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Essential oils are promising as environmentally friendly and safe sources of pesticides for human use. Furthermore, they are also of interest as aromatherapeutic agents in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been evaluated as an important mechanism. The essential oils of some species in the genera Callicarpa, Premna, Vitex and Karomia of the family Lamiaceae were evaluated for inhibition of electric eel AChE using the Ellman method. The essential oils of Callicarpa candicans showed promising activity, with IC50 values between 45.67 and 58.38 μg/mL. The essential oils of Callicarpa sinuata, Callicarpa petelotii, Callicarpa nudiflora, Callicarpa erioclona and Vitex ajugifolia showed good activity with IC50 values between 28.71 and 54.69 μg/mL. The essential oils Vitex trifolia subsp. trifolia and Callicarpa rubella showed modest activity, with IC50 values of 81.34 and 89.38, respectively. trans-Carveol showed an IC50 value of 102.88 µg/mL. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed on the major components of the studied essential oils to investigate the possible mechanisms of action of potential inhibitors. The results obtained suggest that these essential oils may be used to control mosquito vectors that transmit pathogenic viruses or to support the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. has widely been used in traditional medicine for the treatment such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, coughing up blood, vomiting blood, nosebleeds, swollen and painful fall, rheumatism, bone pain, etc. The crude extract of the stem, leaves and fruits of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl have exhibited demonstrated cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (Lu-1, Hep-G2 va MCF-7) was tested by SRB assay with CS (%) values ranging from 30,23 ± 1,5 to 90,22 ± 0,15%. Inside, The methanol extract of the leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl have showed relatively potent cytotoxicity with CS (%) values ranging from 30,23 ± 1,5 to 47,84 ± 2,1%. The n-hexane fraction (L.CM.H) of the leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl have exhibited potent against three human cancer cell lines (Lu-1, Hep-G2 va MCF-7) than ethyl acetate fraction (L.CM.E) and methanol fraction (L.CM.M) with CS (%) values ranging from 12,49 ± 1,4 to 20,18 ± 0,8%.

Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS; Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana) is an invasive insect that was first discovered in the United States in 2004. The polyphagous feeding habit of CMBS has allowed it to infest a wide range of plant species beyond its primary host, Lagerstroemia. Using molecular approaches, we studied the genetic relationships between CMBS specimens and their hosts from different geographic locations. Naturally occurring CMBS infestations were confirmed on American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.), a native plant species in the United States, and spirea (Spiraea L.). The new infestation of CMBS found on Spiraea raises the alarm that other economically important crops in the Amygdaloideae subfamily (subfamily under Rosaceae) might be susceptible to CMBS attacks.

Callicarpnoids A-C (1-3), three new ent-clerodane diterpenoid dimers formed via a [4 + 2] hetero Diels-Alder cycloaddition, appeared as a third example of this type of dimers, were isolated from the stems of Callicarpa arborea Roxb.. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, as well as DP4 + analysis. Cytotoxicity test in two cell lines indicated that compounds 2 and 3 had significant cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cell (MCF-7) and colorectal cancer cell (HCT-116) with ICsub50/subranging from 5.2 to 7.2 μM, comparable to those of the positive control. Furthermore, the western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of Bax were increased following compounds 2 and 3 treatment, whereas the expression levels of caspase 8, caspase 3, caspase 9 and Bclsub2/subwere decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that compounds 2 and 3 may induce apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells.

Two new seco-labdane diterpenoids, nudiflopene N (1) and nudiflopene O (2), and four known compounds were isolated from the leaves of

The vexing literary relationship between Kurt Sprengel and Friedrich Dietrich appears to have led to some of Dietrich’s work being willfully disregarded and subsequently forgotten/extinguished/suppressed. Examination of Dietrich’s oeuvre leads to the rehabilitation of fifteen of his new combinations, making securer by up to 175 years, some names in current use for largely New World plants. To take into account Dietrich’s work as a whole, four new combinations and three nomina nova are proposed with the help of authorities in the germane plant groups: Caamembeca andina (A.W. Benn.) J.F.B. Pastore & Mabb. (Bolivia), Callicarpa ekmanii I.E. Méndez & Mabb. (Cuba), Clematis wangiana Mabb., (Madagascar), Coleataenia pulchra (F. Dietr.) Mabb. & LeBlond (USA), Packera dubia (Spreng.) Trock & Mabb. (USA), Piper samainianum Mabb. (Peru), Rostellularia vahliana (Schult.) Mabb. (south Asia), for which a lectotype is designated, with other adjustments of names in Besleria (B. formosa now B. amabilis, tropical America), Oxalis (O. eckloniana now O. biloba, South Africa), Passiflora (P. arborea now P. magnoliifolia, Colombia), Ribes (R. ruizii now R. sylvestre, Chile), and possibly Tocoyena (South America), while further work on Lupinus is called for.

Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899 Figs 2–5; Tables 1, 2 Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899: 44, figs 14, 15; Fraser, 1947: 13; Galea et al. 2021: 332, fig. A3. Type locality. Off the Dry Tortugas (ca. 24°37’ N, 82°55’ W, 45 m), Florida, USA (Versluys 1899). Material examined. Station MT 52. 2, 4°44’53.7”S, 36°25’27.4”W, off the coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, 65 m, 20.04.2011: a 24 cm high, fertile colony, and three detached fragments of side-branches (MZUSP 8695); a 21 cm high, fertile colony (MOUFPE-CNI 920). Description. Colonies erect, to 24 cm high, yellowish brown, darker in polysiphonic portions, arising from a dense tuft of tubular stolons anchoring the colony in sediment, without nematothecae, with sediment particles adhering to them (Fig. 2A). Stem polysiphonic, auxiliary tubes parallel, decreasing in number distally, branched, first branch arising at about 7 cm above the origin from hydrorhyza; all branches fascicled for almost their whole length; main tube of the stem and branches unsegmented; scarce scattered nematothecae on distal parts of secondary tubes and branches (Fig. 3A, 5A). Cladial apophyses pinnately arranged along the stem and branches, alternating in two parallel rows, given off upwards at an acute angle, slightly turned to one side of colony (Fig. 3A); continuous to first cladial internode (Fig 3A), sometimes with a fake node resulting from mechanical breakage of a cladium (Fig 3B); two axillar nematothecae, one on each side of base (many detached) (Fig. 3B). Hydrocladia monosiphonic, simple, straight, divided homomerously into up to 25 regular, thecate internodes by slightly oblique nodes; internodes with a hydrotheca and four nematothecae; hydrotheca on first internode centrally-placed (Fig. 3A–B), subsequent ones on proximal halves of their corresponding internodes (Fig. 3C, 5B–C); two internal, annular rings of perisarc flanking the mesial inferior nematotheca (Fig. 3D), two others, more or less distinct, flanking the lateral nematothecae (Fig. 3E, 3H), and 0–1 subterminal, distally (Fig. 3F). Hydrothecae conical, elongated, fully adnate, aperture circular, rim smooth, distinctly emarginated at junction with the internode behind, aperture set transversely to internodal axis, abaxial wall relatively thick, straight to slightly convex, adaxial wall straight or slightly concave, thickened laterally at junction with the internode behind (Fig. 3B–C, 3H, 5B); one mesial inferior nematotheca proximally on the internode on a distinct ledge, not reaching the hydrothecal base (Fig. 3D); one pair of lateral nematothecae arising from level of hydrothecal rim from small though distinct apophyses (Fig. 3G–H); one mesial superior nematotheca, borne on a subterminal prominence of internode above the hydrotheca (Fig. 3F); mesial nematothecae comparatively longer than their lateral counterparts; all nematothecae of a colony movable, conical, bithalamic, lower chamber elongated, narrowing proximally, upper chamber shallow and broad, rim circular and smooth, on an articulation of thinner perisarc (Fig. 3F, 3H). Hydranths contracted inside hydrothecae. Gonosome composed of up to eight phylactocarps per colony; phylactocarps up to 35 mm long, arising from a short, distinct pedicel on distal portions of cladia-bearing branches (Fig. 4A); bearing up to 70 stacked verticils composed of three equidistant ramuli; verticils decussately-arranged, forming six longitudinal rows of ramuli (Fig. 5D); ramuli of a given whorl alternately positioned in spaces between those of neighboring whorls (Fig. 4B); ramuli hollow, with distal, circular apertures; dichotomously-branched twice, arching over gonothecae, and protecting them due to the presence of nematothecae (at least one per bifurcation and one towards the base of fork) (Fig. 4B–C); occasionally, a hydrotheca at the tips of branches (Fig. 4D); in some phylactocarps the ends of ramuli reaches the upper whorl (Fig. 4C). Gonothecae arise from bases of ramuli, 0–3 per whorl (Fig. 4E–F); reniform, aperture circular, latero-distal, operculum circular and ofter missing, wall opposite to aperture longer than opposite one and convex in shape; gonothecae filled with an ovoid, dark mass of tissue (Fig. 4C, 4E–F, 4G). Distribution. Off the Dry Tortugas (ca. 24°37’N, 82°55’W, 45 m), Florida, USA (Versluys 1899), off Margarita Island (ca. 11° N, 64° w, 31–40 m), Nueva Esparta, Venezuela (Fraser 1947), and coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (4°44’53.7”S, 36°25’27.4”W, 65 m) (present study)., Published as part of Moura, Andreza Campos De, Campos, Felipe Ferreira & Pérez, Carlos Daniel, 2022, Rediscovery and redescription of Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, pp. 251-262 in Zootaxa 5120 (2) on pages 253-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6389256, {"references":["Versluys, J. J. (1899) Hydraires calyptoblastes recueillis dans la mer des Antilles pendant l'une des croisieres accomplies par le Comte R. de Dalmas sur son yacht CHAZALIE. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 29 - 58.","Fraser, C. M. (1947) Hydroids of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions since March, 1938. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions., 4 (5), 179 - 335.","Galea, H. R., Di Camillo, C. G. & Maggioni, D. (2021) An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana. Zootaxa, 4926 (3), 301 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4926.3.1","Fewkes, J. W. (1881) Report on the Acalephae. In: Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, 8 (7), 127 - 140."]}

Genus Callicarpa Fewkes, 1881 Emended diagnosis. Colonies erect, branched or unbranched; fixed in soft sediment by a dense, tangled mass of tubular stolons; stem polysiphonic proximally grading to monosiphonic distally, canaliculated, unsegmented, with nematothecae irregularly distributed on the auxiliary tubes; stem apophyses biseriate, alternating in one plane. Hydrocladia simple, homomerously-divided into regular internodes by oblique nodes; internal rings of perisarc between each node; each internode with a proximal or centrally-placed hydrotheca and three or four nematothecae, one mesial inferior and one mesial superior on mamelons, and one pair of laterals inserted slightly below the hydrothecal rim. Hydrothecae conical, fully adnate, aperture semicircular, margin smooth, abaxial wall straight to slightly convex, adcauline wall straight toslightly concave, thickened laterally at junction with the internode behind. Gonosome arising from a different plane with respect to the hydrocladia, borne on a short though distinct pedicel; forming a phylactocarp composed of stacked whorls of three alternating, radially-arranged ramuli; ramuli divided dichotomously twice, and provided with nematothecae on the latero-adaxial sides. Gonothecae borne at the base of ramuli on indistinct pedicels, ovoid to reniform in shape, aperture latero-distal, operculum deciduous. Nematothecae conical, bithalamic, movable, proximal chamber tall, distal chamber shallow and comparatively broader., Published as part of Moura, Andreza Campos De, Campos, Felipe Ferreira & Pérez, Carlos Daniel, 2022, Rediscovery and redescription of Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, pp. 251-262 in Zootaxa 5120 (2) on page 252, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6389256, {"references":["Fewkes, J. W. (1881) Report on the Acalephae. In: Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, 8 (7), 127 - 140."]}

Pyroptosis is a programmed-inflammatory cell death, which leads to release of inflammatory cellular contents and formation of inflammation. Uncontrollable pyroptosis can result in serious immune diseases, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and acute organ damage, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute kidney injury (AKI). Members of the Callicarpa genus are significant raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine, widely used for analgesia, hemostasis, and anti-inflammation. Previously, we have reported some ent-clerodane diterpenoids from Callicarpa arborea, shown potent inhibitory effects against pyroptosis. In this study, we went on investigating this kind of diterpenoids, and yielded 66 ent-clerodane diterpenoids, including 52 new compounds, from Callicarpa arborea. Their structures featured with a 5/6- (1-25) or a 6/6- (26-66)-fused double-ring scaffolds, were elucidated using spectroscopic data, electrostatic circular dichroism (ECD) and X-ray diffraction analyses. Screening for the inhibitory activity against pyroptosis by detecting of IL-1β secretion in J771A.1 cells, revealed 28 compounds with an IC

