad entre los valores de TND obtenidos desde el procedimiento TT (MET 4) y el MET 5 se valoró a partir del método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Los valores de TND estimados in vivo por MET 1, MET 3 y MET 4 no presentaron diferencia (p>0.05) pero difirieron del valor obtenido por MET 2 (p0.05) but differed from the value obtained by MET 2 (p

The treatment of Diabetes should not only be sought through drug administration; diet is also a part of its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a diet with six meals having equal calories on the body weight and blood glucose on diabetes type 2 patients. This research is an Experimental study conducted in 2009 on 181 patients with diabetes. The patients visited the IDSF (Iranian Diabetes Society of Fars) weekly and the patients to be studied were randomly divided into two groups of 85 and 96 patients, respectively. The participants were repeatedly requested to consume their calculated calorie in six equal parts. The average age in the Experimental and Control groups were 51.2 ± 13.3 and 53.1 ± 9.4, respectively. The mean body weight and fasting blood glucose at the beginning of the study in Experimental and Control groups were 66.3 ± 9.4 and 69.1 ± 11.1 kg, 198.9 ± 35.1, and 199.8 ± 39.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. At the end of the study, however, the values were 63.5 ± 7.5 and 66.98 ± 9 kg, 139.5 ± 34.6 and 164.2 ± 22.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. Only the mean fasting blood glucose at the end of the study revealed a significant difference (p-value = 0.001). The results show that educating those afflicted with Diabetes Type 2 aiming at changing their diet can greatly help them manage their blood glucose. O tratamento do diabetes não deve ser buscado apenas através do uso de medicação; a dieta também é uma parte do tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o efeito de uma dieta de 6 refeições de igual valor calórico sobre o peso corporal e glicose no sangue de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Esta pesquisa foi feita em 2009 com 181 pacientes com diabetes. Os pacientes frequentavam o IDSF (Sociedade Iraniana de Diabete de Fars) uma vez por semana e os pacientes a serem estudados foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos de 85 e 96 pacientes, respectivamente. Aos participantes era solicitado que consumissem em 6 partes iguais suas calorias calculadas. A média de idade do grupo experimental e controle foi 51,2 ± 13,3 e 53,1 ± 9,4, respectivamente. O peso corporal médio e a glicemia de jejum no início do estudo foram 66,3 ± 9,4 e 69,1 ± 11,1 kg, 198,9 ± 35,1 e 199,8 ± 39,1 mg.dL-1, respectivamente. No final do estudo, entretanto, os valores foram 63,5 ± 7,5 e 66,98 ± 9 kg, 139,5 ± 34,6 e 164,2 ± 22,1 mg.dL, respectivamente. Apenas a média da glicemia de jejum no final do estudo revelou uma diferença significativa (P-valor = 0,001). Os resultados mostram que educar pacientes com o diabetes tipo 2, focando na mudança de suas dietas, pode contribuir imensamente para a administração da glicose sanguínea.

We investigated the ability of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus , to produce tannin-binding salivary proteins when fed quebracho tannin-containing diets or when injected with the drug isoproterenol. None of the treatments induced production of new salivary proteins. None of the salivary proteins from voles bound tannin in vitro, and none of the proteins in vole saliva reacted with antibodies to tannin-binding proteins from saliva of rats. Diets containing 2.9% crude quebracho tannin had no effect on growth or survival of voles. Voles consuming diets containing 6% crude quebracho tannin had increased rates of loss of body mass and mortality and decreased rates of food consumption early in the trial, but began to accommodate to the diet by the end of the 10-day trial. Voles fed diets containing 6% tannin prepared by moistening and heating a mixture of lab chow and quebracho tannin had significantly higher rates of mortality than voles fed 6% tannin added directly to dry chow. Nitrogen, dry matter, and caloric digestibilities did not differ significantly among treatments.

