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Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Formación de Profesorado y Educación, Departamento de Educación Física, Deportey Motricidad Humana. Fecha de Lectura: 04-05-2022

Durant les darreres dècades, la ciència de materials ha viscut una època daurada, amb l'aparició dels nanomaterials i, en especial, a causa dels nanomaterials porosos. S'està realitzant molta tasca d'investigació i desenvolupament tant en mitjans porosos ordenats (zeolites i MOFs) com amorfs (ceràmiques, polímers i aerogels). El descobriment dels aerogels per part de S. Kistler el 19311 i el treball exhaustiu en MOFs d'O. Yaghi durant la dècada de 19902 han inspirat molts grups de recerca a centrar-se en aquests dos grups de materials. El grup de Fluids Supercrítics i Materials Funcionals (SFFM), en què s'ha dut a terme aquesta Tesi, té una llarga i sòlida trajectòria investigadora treballant amb materials porosos, incloent-hi els materials principals d'aquesta Tesi (aerogels i MOFs). Amb la particularitat de l'ús de CO2 supercrític (scCO2) tant a la síntesi com al processament d'aquests.3 Pel que fa als MOFs, la tecnologia supercrítica s'ha utilitzat al laboratori de SFFM per sintetitzar compostos ja coneguts (per exemple, ZIF-8),4 per a la preparació de nous polímers de coordinació basats en diferents bi- o tri-piridines,5,6 per al descobriment de nous bioMOF basats en curcumina,7-9 i, finalment, però no menys important, en el treball amb MOF flexibles basats en carborà en què el scCO2 va exercir el paper d'extractor de dissolvent.10 Pel que fa al tema dels aerogels, l'equip del SFFM ha adquirit una àmplia experiència en aerogels orgànics.11,12 Aquesta Tesi estén el treball referent a aerogels a la família de materials derivats del grafè, incloent-hi l'òxid de grafè (GO) i l'òxid de grafè reduït (rGO). El grafè, GO i rGO són materials relativament nous. Tot i així, durant les darreres dues dècades tots ells han estat investigats de forma ininterrompuda, principalment per corroborar la plètora d'impressionants propietats que coneixem o per descobrir-ne de noves. De fet, els experiments inicials de scCO2 realitzats amb dispersions de GO van revelar la metodologia per produir un fascinant material en forma d'aerogel, cosa que va generar una patent, que és la base d'aquest treball.13 En aquesta Tesi se sintetitzen tant aerogels com MOFs, ja siguin aïllats o en forma de compostos, caracteritzats i utilitzats en diferents aplicacions. La preparació de tots aquests materials té en comú la utilització de la tecnologia supercrítica. Els fluids supercrítics i els materials nanoporosos estan estretament relacionats, ja que les propietats d'aquests solvents, principalment la baixa viscositat, alta difusivitat i nul·la tensió superficial, són crucials per a l'assecat dels materials evitant el col·lapse dels porus. La Tesi comença amb una secció d'Introducció en què es descriuen els materials utilitzats i els mètodes de fabricació. En particular, la introducció il·lustra tots els temes que es tracten en aquest treball, que es desenvolupen més endavant a cada capítol. La secció Experimental descriu els equips utilitzats, les metodologies i les tècniques de caracterització. Tots els experiments realitzats es van fer seguint metodologies verdes basades en scCO2. Durante las últimas décadas, la ciencia de materiales ha vivido una época dorada, con la aparición de los nanomateriales y, especialmente, a causa de los nanomateriales porosos. Continuamente se realizan estudios de I+D tanto en medios porosos ordenados (zeolitas y MOFs) como amorfos (cerámicas, polímeros y aerogeles). El descubrimiento de los aerogeles por parte de S. Kistler en 19311 y el trabajo exhaustivo relativo a MOFs de O. Yaghi durante la década de 19902 han inspirado a muchos grupos de investigación a centrarse en estos dos tipos de materiales. El grupo de Fluidos Supercríticos y Materiales Funcionales (SFFM), en el que se ha llevado a cabo esta Tesis, tiene una larga y sólida trayectoria investigadora trabajando con materiales porosos, incluyendo los materiales principales de esta Tesis (aerogeles y MOFs). Con la particularidad del uso de CO2 supercrítico (scCO2) tanto en la síntesis como en el procesado de éstos.3 Con respecto a los MOFs, la tecnología supercrítica se ha utilizado en el laboratorio de SFFM para sintetizar compuestos ya conocidos (por ejemplo, ZIF-8),4 para la preparación de nuevos polímeros de coordinación basados en diferentes bi- o tri-piridinas,5,6 para el descubrimiento de nuevos bioMOF basados en curcumina,7-9 y, por último, pero no menos importante, en el trabajo con MOF flexibles basados en carborano en los que