Danila JS, Alejandro GJD. 2021. Leaf geometric morphometric analyses of Callicarpa and Geunsia (Lamiaceae) in the Malesian region. Biodiversitas 22: 4379-4390. Leaves are one of the most substantial organs of plants for it serves as a basis of species identification. Leaf morphology provides distinguishing features that help in the discrimination of plant species as well as investigation of leaf features among populations. This study aimed to investigate leaf shape variations between the two genera Geunsia Blume group and its closely related taxon, Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) using a landmark-based geometric morphometric method. The differences in the leaf shape among former members of Geunsia, namely C. apoensis, C. basilanensis, C. flavida, C. paloensis, C. pentandra, C. ramiflora, and C. surigaensis are also evaluated. Two primary landmarks and 14 semilandmarks were assigned in all samples to represent changes around the leaf margin. The Procrustes fit was generated using MorphoJ software which displays the mean and landmark position for individual configurations. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) and Mahalanobis Distance (MD) were able to discriminate all samples of Geunsia species using a scatter plot. Furthermore, Procrustes ANOVA showed a significant difference (P = 0.0082) among the seven species of the Geunsia group. Based on the results obtained, geometric morphometrics of leaf shape is effective in interspecific discrimination within members of Geunsia. However, the result of Discriminant Analysis (DA) showed that Geunsia and Callicarpa groups made leaf shape differences inefficient in discriminating the two genera. Therefore, further morphological studies on landmark-based geometric morphometrics of leaf shape involving a larger number of samples especially in the study of intergeneric classification are suggested.

Luohuazizhu suppository is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used in clinic to treat cervicitis, which is prepared from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. et Arn (C. nudiflora), an herbal Chinese medicine named Luohuazizhu. This study aimed to figure out the active constituents of C. nudiflora and the potential mechanism for its anti-cervicitis effect. The ethanol extract in C. nudiflora (CNE) and the different fractions of CNE extracted by petroleum ether (CNE-p), dichloromethane (CNE-d), and n-butanol (CNE-b) were tested in vivo for their anti-cervicitis effects. Then the isolated compounds from the CNE-p were tested in vitro for their anti-inflammatory activities. The results displayed that CNE-p, CNE-d, and CNE-b exhibited adequate anti-cervicitis effects, with CNE-p showing the highest efficacy. Further experiment demonstrated that CNE-p could significantly inhibit the expression of NLRP3 in vitro. Six diterpenoids obtained from the CNE-p showed the ability to regulate inflammatory factor levels in vitro. Among these compounds, compounds 1 (callicarpic acid A) and 2 (syn-3,4-seco-12S-hydroxy-15,16-epoxy-4(18),8(17),3(16),14(15)-labdatetraen-3-oic acid) were the most effective agents, and they also inhibited the expression level of NLRP3 in vitro. The results confirmed that C. nudiflora has significant anti-cervicitis effects and the diterpenoids were most likely to be its active components. These data provide scientific support for the clinic usage of Luohuazizhu suppository and the development of new agents in treating cervicitis.

Callicarpa siongsaiensis Metcalf is a drought resistance shrub with ornamental potential. In this study, Illumina sequencing data were used to assemble the complete chloroplast genome of Callicarpa siongsaiensis. The length of the circular genome is 154,144 bp. It contains a total of 130 genes, including 87 protein-coding, 36 tRNA, and seven rRNA genes. The GC content of the chloroplast genome of C. siongsaiensis is 38.09%. The phylogenetic analysis fully resolved C. siongsaiensis in a clade with C. formosana.

Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 Figs 1���8, 15; Tables 1, 2 Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881: 134, pl. 2 figs 1, 2, 6, 7.��� Allman, 1883: 3 (footnote), 13.���A. Agassiz, 1888: 137, figs 438���439.��� Versluys, 1899: 47.��� Nutting, 1900: 85, pl. 17 figs 4���6.��� Bedot, 1916: 58.��� Bedot, 1918: 78.��� Bedot, 1921: 16.��� Fraser, 1944: 328, pl. 69 fig. 316.��� Bouillon et al., 2006: 364, fig. 172A���B.���Stephens & Calder, 2010: 271. Type material. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA, catalogue number: USNM 72363 (schizoholotype); collected in 1880 from an unknown locality ���off the eastern coast of the United States��� (Fewkes 1881: 127, 129). Material examined. Unbranched morphotype: MNHN-IK-2015-629; Proteus stn DW5067; 6��12.4��� N, 52��04.5��� W; 103��� 101 m; 01 Dec 2017; one colony 5 cm high bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-631; Proteus stn DW5076; 6��10.3��� N, 51��59.6��� W; 112��� 112 m; 02 Dec 2017; one colony, 6 cm high, bearing 2 phylactocarps.��� MNHN-IK-2015-625; Proteus stn DW5078; 6��10.2��� N, 52��00.1��� W; 105��� 99 m; 02 Dec 2017; 6 colonies, 5���7.5 cm high, all but one bearing phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949946 (16S), MT 949952 (18S), MT 949940 (28S), MT 949458 (COI).���MNHN-IK-2015-652; Proteus stn DW5079; 6��10.1��� N, 52��00.3��� W; 104��� 101 m; 02 Dec 2017; 4 colonies, 3���6 cm high, of which 2 are sterile, while 2 others bear phylactocarps.���MNHN-IK-2015-628; Proteus stn DW5080; 6��09.9��� N, 52��00.1��� W; 101��� 100 m; 02 Dec 2017; 2 colonies, one 5.5 cm high and sterile, the other 6.5 cm high and bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-653; Proteus stn DW5086; 6��11.1��� N, 52��02.4��� W; 107��� 104 m; 02 Dec 2017; 3 colonies, 5.5���7.5 cm high, all bearing phylactocarps.���MNHN-IK- 2015-617; Proteus stn DW5087; 6��11.2��� N, 52��02.6��� W; 105��� 103 m; 02 Dec 2017; 7 colonies, 4���8 cm high, with variably developed phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949945 (16S), MT 949951 (18S), MT 949939 (28S), MT 949457 (COI).���MNHN-IK-2015-630; Proteus stn DW5089; 6��09.5��� N, 52��01.4��� W; 94��� 92 m; 03 Dec 2017; 2 colonies, each bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-635; Proteus stn DW5091; 6��07.4��� N, 51��59.5��� W; 89��� 31 m; 03 Dec 2017; a 4.5 cm high colony bearing a young phylactocarp.��� MNHN-IK-2015-634; Proteus stn DW5093; 6��05.4��� N, 52��01.5��� W; 75���76 m; 03 Dec 2017; a 6.5 cm high colony bearing a young phylactocarp. Branched morphotype: MNHN-IK-2015-632; Proteus stn DW5069; 6��13.6��� N, 52��05.3��� W; 115��� 115 m; 01 Dec 2017; a ca. 22 cm high colony with phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949950 (16S), MT 949956 (18S), MT 949944 (28S), MT 949459 (COI). Description. The species displays two distinct morphotypes: one forming simple plumes (Fig. 2) and one building comparatively taller colonies whose stems are provided with irregularly-arranged cladia-bearing branches (Fig. 6). Due to their different appearance and structure, they are described separately below. Unbranched colonies solitary, erect, up to 8 cm high, relatively rigid (quite able to support themselves when out of liquid), feather-like, arising from a tangled mass of thin, highly-ramified, stolonal tubes embedded in sand. Stems simple, moderately-fascicled, not exceeding 0.75 mm in width basally, composed of a centrally-placed, cladia-bearing, main tube, surrounded by a varied number of auxiliary tubes. Main tube relatively thick and unsegmented, with rather thick, smooth perisarc; equivalents of internodes moderately-long, bearing a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium; apophysis not always distinctly delimited from the corresponding cladium but, when present, node oblique; apophysis well-developed, with a distally-placed, conical mamelon (with circular aperture on summit) on adaxial surface, and a pair of axillar nematothecae, one on each lateral side. Auxiliary tubes equally undivided, with two parallel, longitudinal rows of nematothecae, arranged either in pairs or irregularly alternate. Cladia unbranched, alternate, closely-set, in two parallel, coplanar rows; up to 12 mm long, regularly divided by distinct, slightly oblique nodes into up to 30 cormidia; each internode relatively long, with a hydrotheca almost centrally-placed, although closest to the proximal node and not occupying the whole length of the cormidium, and its complement of 3 nematothecae, one mesial and a pair of laterals; proximal-most cormidium occasionally with twin mesial nematothecae. Hydrotheca inverted-conical, rather deep, abaxial wall straight to imperceptibly convex, with thickened perisarc, latero-adaxial wall equally thickened and consequently opaque, slightly concave; a perisarc plug at junction between the base and the adaxial wall; hydropore rounded, set close to the abaxial wall; hydrothecal aperture semicircular (in apical view), set at a right angle to the internode. Mesial nematotheca seated well below the hydrothecal base on an adaxial prominence of the internode wall; lateral nematothecae borne on indistinct apophyses, slightly below the hydrothecal rim. Each cladial internode with a number of incomplete internal ridges of perisarc originating adaxially: two flanking above and below the mesial nematotheca, one radiating from the perisarc plug prolonging abaxially the hydrothecal base, one occasionally present in middle of the adaxial hydrothecal wall, two flanking above and below the lateral nematothecae, as well as one (occasionally two) close to the distal node. Phylactocarps up to 3 to each cormoid, given off on one side (that becomes frontal) of the colony from a thick, internal, auxiliary tube that surfaces from inside the fascicled stem at an angle of about 35���40��; up to 19 mm long, borne on a short, smooth pedicel prolonged distally into the longitudinal axis proper; the latter unsegmented, bearing up to 44 stacked verticils, each of which is composed of 3 ramuli (with the exception of the first, occasionally second, whorl) forming an angle of 120�� between them; ramuli from every other verticil arranged in the same position, while those belonging to consecutive verticils alternate in position; ramuli hollow tubes, antler-shaped, divided dichotomously twice, occasionally showing an incipient third division, distally opening into small, circular apertures; pedicel of phylactocarp with 2���4 pairs of nematothecae on adaxial side, remainder of axis athecate; adaxial side of undivided, proximal part of ramulus with a pair of proximal nematothecae, followed by a broadly triangular, raised area of thinner perisarc on which are borne ca. 3���4 gonothecae (at different developmental stages), and ending more distally into two successive pairs of nematothecae; first order branches of ramulus with 1���2 pairs of nematothecae displaced laterally; second order branches of ramulus with a number of irregularly-placed nematothecae, with a tendency to alternate. Proximal-most whorl of ramuli generally composed of only two latero-abaxial ramuli; occasionally, there may be an unpaired, abaxial ramulus, followed by a pair, and then by regular, alternating rows of three. Gonothecae broadly ovoid, somehow laterally flattened, thin-walled, aperture distal, transversely-set, ovoid in outline, closed by flimsy, deciduous operculum; the type of gonophore could not be ascertained in this fixed material. All nematothecae of a colony trumpet-shaped, movable, bithalamic, with tall lower chamber and shallow upper chamber, the adaxial wall of the latter with distinct emargination. Hydranths contracted inside their corresponding hydrothecae; tentacle number could not be ascertained. Branched colony erect, ca. 22 cm high, rather flaccid, unable to fully support itself when out of liquid, arising from a large mass of enmeshing, thin, ramified fibers embedded in sand. Stem 1 mm wide basally, fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally; lower half without branches and/or cladia, upper half cladiate, giving rise to 5 irregularly-arranged branches springing in all directions; branches up to 3.5 cm long, given off out- and slightly upward, then arching gracefully nearly horizontally; proximally lightly fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally. Main tube of stem and branches undivided; equivalents of stem internodes with a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium, and 1���2 nematothecae in central part of the opposite side, towards the middle of the internode; apophyses well-developed, with a conspicuous, conical mamelon (with small, rounded aperture on summit) on adaxial side, a pair of axillar nematothecae (one on each side of apophysis), as well as with twin, distally-placed, adaxial nematothecae, just below the slightly oblique node that separates the apophysis from the corresponding hydrocladium; internodes of cladia-bearing branches comparatively shorter than their cauline counterparts, without proximal nematothecae, but with similar cladial apophyses, the latter however not delimited distally, but confluent with the corresponding cladia. The latter alternate, the two rows coplanar on both stem and branches; up to 5 mm long on stem and 7 mm long on branches; divided homomerously into up to 16 regular internodes through distinct, slightly oblique nodes; internodes moderately long, with a hydrotheca placed centrally, and its complement of 3 nematothecae, one mesial and a couple of laterals; there are 5 internal septa to each internode, of which 2 pairs flank below and above the nematothecae, while the last one is placed towards the distal node. Hydrotheca deep, conical, abaxial wall almost straight for nearly its whole length, basally convex; adaxial wall distinctly thickened, displaying a wide flange of gradually thinner perisarc on each side of the theca; aperture distinctly sloping adaxially, rim even. Mesial nematotheca well below the hydrothecal base, seated on a distinct, proximal, adaxial prominence of the internode; lateral nematothecae borne on small, though distinct apophyses given off at the junction of the lateral hydrothecal wall with the internode behind; lateral nematothecae greatly surpassing the hydrothecal rim. Hydranths contracted inside their hydrothecae, type of tentacles and their number could not be ascertained. {Fig. 7 about here} Gonosome forming phylactocarps on the distal parts of the branches; phylactocarps arising from either the accessory tubes or the cladia-bearing tube, but given off amongst the hydrocladia in a plane perpendicular to theirs, and projecting upward; proximal most phylactocarps all aligned along a median row but, more distally, alternately shifted on to each side, occasionally forming divergent pairs; phylactocarps short, tubular, arching upward from the axis of cladia-bearing branch, but not being demarcated basally from it by a node; composed of a proximal (axillar) pair of nematothecae (one to each side), followed immediately by 2 consecutive pairs of foramina (for the insertion of gonothecae), another pair of nematothecae towards the central part, and a distal hydrotheca, together with its complement of 3 nematothecae. Gonothecae urn-shaped, thin-walled, except below the aperture, tapering below into an indistinct, laterally-set pedicel; aperture circular, operculum not seen; type of gonophore and sex could not be ascertained. All the nematothecae of the colony alike; conical, moderatelylong, bithalamic, lower chamber deep, upper chamber relatively shallow, with rim emarginated of adaxial side. Remarks. Nutting (1900) supplemented the original account on C. gracilis with a redescription of the type material, a text that was reproduced later on by Fraser (1944). Although many details of its microscopical anatomy remained overlooked, Nutting confirmed the polysiphonic structure of the stem. As noted in the descriptive section, two morphotypes occur in the present collection, one being a typical Callicarpa, sensu Fewkes (1881), while the other has an Antomma -like appearance; they can be easily mistaken for two distinct species, although the results of the molecular study (see below) demonstrate that both are conspecific. In the unbranched colonies, the phylactocarps ���resemble spikes of barley��� (Fewkes 1881: 135) and, unlike in the type material in which there were ���no hydrothecae on the ribs or at the base of the verticils���, the proximal most ramuli do not always comprise exclusively the usual branched, hollow, nematothecate tubes. Indeed, a ramulus can be replaced by a short, either simple (MNHN-IK-2015-629) or bifid (MNHN-IK-2015-652), cladium. In this case, the proximal part of the ramulus comprises a short axis, provided basally with 2 laterally-placed, axillar nematothecae (at origin from the longitudinal axis of the phylactocarp), immediately followed by the site of the insertion of gonothecae and ���after a short distance��� by another pair of nematothecae, all ending in a hydrotheca with its complement of 3 nematothecae. From here, the ramulus is either prolonged by a sequence of hydrothecate internodes (MNHN-IK-2015-629), or by a short, bifid, distal projection above the hydrotheca (each branch is provided with a single, basal nematotheca) carrying a succession of hydrothecate internodes, with or without intervening ahydrothecate internodes bearing single nematothecae (MNHN-IK-2015-652). In some other instances, above the proximal-most hydrotheca, there is a bifid projection (whose short branches do not bear nematothecae) provided with a pair of hollow spikes with nematothecae (MNHN-IK-2015-628). In order to preserve the integrity of these rare specimens, the structures mentioned above were not illustrated. Type material of C. gracilis was represented by a ca. 15 cm high colony, whose proximal part of the stem bore the stump of a potential broken branch (although this could have been well the pedicel of a broken phylactocarp). A comparatively taller, branched colony is present in material MNHN-IK-2015-632. Its trophosome resembles that of Antomma longicarpa (Nutting, 1900), as illustrated by Fewkes (1881, as Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877), in being represented by a stem with pinnately-arranged cladia that gives rise irregularly to a number of cladia-bearing branches, both the stem and its branches being fascicled. Although their respective cladia are almost indistinguishable morphologically, there are several differences occurring in the branched morphotype compared to its unbranched counterpart: 1) the cladial apophyses of the stem possess distally twin nematothecae (Fig. 7A, B), but their presence is, however, inconstant, although it is not clear whether this is a normal situation or the consequence of a possible mechanical breakage; such nematothecae were never observed in any of the unbranched colonies at hand; 2) the gonosome of the branched morphotype is not represented anymore by a morphologically-complex structure, but by the equivalent of a radial section of it, comprising only single or twin ramuli, that have spread over the distalmost part of the axis of a cladia-bearing branch; 3) this said, it is however not clear whether the specimen at hand displays a fully-developed gonosome or, in other words, if the structures illustrated in Figs 7K, L and 8B, C represent incipient phylactocarps or the components of an entire phylactocarp fused to the axis of a cladia-bearing branch; additional fertile specimens are expected to answer the question; 4) each phylactocarp/ramulus represents the equivalent of the proximal-most portion of a ramulus that include hydrothecate internodes, as described in the unbranched colonies. Besides C. gracilis, the genus Callicarpa comprises a second species, C. chazaliei Versluys, 1899, that is distinguished from the former through the following characters: 1) its cladia are comparatively more distant from one another; 2) its hydrocladial internodes possess a distal, unpaired nematotheca above the hydrotheca; 3) the ramuli of its phylactocarps are reportedly branched once instead of twice. Distribution. Callicarpa gracilis, although dealt with in comprehensive works such as Nutting (1900) and Fraser (1944), was only known through the (unlabeled) type material collected by the Blake in 1880 who, according to Fewkes (1881: 127), sailed ���off the eastern coast of the United States, in the summer of 1880���. Nutting (1900: 85), however, expressed the opinion that it ���belongs doubtless to the West Indian fauna���, but this appears to be inexact in light of the data provided by the descriptor. The specimens dealt with in the present study represent the first record for French Guiana., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on pages 304-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212, {"references":["Fewkes, J. W. (1881) Report on the Acalephae. In: Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, 8 (7), pp. 127 - 140.","Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. - Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299","Agassiz, A. (1888) Characteristic deep-sea types. Acalephs. In: Three cruises of the Blake. Vol. 2. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 15, 128 - 141.","Versluys, J. J. (1899) Hydraires calyptoblastes recueillis dans la mer des Antilles, pendant l'une des croisieres accomplies par le comte R. de Dalmas sur son yacht \" Chazalie \". Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 29 - 58.","Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1327","Bedot, M. (1916) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des Hydroides. 5 e periode (1881 - 1890). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 24 (1), 1 - 394.","Bedot, M. (1918) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des Hydroides. 6 e periode (1891 a 1900). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 26 (Supplement), 1 - 376.","Bedot, M. (1921) Notes systematiques sur les Plumularides. 2 e partie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 29 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 84689","Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 194, 1 - 591.","Allman, G. J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10420"]}

Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899 Fig. A3 Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899: 44, figs 14, 15.—Fraser, 1947: 13. Description. No complete colonies are known, but their stems are likely unbranched and fascicled. Main stem unsegmented, bearing alternate cladia; a nematotheca near the origin of each cladium. Cladia rather spaced from one another, up to 14.5 mm long, homomerously divided into moderately-long internodes; the latter with a nearly centrally-placed hydrotheca, its complement of three nematothecae (one mesial and a pair of laterals), as well as a distal nematotheca above the hydrotheca; internodes with internal ridges given off adaxially: one proximal and one distal, as well as two additional pairs, one flanking the mesial nematotheca above and below, and the second the lateral nematothecae, equally above and below. Hydrothecae rather deep, inverted-conical, abaxial wall straight or nearly so, adaxial wall slightly concave, aperture set perpendicularly to the length of internode, rim even. Nematothecae movable, elongate, bithalamic, wall of upper chamber emarginated adaxially; mesial nematotheca seated on an adaxial prominence of the internode; lateral nematothecae borne on inconspicuous apophyses. Phylactocarps given off in a plane outside that formed by the two rows of cladia; up to ca. 6 mm long, bearing 10 stacked whorls of verticillate ramuli; each whorl composed of 3 ramuli divided dichotomously once; main trunk with 2 successive pairs of opposite nematothecae, branches with 2 alternate rows of nematothecae. Remarks. Proximal-most portions of phylactocarps occasionally bearing a cladium. Distribution. Off the Dry Tortugas (ca. 24°37’ N, 82°55’ W, 45 m), Florida, USA (Versluys 1899) and off Margarita Island (ca. 11° N, 64° W, 31–40 m), Nueva Esparta, Venezuela (Fraser 1947)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on page 332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212