Exposure to unsignaled, inescapable tailshock reduces intake of quinine- or saccharin-adulterated water but increases intake of dilute sucrose solution. This pattern suggests that stress may reduce consumption of quinine and saccharin by enhancing their aversive taste properties. The present study provided additional support for this interpretation: Stress reduced intake of a saccharin-adulterated solution of glucose (Experiment 1) or sucrose (Experiment 2) but not of unadulterated sugar solutions. Stress also reduced body weight and total calorie intake, and increased selection of calories in the form of sugar (Experiment 2). These findings are inconsistent with the generalized “anhedonia” concept prominent in the literature on stress-induced changes in ingestion and other motivated behaviors. The selectivity of tailshock’s effects on ingestion encourages further development of an energy-regulation model of stress (the regulatory shift hypothesis), including exploration of the roles that macronutrient accessibility and sugars’ stress-reducing, reinforcing properties might play in the behavior of stressed rats.

Recent results from both human epidemiological and experimental studies with animals suggest that intake of noncaloric sweeteners may promote, rather than protect against, weight gain and other disturbances of energy regulation. However, without a viable mechanism to explain how consumption of noncaloric sweeteners can increase energy intake and body weight, the persuasiveness of such results has been limited. Using a rat model, the present research showed that intake of noncaloric sweeteners reduces the effectiveness of learned associations between sweet tastes and postingestive caloric outcomes (Experiment 1) and that interfering with this association may impair the ability of rats to regulate their intake of sweet, but not nonsweet, high-fat and high-calorie food (Experiment 2). The results support the hypothesis that consuming noncaloric sweeteners may promote excessive intake and body weight gain by weakening a predictive relationship between sweet taste and the caloric consequences of eating.

Objective—To investigate changes in neural activation and desire to eat in response to appetitive cues from pre- to postbariatric surgery for obesity. Background—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most common bariatric procedure. However, the mechanisms of action in RYGB are not well understood. A significant proportion of the resulting reduction in caloric intake is unaccounted for by the restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms and is thought to be mediated by neuroendocrine function. Numerous investigations of postsurgical changes in gut peptides have resulted; however, changes in neural activation after RYGB surgery have not been previously investigated. Methods—Functional magnetic resonance imaging and verbal rating scales were used to assess brain activation and desire to eat in response to high-and low-calorie food cues in 10 female patients 1-month pre- and post-RYGB surgery. Results—Postsurgical reductions in brain activation were found in key areas within the mesolimbic reward pathway, which were significantly more pronounced in response to food cues that were high (vs. low) in caloric density. These changes mirrored concurrent postsurgical reductions in desire to eat, which were also greater in response to food cues that were high versus low in caloric density (P = 0.007). Conclusions—Findings support the contention that RYGB surgery leads to substantial changes in neural responses to food cues encountered in the environment, provide a potential mechanism for the selective reduction in preferences for high-calorie foods, and suggest partial neural mediation of changes in caloric intake seen after RYGB surgery.

Background: The potential combined effects of public policy tools—such as calorie information and taxes on highly caloric foods—on purchasing behavior are rarely studied. Furthermore, these tools are rarely studied in the context of individual differences (eg, dietary restraint), which may play a key role in their effectiveness. Objective: The current study tests the combined effects of providing calorie information and increased taxes on the total number of calories purchased for lunch. Furthermore, these public policy tools were investigated in the context of high- and low-restrained eaters. Design: University students (n = 178) had to choose lunch from a menu 3 different times. The prices for the high-calorie foods on the menu increased each time (125% and 150% of base price). In addition, there were 3 between-subject factors: budget (high compared with low), calorie-information (calorie information compared with no calorie information), and dietary restraint. Results: Elasticity analyses show a tax · calorie information interaction. A price increase for the high-calorie foods reduced the percentage of calories chosen for lunch but only in the absence of calorie information. Conclusions: A tax of 25% on high-calorie foods may decrease the demand for calories and could be a good policy measure to decrease the prevalence of obesity. However, calorie information seems to interfere with the effect of a tax on high-calorie foods. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008193.

The objective of the present experiment was to define the form of the relationship between varying levels of energy intake at constant, high protein intake and the performance of young pigs. By doing so it was expected that we could distinguish between four models that predict the pig's responses to its diet as rates of protein and lipid retention. Forty young pigs were assigned at 12 kg live weight either to an initial slaughter group (n 8) or to one of four allowances of starch intake at a constant intake of a high-protein feed (with 345 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg food). Half the pigs were killed after 4 weeks and half after 8 weeks on the treatments; at each slaughter point on each treatment half the pigs were entire males and half were females. Increasing the intake of starch (energy) resulted in significant increases in the rates of live weight, empty-body, protein and lipid gains of pigs slaughtered at both stages. There was no minimum positive lipid: protein ratio in the gain of the pigs. Male pigs deposited more protein and less lipid than females but this effect of sex on protein and lipid retention was seen only on the two highest allowances of starch intake. The calculated efficiency of protein utilization increased with increasing starch intake up to a maximum of 0.81, when probably the energy: protein in the diet became non-limiting. The results led to the rejection of two of the models that predict the rates of protein and lipid retention as responses to protein and energy intake, but the two remaining models could not be rejected, at least qualitatively.