el scCO2 desempeñó el papel de extractor de disolvente.10 En cuanto al tema de los aerogeles, el equipo del SFFM ha adquirido una amplia experiencia en aerogeles orgánicos.11,12 Esta Tesis extiende el trabajo referente a aerogeles a la familia de materiales derivados del grafeno, incluyendo el óxido de grafeno (GO) y el óxido de grafeno reducido (rGO). El grafeno, GO y rGO son materiales relativamente nuevos. Aun así, durante las últimas dos décadas todos ellos han sido investigados de forma ininterrumpida, principalmente para corroborar la plétora de impresionantes propiedades que conocemos o para descubrir otras nuevas. De hecho, los experimentos iniciales de scCO2 realizados con dispersiones de GO revelaron la metodología para producir un fascinante material en forma de aerogel, lo que generó una patente, que es la base de este trabajo.13 En esta Tesis se sintetizan tanto aerogeles como MOFs, ya sean aislados o en forma de compuestos, caracterizados y utilizados en diferentes aplicaciones. La preparación de todos estos materiales tiene en común el uso de la tecnología supercrítica. Los fluidos supercríticos y los materiales nanoporosos están estrechamente relacionados, ya que las propiedades de estos solventes, principalmente su baja viscosidad, alta difusividad y nula tensión superficial, son cruciales para el secado de los materiales evitando el colapso de los poros. La Tesis comienza con una sección de Introducción en la que se describen los materiales utilizados y los métodos de fabricación. En particular, la introducción ilustra todos los temas que se tratan en este trabajo, que se desarrollan más adelante en cada capítulo. La sección Experimental describe los equipos utilizados, metodologías y técnicas de caracterización. Todos los experimentos realizados se realizaron siguiendo metodologías verdes basadas en scCO2. For the past few decades, materials science has been living in a golden age, with the emergence of nanomaterials and, especially, because of porous nanomaterials. There is plenty of research being carried out on both ordered (zeolites and MOFs) and disordered (ceramics, polymers and aerogels) porous media. The discovery of aerogels by S. Kistler on 19311 and the exhaustive work on MOFs by O. Yaghi during the 1990's2 have inspired many research groups to focus on these two groups of materials. The Supercritical Fluids and Functional Materials (SFFM) group, in which this Thesis has been carried out, has a long solid research history of working with both porous materials, including the main motifs of this Thesis (aerogels and MOFs), with the particularity of being synthetized and/or processed in supercritical CO2 (scCO2).3 On the topic of MOFs, the supercritical technology has been used in the SFFM laboratory to synthetize compounds already known (e.g., ZIF-8),4 for the preparation of new coordination polymers based on different bi- or tri- pyridines,5,6 for the discovery of new curcumin-based bioMOFs,7 9 and, last but not least, in the work with flexible carborane-based MOFs in which the scCO2 played the role of solvent extractor.10 Concerning the aerogels subject, the SFFM team has gained extensive experience in organic aerogels.11,12 This Thesis extends the work on aerogels to the family of graphene derived materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Graphene, GO and rGO are relatively new materials. Even so, all of them have been on a non-stop research during the last couple of decades, mostly to corroborate the plethora of their impressive properties or to discover new ones. Actually, scCO2 initial experiments performed with GO dispersions revealed the methodology to produce a fascinating aerogel material, yielding an early patent, which is the basis of this work.13 In this Thesis both aerogels and MOFs are synthesized, either pristine or as a composite, characterized and used in different applications. The preparation of these materials all have in common the use of scupercritical technology. Supercritical fluids and nanoporous materials are closely related, as the properties of these solvents, mainly their gas-like viscosity, high diffusivity and null surface tension, are crucial for drying materials avoiding pore collapse.14 The Thesis starts with an Introduction section in which the used materials and the fabrication methods are described. Actually, the introduction illustrates all the topics that are discussed in this work, which are further elaborated later in the following chapters. The Experimental section describes the used equipment, methodologies and characterization techniques. All of the performed experiments were carried out following green methodologies based on scCO2.