Callicarpa integerrima var. chinensis is one of the traditional medical herbs which has the potential for multiple diseases’ treatment. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. integerrima var. chinensis was sequenced and assembled. A typical quadripartite structure was observed in the chloroplast genome of C. integerrima var. chinensis which was 154179 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (each 51396 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) of 84927 bp and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 17856 bp, and the overall GC contents of the chloroplast genome was 38.08%. Additionally, we annotated 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis was adopted which confirmed the position of C. integerrima var. chinensis was close to the congeneric C. formosana and C. siongsaiensis.

Danila JS, Alejandro GJD. 2020. Pollen morphology and infrageneric classification of selected Callicarpa species (Lamiaceae) from the Philippines and Borneo. Biodiversitas 21: 5736-5746. We used pollen grains of ten species representing the controversial genera Geunsia Blume and Callicarpa L. from the key centers of Malesia - Philippines, and Borneo including other countries in Asia. Herbarium specimens and collected samples from the field were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in search of new characters to establish conclusive evidence that might contribute to the study of the relationship between Geunsia and Callicarpa. Based on SEM observations, both the investigated pollen grains of Geunsia and Callicarpa are mostly small to medium, spheroidal or circular, prolate to oblate, isopolar, and tricolpate. Moreover, the exine surface is mostly coarsely reticulated with a thin perforated colpus edge and sunken finely granulated colpus membrane. However, exine ornamentation shows possible separation of Geunsia and Callicarpa due to various morphological results observed. Several types of exine ornamentation were found in species of the section Callicarpa, i.e., C. erioclona, C. arborea, C. macrophylla, and C. candicans which attributes in the projected separation of these species while four species in the section Geunsia are united as a group having coarsely reticulate exine. Surprisingly, C. arborea samples give additional support to the hypothesis that rugulate exine sculpture might be its plesiomorphic character due to evolutionary evidence of other exine types of this species. On the other hand, pollen size and shape class of the sections of Geunsia and Callicarpa were both observed with similar features having an average pollen size equivalent to medium and a prolate shape supporting the concept of previous studies to nest Geunsia within Callicarpa. This reveals that pollen morphology is useful in the study of infrageneric classification within these groups. However, further morphological studies involving larger number of specimens are needed especially in the study of exine to prove its consistency as diagnostic character in the study of phylogenetic relationship.

The rise of antibiotic resistance presents a significant healthcare challenge and precludes the use of many otherwise valuable antibiotics. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibiotics in combination with resistance-modifying agents, compounds that act synergistically with existing antibiotics to resensitize previously resistant bacteria. In this study, 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide, a clerodane diterpene isolated from the medicinal plant Callicarpa americana, was found to synergize with oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This synergy was confirmed by checkerboard (FICI = 0.125) and time-kill assays, with a sub-inhibitory dose of 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide causing the effective concentration of oxacillin to fall below the susceptibility breakpoint for S. aureus, a > 32-fold decrease in both cases.