The effects of a maternal protein-calorie malnutrition during gestation and lactation were analyzed on fetal and postnatal lung growth and maturation, including a surfactant fraction isolated from lung tissue. There was a considerable reduction in body weight and in wet and dry lung weights of malnourished pups. Lung protein and DNA concentrations were similar in both groups except in late gestation (lung hyperplasia) and 2 and 15 d after delivery (hypocellularity). Lung glycogen breakdown was slowed down in malnourished newborns. Surfactant material was decreased the most perinatally and the reduction was more marked than for the nonsurfactant fraction of the lung. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine, the major surface active surfactant component, was decreased the most at birth (1.70 +/- 0.31 nmol/mg wet wt versus 3.68 +/- 0.17 nmol/mg in controls, n = 8) and on d 2 (5.04 +/- 0.53 nmol/mg versus 7.67 +/- 0.44 nmol/mg in controls, n = 8). There was an apparent recovery in the composition of surfactant in malnourished rats 5 d after delivery, due in fact to a decrease in controls, and an actual return to normal levels 15 to 20 d after birth. Postnatal lipid supplementation with Intralipid led to partial recovery on d 10. Inositol supplementation totally reverted the effects of malnutrition on surfactant phospholipids (8.36 +/- 0.94 nmol disaturated phosphatidylcholine/mg wet wt on d 2 versus 7.67 +/- 0.44 nmol/mg in controls and 5.55 +/- 0.62 nmol/mg in untreated malnourished rats, n = 10; 2.43 +/- 0.32 nmol disaturated phosphatidylcholine/mg wet wt on d 10 versus 3.26 +/- 0.32 nmol/mg in controls and 1.18 +/- 0.27 nmol/mg in untreated malnourished rats, n = 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Background Energy or calorie restriction (CR) has consistently been shown to produce weight loss and have beneficial health effects in numerous species, including primates and humans. Most individuals, however, are unable to sustain weight losses induced through reductions in energy intake, potentially due to increased hunger levels. The effects that prolonged CR has on subjective aspects of appetite have not been well studied. Thus, the present study tested the effect of 6 months of caloric restriction on appetite in healthy, overweight men and women. Methods Forty-eight overweight men and women with a body mass index (BMI; kg m(-2)) between 25-29.9 took part in a 6-month study and were randomised into one of four groups: healthy diet (control); 25% CR; 12.5% CR plus exercise (12.5% increased energy expenditure; CR + EX); low-calorie diet [LCD; 3724 kJ day(-1) (890 kcal day(-1)) until 15% of initial body weight was lost, then maintenance]. Appetite markers (i.e. hunger, fullness, desire to eat, etc.) were assessed weekly during a fasting state. Results Body weight was significantly reduced in all three energy-restricted groups (CR = -10.4 +/- 0.9%; CR + EX = -10.0 +/- 0.8%; and LCD = -13.9 +/-0.7%), indicating that participants were adherent to their energy restriction regimen, whereas the healthy diet control group remained weight stable (control = -1.0 +/- 1.1%). Despite these significant weight losses, appetite ratings of participants in the three energy-restricted groups at month 6 were similar to the weight stable control group. Conclusions CR regimens with low fat diets producing significant weight losses have similar effects on appetite markers over a 6-month time period compared to a weight stable control group.