Since 2006 the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) has annually published the Worldwide Survey of Fitness Trends and through them fitness professionals around the world are asked about their prediction of the most prominent trends in the fitness market for the following year. The results of fitness trends surveys are intended to help this industry make important business decisions for its growth and future development. Spain was the first country in the world to replicate the methodology of ACSM's Worldwide Survey, and now more and more regions are doing the same. There have been five editions of the Spanish survey allowing for the first evolutionary portrayal of fitness trends in this regional market that could be also compared and contrasted to the corresponding results of worldwide surveys. Results of these comparisons highlight differences of relevance and evolution over time of the main fitness trends between Spanish and Worldwide settings. A progressive divergence in both surveys is observed over time. Some of the main similarities and differences of regional and worldwide trends are identified, and their potential causes are discussed. As a conclusion, a comparison of both surveys underlines the interest to replicate at regional levels the ACSM Worldwide Fitness Trends Surveys to get a better understanding that links the knowledge about worldwide trends with specificities found in more specific geographic regions., Desde 2006, el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte (ACSM) publica anualmente la Encuesta mundial de tendencias de fitness y, a través de ella, se pregunta a los profesionales del fitness de todo el mundo sobre su predicción acerca de las tendencias más destacadas en el mercado del fitness para el año siguiente. Los resultados de estas encuestas están destinados a ayudar a la industria del fitness a tomar decisiones comerciales importantes para su crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. España fue el primer país del mundo en replicar la metodología de la Encuesta Mundial de ACSM, y ahora cada vez más países y regiones están haciendo lo mismo. Se han realizado cinco ediciones de la encuesta española, que permiten la primera descripción evolutiva de las tendencias de fitness en este mercado regional, pudiendo también compararse y contrastarse con los resultados correspondientes de las encuestas mundiales. Los resultados de estas comparaciones destacan las diferencias en cuanto a relevancia y evolución en el tiempo de las principales tendencias de fitness entre los entornos español y mundial, observándose una divergencia progresiva en ambas encuestas a lo largo del tiempo. Durante el manuscrito se identifican las principales similitudes y diferencias de las tendencias regionales y mundiales, y se discuten sus posibles causas. Como conclusión, la comparación de ambas encuestas subraya el interés de replicar a nivel regional la Encuesta Mundial de Tendencias de Fitness del ACSM para obtener una mejor comprensión que vincule el conocimiento sobre las tendencias mundiales con las especificidades encontradas en regiones geográficas más específicas

Eating disorders (ED) are characterized by alterations in eating behavior. The genetic factors shared between ED diagnoses have been underexplored. The present study aimed to perform a genome-wide association study on individuals with disordered eating behaviors in the Mexican population, blood methylation quantitative trait loci (blood-meQTL) analysis, and in silico function prediction by different algorithms. The analysis included a total of 1803 individuals. Genome-wide association study and blood-meQTL analysis were performed by logistic and linear regression. In silico functional variant prediction, phenome-wide, and transcriptome-wide association studies by different algorithms were analyzed. In the genome-wide association study, we identified 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated at a nominal value and 7 blood-meQTL at a genome-wide umbral. The SNPs were enriched in genome-wide associations of the metabolic and immunologic domains. In the in silico analysis, the SNP rs10419198 located on an enhancer mark could change the expression of PRR12 on blood, adipocytes, and brain areas that regulate food intake. The present study supports the previous associations of genetic variation in the metabolic domain with ED.

Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. (Figs 7; 8) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FD789556-375E-48E7-97F1-332C3867273A TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype. Colombia ��� adult ♀ (2 specimens in the same slide, holotype at the right side indicated as ���Holo��� in additional label); Cauca, Caldono, Vereda Chindaco, Farm La Esmeralda; 02��48���36.68���N, 76��28���40.22���W; 1603 m a.s.l.; 28.XI.2015; J. Medina leg.; ex roots Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) ��� coffee, manual; UNAB 4635. Paratypes. 8 adult ♀ on 5 slides ��� 1 ♀ (marked as ���Para��� shares a slide with the holotype); same data as for holotype; UNAB 4635 ��� 1 ♀ (marked as ���Para��� shares a slide with an immature specimen); same data as for holotype; UNAB 4635 ��� 4 ♀ (on 2 slides); same data as for holotype; UNAB 4635 ��� 2 ♀ (on 1 slide); same data as for holotype; MNHN. ETYMOLOGY. ��� The specific epithet ��� luciae ��� dedicated to Dr Lucia Calder��n-Espinosa, Colombian herpetologist. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Combination of only a few oral collar tubular ducts (Pre-mounting specimens Appearance in situ: not observed. Specimens preserved in 75% ethanol with milky appearence; color unchanged in 10% potassium hydroxide. Post-mounting specimens Slide-mounted adult females (n = 6): body oval to round (Fig. 7; 8 A), length 1.9 �� 0.2 [2.2] (1.5-2.2) mm; wide 1.4 �� 0.3 [1.7] (0.9-1.7) mm. Dorsum Ostioles. Conspicuous, 20.4 �� 4.0 (13-30) ��m wide, with membranous lips and 3-5 setae and scattered trilocular pores on each lip. Anal ring. 76.1 �� 2.3 [77] (72-80) ��m in transverse diameter, with 6 flagellate setae each 104.9 �� 8.9 (90-123) ��m long; ring containing two rows of cells, external row with cells smaller than those in internal row, subquadrate and subrectangular, each cell with a spicule 2 or 3 ��m long; internal row with 45.8 �� 4.0 (41- 53) irregular cells tending to be elongate and without spicules. Cerarii. Numbering 17 pairs (Fig. 7A); cerarian pattern C 1 [2;4] (1-2;2-6), C 2 [2;4-5] (1-2;2-6), C 3 [2;2-4] (2;1-5), C 4 [2;2] (2;1-3), C 5 [2;1-3] (1-2;1-3), C 6 [2;0-1] (2;-4), C 7 [2;1] (2;1-3), C 8 [2-3;1-2] (1-3;0-2), C 9 [2;2] (2;0-3), C 10 [2;0-1] (1-3;0-1), C 11 [2;1-2] (2;1-3), C 12 [2;2-3] (1-2;0-5), C 13 [2;1] (1-2;1-4), C 14 [2-3;1-3] (1-3;1-3), C 15 [2;0-2] (1-2;0-3), C 16 [2-3;1-2] (2-4;0-3), C 17 [2;1-2] (1-4;0-3), all cerarii situated on membranous plates. Body setae. Flagellate, 19.1 �� 6.5 (9-45) ��m long, longest setae found in mesial and submarginal regions, shortest setae evenly distributed. Trilocular pores. Evenly distributed over entire surface (Fig.7B), each pore 3-4 ��m in diameter. Multilocular disc pores. Absent. Oral rim tubular ducts. All same size, each 8.6 �� 0.6 (8-10) ��m in diameter and associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores and 1 seta (Figs 7C; 8B), numbering 2.4 �� 1.5 [3] (0-5), distribution highly variable but never situated on head, thorax at the level of C 11 or on SabdIII and posterior segments. Oral collar tubular ducts. Absent. Discoidal pores. Of two types: type I with a single loculus, present in two sizes: I) small, each 2-3 ��m in diameter, smaller than a trilocular pore (Fig. 7D), distributed from head to SabdVI; and II) larger, each 3-5 ��m in diameter, similar size to, or larger than a trilocular pore (Fig. 7E), distributed on SabdVII and SabdVIII + IX, with border stout and sclerotized; type II discoidal pores bilocular, each 4-5 ��m in diameter (Figs. 7F; 8C). Spicule. Present from metathorax and posterior segments. Venter Antennae. Each 393.8 �� 13.5 (367-419) ��m long (Fig. 7G; 8D), with eight segments, segment lengths and chaetotaxy as follows: SantI 61.9 �� 4.3 (55-71) ��m long, with four flagellate setae; SantII 63.6 �� 3.2 (58-69) ��m long, with five to eight flagellate setae and one placoid sensilla; SantIII 44.9 �� 3.3 (39- 51) ��m long, with five to seven flagellate setae; SantIV 30.3 �� 2.8 (23-34) ��m long, with three to five flagellate setae; SantV 36.4 �� 3.7 (31-44) ��m long, with six to nine flagellate setae; SantVI 31.3 �� 2.4 (28-35) ��m long, with five flagellate setae; SantVII 39.0 �� 2.1 (33-43) ��m long, with five flagellate setae and one fleshy seta; SantVIII 86.4 �� 2.8 (79-91) ��m long, with 18 flagellate setae and four fleshy setae; ratios SantI / SantII 1.0 �� 0.1 (0.8-1.2), SantI / SantIV 2.1 �� 0.2 (1.8-2.6), SantI / SantVI 2.0 �� 0.2 (1.7-2.3), and SantVIII / SantIV 2.9 �� 0.3 (2.5-3.7). Eyespots. Each 39.1 �� 2.8 (33-43) ��m in diameter, not associated with discoidal pores (Fig. 8). Labium. 