There are around 140 species in the genus Callicarpa, with 23 species occurring in Vietnam. The Vietnamese Callicarpa species have been poorly studied. In this work, the leaf essential oils of C. bodinieri, C. candicans, C. formosana, C. longifolia, C. nudiflora, C. petelotii, C. rubella, and C. sinuata, have been obtained from plants growing in central Vietnam. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were determined using gas chromatography &ndash, mass spectrometry. Mosquito larvicidal activities of the essential oils were carried out against Aedes aegypti. All of the Callicarpa leaf essential oils showed larvicidal activity, but two samples of C. candicans were particularly active with 48-h LC50 values of 2.1 and 3.8 &mu, g/mL. Callicarpa candicans essential oil should be considered as a potential alternative mosquito control agent.

The poorly known monotypic genus Szovitsia Fisch. & C.A.Mey, in the Apiaceae family, is here revised. Szovitsia callicarpa Fisch. & C.A.Mey. is an annual herb with a restricted distribution in the Caucasus region and adjacent areas of northwestern Iran and northeastern Turkey. The genus is unusual within the family because of the transverse plicae covering its fruits. In this study, morphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characters of S. callicarpa are reviewed. In addition, a previous lectotypification of the name S. callicarpa is discussed and amended. Se revisa Szovitsia Fisch. & C.A.Mey, un género monotípico y poco conocido en la familia de las Apiaceae. Szovitsia callicarpa Fisch. & C.A.Mey. es una hierba anual con una distribución restringida a la región del Cáucaso y áreas adyacentes del noroeste de Irán y noreste de Turquía. El género es inusual dentro de la familia debido a los pliegues transversales que cubren sus frutos. En este estudio se revisan los caracteres morfológicos, micromorfológicos y anatómicos de esta especie. También se discute y modifica una lectotipificación previa del nombre S. callicarpa.

Background : Callicarpa nudiflora (C. nudiflora), which is a medical herb in genus of Callicarpa, widely grows in the southern part of China. Several investigations had shown that this herb exerts anti-tumor effects. Ezrin is an important membrane-cytoskeleton-binding protein. By organizing membrane proteins and orchestrating their signal transduction, Ezrin contributes to modulation of cytoskeleton rearrangement in cell motility. Purpose To investigate the anti-motile properties of Rhoifolin (RFL), a flavonoid from C. nudiflora, and to determine whether its effects are related to the inhibition on Podocalyxin (PODXL)-Ezrin signal transduction. Methods : To determine suitable concentration of RFL and exposure time on breast cancer cells, the effects of RFL on viability of breast cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Then, the anti-migratory properties of RFL were determined by AP 48 chamber system and ORISTM cell migration assay. F-actin in MDA-MB-231 cells was visualized by Alexa Fluor™ 488 conjugated Phalloidin. Immunoprecipitation was involved to access the effects of RFL on the interaction between Ezrin and PODXL. In addition, several EMT markers, including E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail and Slug, were measured by Western Blotting assay and cell immunofluorescent analysis. Finally, the effects of RFL on cell migration, expression of Ezrin and EMT markers were verified by small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated gene silencing. Results : We showed here that treatments with 10 and 40 μM of RFL induced significant inhibitions on cell migration and alterations on the location and organization of actin cytoskeleton in breast cancer cells. Next, it was found that RFL suppressed Ezrin phosphorylation and consequent interaction with PODXL, significantly. Also, this compound showed an obvious inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced EMT in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, data from RNA interfering assay confirmed that the inhibitory effects of RFL on Ezrin was enhanced by the deletion of Ezrin. Conclusion : RFL shows anti-motile properties on breast cancer cells, which is due to its potential to downregulate Podocalyxin-Ezrin interaction during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition.

Two new iridoid glycosides, callicoside C (1) and callicoside D (2), together with three known compounds (3–5), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In an in vitro bioassay, compound 1 showed pronounced hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced toxicity in WB-F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.

Although the specific epithet of Callicarpa minutiflora Y. Y. Qian has been revised for many times, during the study of the genus Callicarpa, we find that Callicarpa minutiflora Y. Y. Qian is identical to Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck by a series of morphologic characters. In order to avoid more confusion, here Callicarpa minutiflora Y. Y. Qian is reduced as a synonym of Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck.

Background and aims Domatia are plant structures within which organisms reside. Callicarpa saccata (Lamiaceae) is the sole myrmecophyte, or ‘ant plant’, that develops foliar (leaf-borne) myrmeco-domatia in this genus. In this work we examined domatium development in C. saccata to understand the developmental processes behind pouch-like domatia. Methods Scanning electron microscopy, sectioning and microcomputed tomography were carried out to compare the leaves of C. saccata with those of the closely related but domatia-less myrmecophyte Callicarpa subaequalis, both under cultivation without ants. Key results Callicarpa saccata domatia are formed as a result of excess cell proliferation at the blade/petiole junctions of leaf primordia. Blade/petiole junctions are important meristematic sites in simple leaf organogenesis. We also found that the mesophyll tissue of domatia does not clearly differentiate into palisade and spongy layers. Conclusions Rather than curling of the leaf margins, a perturbation of the normal functioning of the blade/petiole junction results in the formation of domatium tissue. Excess cell proliferation warps the shape of the blade and disturbs the development of the proximal–distal axis. This process leads to the generation of distinct structures that facilitate interaction between C. saccata and ants.