Background: Anecdotal information and limited research suggest that short-term caloric deprivation adversely affects cognition. However, this issue has not been studied using double-blind, placebo-controlled procedures, because the formulation of a calorie-deficient feeding regimen identical to one with calories is impossible using ordinary foods. Therefore, test meals varying in caloric content, but indistinguishable in sensory characteristics, were formulated using hydrocolloid-based gels as the principal structural component. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 2 d of near-total caloric deprivation on cognitive function, satiety, activity, sleep, and glucose concentrations in a controlled environment. Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of caloric deprivation was conduced in a controlled environment for 48 h. Cognitive function in 27 healthy young subjects was assessed repeatedly with standardized tests of vigilance, reaction time, learning, memory, logical reasoning, mood, and satiety. Wrist-worn monitors were used to assess ambulatory vigilance, activity, and sleep. Interstitial glucose concentrations were assessed continuously with a minimally invasive monitor. Results: When the subjects received the near calorie-free diets, mean calorie consumption totaled 1311 kJ (313 kcal) over the testing period. During the fully fed treatment sessions, the subjects consumed a mean of 9612 kJ/d (2294 kcal/d), which matched their individual, daily energy requirements. Satiety and interstitial glucose concentrations were lower during the calorie-deprived diet (P < 0.001) than during the fully fed diet. There were no detectable effects of calorie deprivation on any aspect of cognitive performance, ambulatory vigilance, activity, or sleep. The mood states assessed, including fatigue, were not affected by calorie deprivation. Conclusions: Cognitive performance, activity, sleep, and mood are not adversely affected in healthy humans by 2 d of calorie-deprivation when the subjects and investigators are unaware of the calorie content of the treatments.

We previously showed that the content of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the diet correlates with serum AGE levels, oxidant stress (OS), organ dysfunction, and lifespan. We now show that the addition of a chemically defined AGE (methyl-glyoxal-BSA) to low-AGE mouse chow increased serum levels of AGEs and OS, demonstrating that dietary AGEs are oxidants that can induce systemic OS. OS predisposes to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases; calorie restriction (CR) is the most studied means to decrease OS, increase longevity, and reduce OS-related organ damage in mammals. Because reduction of food intake also decreases oxidant AGE s intake, we asked whether the beneficial effects of CR in mammals are related to the restriction of oxidants or energy. Pair-fed mice were provided either a CR diet or a high-AGE CR diet in which AGEs were elevated by brief heat treatment (CR-high). Old CR-high mice developed high levels of 8-isoprostanes, AGEs, RAGE, and p66(shc), coupled with low AGER1 and GSH/GSSG levels, insulin resistance, marked myocardial and renal fibrosis, and shortened lifespan. In contrast, old CR mice had low OS, p66(shc), RAGE, and AGE levels, but high AGER1 levels, coupled with longer lifespan. Therefore, the beneficial effects of a CR diet may be partly related to reduced oxidant intake, a principal determinant of oxidant status in aging mice, rather than decreased energy intake.

Context: Energy balance and physical activity potentially influence systemic inflammation. Objective: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that moderate energy restriction may prevent activation of inactivity-induced inflammatory response. Design: Participants were studied four times at the end of 14-d periods of experimental bed rest or controlled ambulation, after receiving eucaloric or hypocaloric diets. Setting: The study was conducted at the clinical research center of the German Space Agency. Subjects: Nine healthy young volunteers participated. Interventions: Energy intake was calibrated to physical activity and decreased by about 20% in hypocaloric conditions. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in body fat by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry as well as plasma inflammatory markers and cytokine mRNA levels in blood cells were measured. Results: Fat mass did not change significantly in eucaloric conditions and decreased in hypocaloric periods (−1.0 ± 0.3 and −1.0 ± 0.3 kg in ambulatory and bed rest, respectively). Bed rest in eucaloric conditions increased plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) (+143 ± 53%) and both the ratios between plasma IL-6 and IL-10 (4±1 times) and white blood cell IL-6 and IL-10 mRNAs (5 ± 1 times). Energy restriction prevented bed-rest-mediated increases in CRP and the IL-6 to IL-10 ratio. Bed rest increased (P = 0.03) long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) plasma concentration, without significant activity-by-diet interaction. In all conditions (n = 36), CRP and PTX3 were inversely correlated (r = −0.61; P < 0.001). Changes in fat mass, leptin, and IL-6 directly correlated with CRP and inversely correlated with PTX3. IL-10 inversely correlated with CRP and directly correlated with PTX3 (r = 0.52; P < 0.01). Conclusions: Calorie restriction prevents the inflammatory response induced by 14 d of bed rest. We suggest an inverse regulation of CRP and PTX3 in response to changes in energy balance.