120.4 �� 4.6 (115-129) ��m long and 114.7 �� 6.6 (101-121) ��m wide, with three segments: basal segment with 3 pairs of setae; middle segment with one pair of setae; and apical segment with seven to nine pairs of setae. Fore leg. 566.6 �� 10.8 (546-582) ��m long; trochanter + femur 262.1 �� 6.3 (248-275) ��m long, femur 198.0 �� 5.1 (188-205) long and 86.8 �� 4.0 (76-94) ��m wide; tibia + tarsus 268.5 �� 6.6 (259-282) ��m long, tibia 172.3 �� 5.2 (163-181) long and 43.9 �� 2.0 (39-47) ��m wide; claw 36.1 �� 1.5 (32-39) ��m long; ratios: lengths of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus 1.0; trochanter + femur length/femur width 3.0 �� 0.2 (2.8-3.4); tibia + tarsus length/tibia width 6.1 �� 0.3 (5.5-6.8); chaetotaxy: coxa with 10 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven setae and four placoid sensilla, femur with 17-22 setae, tibia with 18-20 flagellate setae plus two spines on internal margin of distal region; tarsus with 11-13 setae and a pair of slender and capitate tarsal digitules of two sizes, the larger one 40.3 �� 2.3 (35-46) ��m long, the shorter one 30.0 �� 4.2 (23-38) ��m long; claw without a denticle, with two ungual digitules capitate, slightly thicker than tarsal digitule, each 27.9 �� 1.8 (24-30) ��m long. Mid leg. 581.4 �� 11.4 (562-601) ��m long; trochanter + femur 269.3 �� 6.0 (258-282) ��m long, femur 205.1 �� 4.8 (196-214) long and 89.4 �� 1.9 (87-92) ��m wide; tibia + tarsus 275.3 �� 7.8 (257-288) ��m long, tibia 178.2 �� 6.5 (163-191) long and 45.8 �� 2.2 (41-49) ��m wide; claw 36.8 �� 1.8 (32-39) ��m long; ratios: lengths of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus 1.0, trochanter + femur length/femur width 3.0 �� 0.1 (2.8- 3.2), tibia + tarsus length/tibia width 6.0 �� 0.4 (5.2-6.9); chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 16-20, tibia with 18-28 flagellate setae plus two spines (as fore tibia), tarsus with 10-13 setae and a pair of unequal tarsal digitules similar those on fore tarsus, the larger one 38.2 �� 1.9 (36-42) ��m long, the shorter one 32.4 �� 2.6 (28-36) ��m long; claw without a denticle, ungual digitules similar those on fore claw, each digitule 29.4 �� 2.5 (21-32) ��m long. Hind leg. 655.1 �� 11.6 (637-678) ��m long; trochanter + femur 295.9 �� 5.8 (282-306) ��m long; femur 228.8 �� 4.3 (219-234) ��m long and 94.6 �� 3.0 (88-101) ��m wide; tibia + tarsus 322.7 �� 7.3 (312-334) ��m long; tibia 219.0 �� 6.0 (210-228) ��m long and 44.5 �� 3.2 (37-51) ��m wide; claw 37.2 �� 2.7 (30-41) ��m long; ratios: lengths of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus 0.9-1.0; trochanter + femur length/ femur width 3.1 �� 0.1 (2.9-3.4), tibia + tarsus length/tibia width 7.3 �� 0.6 (6.4-8.7), lengths of tibia/tarsus 2.1 �� 0.1 (2.0-2.2).Translucent pores on hind leg distributed as follows: absent from coxa, trochanter and tarsus, femur with 90 �� 12 (69-112) pores, tibia with 58 �� 12 (34-74) pores (Fig. 7H); chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 14-17, tibia with 20-26 flagellate setae plus two spines (similar those on fore tibia), tarsus with 8-10 flagellate setae; tarsal digitules unequal, similar those on fore tarsus, the larger one 38.6 �� 3.4 (31-45) ��m long, the shorter one 39.9 �� 4.6 (21-37) ��m long (Fig. 8F); claw without a denticle, ungual digitules similar to those on other legs, each 29.3 �� 2.8 (21-32) ��m long. Circulus. Situated in posterior part of SabdIII, 48.9 �� 6.0 [61] (41-61) ��m in transverse diameter (Fig. 8G). Anal lobes. Prominent, not sclerotized, each with apical flagellate seta 127.3 �� 11.0 (104-144) ��m long, 2-7 auxiliary flagellate setae and 1-2 discoidal pores, each 4-5 ��m in diameter (Fig. 8H). Body setae. Flagellate and of variable length: 50.2 �� 21.4 (21- 88) ��m long on head, 31.9 �� 12.9 (14-65) ��m on thorax, and 33.0 �� 14.0 (11-80) ��m long on abdomen, the longest setae distributed in mesial region on all segments. Intersegmental areas lacking setae. Obanal setae. Each 60.4 �� 5.1 (51-69) ��m long. Cisanal setae. Each 49.3�� 5.7 (40-57) ��m long. Trilocular pores. Each 3-4 ��m in diameter (Fig. 7I), evenly distributed. Multilocular disc pores. Each 8.4 �� 0.6 (7-10) ��m in diameter (Fig. 7J; 8I), numbering 5.8 �� 2.7 [3] (2-11), distributed as follows: SabdV [0] (0-1), SabdVI [0] (0-1), SabdVII [0] (0-5) and SabdVIII + IX [3] (1-6). Discoidal pores. Of two types: I) one type with a single loculus each 4-5 ��m in diameter, evenly distributed (Fig. 7K); II) second type bilocular, each pore 5-6 ��m in diameter, scarce (Fig. 7L). Oral rim tubular ducts. All same size, each 8.8 �� 0.9 (7-10) ��m in diameter, length about 11.3�� 1.2 (10-12), usually not associated with discoidal pores or setae; numbering 1.9 �� 2.3 [7] (0-7) (Fig. 7M), distribution highly variable but absent from SabdIV and posterior segments. Oral collar tubular