Four new iridoid glycoside derivatives (1–4), along with ten known iridoid glycosides (5–14), were isolated from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook et Arn. The structure of the new iridoid glycosides was elucidated as 5″-methoxy-ampicoside (1), 6″-O-trans-caffeoylcatalpol (2), 6″-O-trans-feruloylcatalpol (3) and 3″-methoxy-agnucastoside C (4) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–11 were reported from this plant for the first time. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against human cervical carcinoma Hela cells and ovarian carcinoma HeyA8 cells was evaluated using the microculture tetrazolium assay. Compounds 4, 5, 8, 12 and 13 showed cytotoxic activity against the Hela cell line with IC50 values of 25.3, 48.1, 17.3, 38.3 and 28.2 μM, respectively. While only compound 8 showed cytotoxicity against the HeyA8 cell line, with an IC50 of 35.5 μM

Plants of the genus Callicarpa are known to possess several medicinal effects. The constituents of the Taiwan endemic plant Callicarpa hypoleucophylla have never been studied. Therefore, C. hypoleucophylla was selected for our phytochemical investigation. Two new clerodane-type diterpenoids, named callihypolins A (1) and B (2), along with seven known compounds were isolated from the leaves and twigs of the Lamiaceae plant C. hypoleucophylla and then characterized. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, specifically, two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1&ndash, 9 based on the suppression of superoxide anion generation and elastase release was evaluated. Among the isolates, compounds 2&ndash, 4 showed anti-inflammatory activity (9.52&minus, 32.48% inhibition at the concentration 10 &mu, m) by suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release. Our findings not only expand the description of the structural diversity of the compounds present in plants of the genus Callicarpa but also highlight the possibility of developing anti-inflammatory agents from Callicarpa endemic species.

Despite the availability of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, diabetes mellitus is still affecting millions of people with increasing rate of disease incidence and mortality throughout the world. Ethnomedicinal survey documents the traditional usefulness of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. stem bark in the management of diabetes mellitus.In our study, hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of Callicarpa arborea stem bark was prepared according to WHO guidelines for herbal drugs, and screened for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Acute oral toxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity studies along with phytochemical analyses of HAE were also carried out.Acute oral toxicity study indicated that HAE was safe up to a dose of 2000mg/kg body weight of rats. Results of antidiabetic activity study revealed that HAE of C. arborea stem bark possesses significant (p0.05) hypoglycemic activity compared to normal control group in experimental rats. Histological observations of treated pancreas and liver tissues confirmed the antidiabetic efficacy of HAE. In antioxidant activity, HAE exhibited significant radical scavenging activity.From results, it can be concluded that HAE of C. arborea stem bark may have possible role as herbal antioxidants in the prevention and/or treatment of oxidative stress-induced diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant property of plant phenolic and flavonoid contents present in HAE might be responsible for the antidiabetic efficacy of C. arborea stem bark.

Three new abietane-type diterpenoids, named callicapoic acid M3 (1), callicapoic acid M4 (2) and callicapoic acid M5 (3), were isolated from the Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV, MS, 1D and 2D NMR). All the isolated three compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity on NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by using MTT assays. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed potent inhibitory activity, with inhibition rates of 34.47–40.13%.

Platelet activation and subsequent accumulation at sites of vascular injury perform a central role in thrombus formation, which is believed to be the trigger of several cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and strokes. In this sense, the search for agents that are capable of blocking platelets aggregation has important implications for these diseases. Callicarpa nudiflora (C. nudiflora) Hook is a traditional Chinese medicine herb for eliminating stasis to subdue swelling and hemostasis. Our previous study found several compounds extracted from this herb, including 1, 6-di-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (CGP), showed inhibitory effects on adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation.The aim of current study is confirmation of the anti-platelet effects and elucidation of the probable mechanisms.The experiments were performed on platelet rich plasma freshly isolated from SD rat. ADP, U46619 or arachidonic acid (AA) induced platelet aggregation assay were performed to evaluate the anti-platelet properties of CGP. Activated αCGP inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, U46619 and arachidonic acid (AA), significantly. Furthermore, it is also found that LGP exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on αCollectively, the data presented here demonstrated that CGP, a natural compound from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook, inhibited the development of platelet aggregation and amplification of platelet activation. These inhibitory effects may be associated with its dual-receptor inhibition on P2Y

Lamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequences was carried out with the most comprehensive sampling of the family to date (288 species in 191 genera, representing approximately 78% of the genera of Lamiaceae). Twelve strongly supported primary clades were inferred, which form the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae. Six of the primary clades correspond to the current recognized subfamilies Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, and Symphorematoideae, and one corresponds to a portion of Viticoideae. The other five clades comprise: 1) Acrymia and Cymaria; 2) Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, and Garrettia; 3) Premna, Gmelina, and Cornutia; 4) Callicarpa; and 5) Tectona. Based on these results, three new subfamilies—Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, and Premnoideae—are described, and the compositions of other subfamilies are updated based on new findings from the last decade. Furthermore, our analyses revealed five strongly supported, more inclusive clades that contain subfamilies, and we give them phylogenetically defined, unranked names: Cymalamiina, Scutelamiina, Perolamiina, Viticisymphorina, and Calliprostantherina.

Background: The ethanolic extract of Callicarpa lanata (EECL), belonging to the family Verbenaceae, were studied for hepatoprotective activity in Wister rats with liver damage induced by ethanol.Methods: Ethanol treated rats showed significant increase in the levels of serum enzyme activities, total bilirubin and reduction in total proteins reflecting the liver injury caused by ethanol. EECL, at a dose of 400 and 200mg/kg body weight exhibited hepatoprotective effect by lowering the Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Alkaline Phosphate (SALP), Gama Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP), total Bilirubin to a significant extent and also significantly increased the levels of total protein in a dose dependent manner.Results: The results were highly significant at dose level of 400mg/kg body weight (p

A taxonomic revision of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in the Philippines is presented here. Twenty seven taxa are recognised, and thirteen names newly reduced to synonymy. A key to all species is included, as well as distribution maps and a preliminary conservation status for each species. This account forms part of a treatment of Callicarpa for the Flora Malesiana project.

A new species, Callicarpa bachmaensis Soejima & Tagane, sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Bach Ma National Park in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. This species has a characteristic liana habit, white corolla, and narrowly elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, entire, occasionally subequal leaves, by which it is clearly distinguished from the other previously known species of this genus.

Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. Et Arn. is one of the most important medicinal plants, but no information is available on optimal extraction of its total flavonoids. Effects of four single-factor treatments on total flavonoids during extraction of C. nudiflora and optimization of extraction condition, namely time, ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio, and temperature on the extracting rate of total flavonoids of C. nudiflora were studied in this paper. The optimization processes were conducted using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal conditions by central composite experimental design for extracting rate of total flavonoids was at a temperature of 90°C, liquid-solid ratio 41:1, ethanol concentration 73%, and time 3.6 h. Under these conditions, the maximal observed extracting rate (5.378%) of total flavonoids of leaves was obtained. Analysis of variance for quadratic polynomial regression model indicated that the model was extremely significant (P