A low HDL-cholesterol concentration is an independent risk factor for CVD. Studies have suggested that flavonoid consumption may be cardioprotective, and a favourable impact on circulating HDL-cholesterol concentrations has been suggested to partially explain this association. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of consuming increasing daily doses of low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) on the plasma lipid profile of abdominally obese men. For that purpose, thirty men (mean age 51 (SD 10) years) consumed increasing doses of CJC during three successive periods of 4 weeks (125ml/d, 250ml/d, 500ml/d). Before the study and after each phase, we measured changes in physical and metabolic variables. We noted a significant increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration after the consumption of 250ml CJC/d (+8·6±14·0%v.0ml CJC/d;Pv.0ml CJC/d;PIR2=48%,PR2=16%,P

Presentamos el resultado de un estudio prospectivo de datos obtenidos durante 30 días en pacientes críticos con Nutrición Enteral (NE), sobre la adecuación de la misma, valorando los objetivos de la NE en estos pacientes, al analizar las causas o factores que inciden o condicionan la continuidad de este tratamiento. Se describen las posibles causas que recomiendan su interrupción, tras los resultados obtenidos con la muestra objeto de nuestro estudio. En nuestra experiencia y a los efectos de evaluar la incidencia de estos factores, se analizaron los objetivos calóricos y proteicos estimados para un grupo de pacientes críticos, el volumen indicado de NE y el realmente recibido por los pacientes. ABSTRACT We present the results of a prospective study about Enteral Nutrition (EN) in critically ill patients during 30 days. We focus on the objectives of the EN in these patients and then analyse the factors or causes that determine the continuity of this treatment.Based on the results of our study sample, we list the possible factors related to their interruption. With the aim of evaluating the incidence of these factors, we analyse the relation between estimated caloric and protein intake for a group of critically ill patients, the prescribed volume of EN and the quantities received, in fact, by these patients.

Presentamos el resultado de un estudio prospectivo de datos obtenidos durante 30 días en pacientes críticos con Nutrición Enteral (NE), sobre la adecuación de la misma, valorando los objetivos de la NE en estos pacientes, al analizar las causas o factores que inciden o condicionan la continuidad de este tratamiento. Se describen las posibles causas que recomiendan su interrupción, tras los resultados obtenidos con la muestra objeto de nuestro estudio. En nuestra experiencia y a los efectos de evaluar la incidencia de estos factores, se analizaron los objetivos calóricos y proteicos estimados para un grupo de pacientes críticos, el volumen indicado de NE y el realmente recibido por los pacientes. ABSTRACT We present the results of a prospective study about Enteral Nutrition (EN) in critically ill patients during 30 days. We focus on the objectives of the EN in these patients and then analyse the factors or causes that determine the continuity of this treatment.Based on the results of our study sample, we list the possible factors related to their interruption. With the aim of evaluating the incidence of these factors, we analyse the relation between estimated caloric and protein intake for a group of critically ill patients, the prescribed volume of EN and the quantities received, in fact, by these patients.

Circulating levels of the gastric hormone ghrelin rise before and decrease after a meal. In normal-weight subjects, postprandial suppression of ghrelin is proportional to calories consumed. Obese individuals have lower fasting ghrelin levels; however, it is unclear whether the obese show normal postprandial suppression. This study aimed to compare postprandial ghrelin responses in normal-weight and obese subjects, using mixed macronutrient meals with varied fat and calorie content. Postprandial ghrelin response was measured in normal-weight insulin-sensitive subjects and obese insulin-resistant subjects, after six test meals with different fat and calorie content (250–3000 kcal). Increasing the calorie content of meals in normal-weight subjects progressively lowered nadir levels of ghrelin. The obese had lower fasting ghrelin levels, and the reduction after the consumption of all test meals was less than the normal-weight subjects. The lowest postprandial levels in the obese were no different to the nadir in normal-weight volunteers after 1000-, 2000-, and 3000-kcal meals. Thus, circulating ghrelin levels decreased in normal-weight subjects after mixed meals. Obese subjects demonstrated a much reduced ghrelin postprandial suppression. This reduced suppression may influence satiety, thus reinforcing obesity.