ducts. All same size, each 7.4 �� 0.8 (6- 10) ��m long and 4.1 �� 0.4 (3-6) ��m in diameter (Fig. 7N, Fig. 8J), numbering 63.1 �� 8.5 [70] (53-71), forming lateral clusters and transverse rows in mid-region as follows: SabdIII [2] (0-6), SabdIV [22] (11-26), SabdV [29] (20-33), SabdVI [30] (21-33), and SabdVII [17] (12-18) ducts. Spicules. Present on mesothorax and posterior body segments. REMARKS Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. is similar to Pseudococcus dendrobiorum Williams, 1985 and Pseudococcus lycopodii Beardsley, 1959 because all three species have only a few multilocular disc pores, restricted to the last three abdominal segments (P. luciae n. sp., P. dendrobiorum and P. lycopodii); only a few dorsal oral rim tubular ducts on the dorsum (P. luciae n. sp., 0 in P. dendrobiorum and 4-12 in P. lycopodii) and venter (P. luciae n. sp., P. dendrobiorum and 4-12 in P. lycopodii, absent from SabdIV and posterior segments). Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. differs from P.dendrobiorum (characters in parenthesis) by having a shorter labium, less than 130 ��m long (150-160 ��m long), a smaller circulus, less than 60 ��m of transverse diameter (100-130 ��m in transverse diameter), a longer hind tibia + tarsus, around 310-340 ��m long (160-200 ��m long), and hind tibia + tarsus length greater than hind trochanter +femur length (hind tibia + tarsus much shorter than hind trochanter + femur). Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. differs from P. lycopodii (characters in parenthesis) by having 17 cerarii (14-16 cerarii), more than 50 collar tubular ducts (10-20) and a smaller circulus (80 ��m in transverse diameter) [character data on P. dendrobiorum taken from Williams (1985) and on P. lycopodii from Beardsley (1959)]. The taxonomic character ���transverse diameter of circulus��� is considered to be useful for separating species groups (Gimpel & Miller 1996). Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. belongs to the ���small-circulus��� (transverse diameter less than 80 ��m) group, which includes P. apomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller, 1996, P. dolichomelos Gimpel & Miller, 1996, P. debilis Granara de Willink, 2018, P. dysmicus Gimpel & Miller, 1996, P. eriocerei Williams, 1973, P. microcirculus McKenzie, P. neomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller, 1996, P. sorghiellus (Forbes, 1885), and P. spanocera. Among these species, P.luciae n. sp. is closest to P.neomicrocirculus and P.spanocera. In addition to having a small circulus, these species have only a few oral rim tubular ducts. Morphological differences between them include absence of discoidal pores associated with eyespot (P. neomicrocirculus and P. spanocera have discoidal pores associated with eyespots), translucent pores restricted to femur and tibia (present in all segments of the hind leg in P. spanocera; restricted to the hind tibia in P. neomicrocirculus), and less than five multilocular disc pores on each abdominal segment from SabdV and posterior segments (P. neomicrocirculus and P. spanocera have more than 10 multilocular disc pores on each abdominal segment) [character data of P. neomicrocirculus and P. spanocera taken from Gimpel & Miller (1996)]., Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 356-361, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["WILLIAMS D. J. 1985. - Pseudococcus mandio sp. n. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cassava roots in Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research 75: 545 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300014644","BEARDSLEY J. H. 1959. - New species and new records of endemic hawaiian mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 16 (1): 39 - 55.","GIMPEL W. F. & MILLER D. R. 1996. - Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 2 (1): 1 - 163.","GRANARA DE WILLINK M. C. & GONZALEZ P. 2018. - Revision taxonomica de Pseudococcus Westwood (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) de Centro y Sudamerica con descripciones de especies nuevas. Insecta Mundi 0673: 1 - 117."]}

Newsteadia andreae n. sp. (Figs 1; 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4EE88832-00E1-4555-9160-4E57AC43F502 TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Colombia • adult ♀ (2 specimens on 1 slide, holotype situated on the left side and indicated as “Holo” on additional label); Antioquia, Barbosa, Vereda Platanito, Farm Solenia; 06°58’34.36”N, 75°23’41.32”W; 1741 m a.s.l.; 14.IX.2015; J. Agudelo leg.; ex roots Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) – coffee, manual; UNAB 4630. Paratypes. Colombia • 2 adult ♀; same data as holotype; 2 slides, 1 containing a single paratype, and the other with 1 paratype (marked as “Para”) sharing a slide with the holotype; UNAB. ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet “ andreae ” is assigned in honor of Dr Andrea Ramos-Portilla, mentor and friend of the author. DIAGNOSIS. — This species has two spines on each trochanter; antennal flagellate setae with rounded apices, and three fleshy setae on the distal part of the apical segment; SantII shorter than SantI; five pairs of abdominal spiracles; and lacks groups of quadrilocular pores posterior to the vulva, and tubular ducts. DESCRIPTION Pre-mounting specimens Appearance in situ: not observed. Specimens preserved in 75% ethanol with milky appearence; color unchanged in 10% potassium hydroxide. Post-mounting specimens Slide-mounted adult female (n = 3): body oval to round (Figs 1; 2A), 1.9 ± 0.3 [1.6] (1.5-2.1) mm long and 1.5 ± 0.2 [1.3] (1.3-1.7) mm wide. Dorsum Wax plates (Fig. 1A). Well developed, composed of: spines, each 21.2 ± 2.7 (12-28) µm long and apically rounded (Fig. 1B); flagellate setae, each 38.4 ± 9.6 (18-58) µm long (Fig. 1C), the longest ones located at the corners of plates; quadrilocular pores of type I, each approximately 5 µm in diameter (Fig.1D); a few simple pores, each about 3 µm in diameter (Fig. 1E). Wax plate distribution as follows: two on head; 12 on thorax arranged in four longitudinal groups, each plate subdivided into one central and two external sections; and abdomen with six central wax plates and one large external plate on each side. Inter-plate spaces. With quadrilocular pores of type II (Figs 1F; 2B), each 4-6 µm in diameter, some pores joined in pairs (Fig. 2B); and simple pores like those on wax plate (Fig. 2B). Tubular ducts. Absent. Spicules on abdomen. Present. Anal ring. 105.3 ± 3.1 [108] (101-108) µm in transverse diameter, with 6 flagellate setae each 62.5 ± 7.9 (50-73) µm long with a rounded tip, and two or three inner rows of cells (Figs 1G; 2C). Venter Antennae (Fig. 1 H). Each 766.8 ± 23.5 (737-808) µm long, three segmented, with segment lengths and chaetotaxy as follows: SantI 180.8 ± 17.2 (162-209) µm long, with 8-9 flagellate setae each 46.7 ± 10.6 (25-62) µm long and apically rounded; SantII 125.5 ± 4.4 (120-133) µm long, 4-5 flagellate setae each 52.9 ± 7.1 (37-61) µm long and apically rounded, and one placoid sensilla; SantIII 460.5 ± 6.7 (448-467) µm long with three or four fleshy setae, two apical setae, the larger 100.3 ± 22.3 (51-114) µm long (Fig. 2D, ls), the shorter one 15.3 ± 2.7 (11-18) µm long (Fig. 2D, ss), one or two subapical setae each 46.2 ± 11.5 (36-71) µm long (Fig. 2D, sa) and one distal seta 33 ± 3.2 (27-37) µm long (Fig. 3D, ds), also 18 flagellate setae each 41.5 ± 11.8 (18-55) µm long and apically rounded (Fig. 2E, fs); ratios SantI / SantII 1.4 ± 0.1 (1.3-1.6), SantIII / SantI 2.6 ± 0.2 (2.2-2.8), SantIII / SantII 3.7 ± 0.1 (3.5-3.8). Eyespot. Protuberant, base 40.8 ± 1.9 (38-44) µm in diameter and 90.7 ± 7.4 (81-101) µm long, its base not fused with first antennal segment (Fig. 2F). Labium (Fig. 1I). 237.3 ± 6.6 (228-243) µm long and 150.7 ± 8.1 (144-162) µm wide, of two segments: basal segment with 3 pairs of setae and apical segment with 14 pairs. Fore leg (Fig. 1J). 1273.4 ± 28.7 (1235-1304) µm long; coxa 154 ± 10.3 (144-176) µm long, depression not developed; trochanter-femur fused, 470.7 ± 23.1 (428-492) µm long and 142.2 ± 4.4 (138-150) µm wide; tibia-tarsus fused, 594.8 ± 13.2 (569-606) µm long and 55.8 ± 3.1 (51-60) µm wide; claw 62.6 ± 7.8 (57-77) µm long; ratios: length of trochanter-femur/tibia-tarsus 0.8; trochanterfemur length/width 3.3 ± 0.2 (3.0-3.5), leg length/antenna length 1.7; fore leg chaetotaxy: coxa with 15-17 flagellate setae with rounded tips, trochanter with two spine-like setae and eight placoid sensilla, femur with 30-45 flagellate setae with rounded tips, tibia-tarsus with 5-12 flagellate setae with rounded tips, 25-28 spines and one sensilla; claw without a denticle but with two ungual spine-like digitules, each 15 ± 4.3 (11-21) µm long. Mid leg. 1376.3 ± 22.6 (1348-1410) µm long; coxa 172.7 ± 8.0 (158-183) µm long, trochanter-femur fusion 492.7 ± 15.8 (470-515) µm long and 147.3 ± 2.4 (144-150) µm wide; tibia-tarsus fusion 643 ± 19.9 (610-660) µm long and 57 ± 5.4 (49-64) µm wide; claw 64.5 ± 3.8 (60-70) µm long; ratios: length of trochanter-femur/tibia-tarsus 0.8; trochanter-femur length/width 3.3 ± 0.1 (3.2-3.6), leg length/ antenna length 1.8; chaetotaxy: coxa with 14-20 flagellate setae with rounded tips, trochanter with 2 spine-like setae (Figs 1K; 2G arrows) and eight placoid sensilla (Fig. 2G single-headed arrows), femur with 30-45 flagellate setae with rounded tips, and tibia-tarsus with 11-16 flagellate setae with rounded tips, 28-33 spines and one sensilla; claw without a denticle, two ungual spine-like digitules each 12.3 ± 2.6 (9-16) µm long. Hind leg. 1513 ± 29.6 (1485-1554) µm long; coxa 179.8 ± 4.8 (173-188) µm long, trochanter-femur fusion 548.8 ± 20.3 (513-573) µm long and 150.4 ± 3.4 (146-154) µm wide; tibia-tarsus fusion 719.3 ± 33.5 (672-745) µm long and 58.3 ± 2.1 (56-61) µm wide; claw 65 ± 1.4 (64-67) µm long; ratios: length of trochanter-femur /tibia-tarsus 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.7-0.9); trochanter-femur length/width 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.2-3.8), leg length/antenna length 2; chaetotaxy: coxa with 14-19 flagellate setae with rounded tips, trochanter with 2 spine-like setae and eight placoid sensilla, femur with 32-45 flagellate setae with rounded tips, tibia-tarsus with 11-17 flagellate setae with rounded tips, 33-34 spines and one sensilla; claw without a denticle, two ungual digitules spine-like, each 12 µm long. Spiracles. On thorax, each peritreme 43.9 ± 3.9 (39-51) µm in diameter and 76.3 ± 11.3 (63-94) µm long, with a cluster of 15-23 quadrilocular pores around the peritreme cavity, each pore about 5 µm in diameter, setae absent (Fig. 1L; 2H); abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs, each peritreme 11.6 ± 1.6 (9-14) µm in diameter and 21.8 ± 3.8 (15-29) µm long, with pores and setae absent from around peritreme cavity (Figs 1M; 2I). Wax plates. Structure like that of dorsal plates, with spines each 16.3 ± 2.4 (11-22) µm long and apically rounded, flagellate setae each 40.6 ± 9.6 (20-60) µm long, and quadrilocular pores of similar diameter to those on dorsum; plates in marginal region well developed, similar to those on dorsum; plates in central region less conspicuous, composed of flagellate setae and few spines; head with three wax plates, thorax with 19, wax plates absent from abdomen. Ovisac band (Fig. 1N) surrounding the second abdominal segment, external edge composed of a transverse cluster of quadrilocular pores of type II, like those on dorsum (Fig. 1F), each 4-5 µm in diameter, accompanied by simple pores and spicules; inner edge of band formed of clustered spines, each 21.1 ± 4.4 (14-22) µm long and apically rounded, most posterior row of spines longest, truncate; flagellate setae forming mesial cluster in anterior section of band, each seta 43.8 ± 6.9 (32-55) µm long; other setae scattered through the band; quadrilocular pores of type I and simple pores with diameter similar to those on dorsum, scattered in the cluster of spines; area enclosed by ovisac band with six transverse clusters of quadrilocular pores of type II; scattered simple pores and spicules clustered with flagellate setae, each seta 33.2 ± 4.7 (26-42) µm long; inter-cluster areas bare. Tubular ducts. Absent. Spicules. Present on mesothorax and posterior body segments. REMARKS Based on data from Kozár (2004): Newsteadia andreae n. sp. is morphologically similar to several species. The closest species is N. vietnamensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999, which is similar in most characters. The main differences are: antenna length, up to 808 µm in N. andreae n. sp. (949 µm long in N. vietnamensis), and tubular ducts being absent from both surfaces in N. andreae n. sp. (present on both surfaces in N. vietnamensis). Their geographical distributions and host records are different also: N. andreae n. sp. is recorded from the Neotropical Region (Colombia) on roots of C offea arabica, whereas N. vietnamensis is known only from the Oriental Region (Vietnam) and has no host records. Newsteadia andreae n. sp. also resembles Newsteadia morrisoni Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 but differs in having (N. morrisoni characters in parentheses): no groups of quadrilocular pores posterior to the vulva (quadrilocular pores posterior to vulva in groups); a ratio of SantIII / SantII of 3.7 (2.4); two spine-like setae on the trochanter (trochanter without spine-like setae), and each thoracic spiracle peritreme with quadrilocular pores inside (without quadrilocular pores in the peritremes). Another species similar to N. andreae n. sp. is N. monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000, which also has three antennal segments, the second antennal segment longer that first one, distal fleshy setae on the antenna, flagellate setae with rounded apices on all antennal segments, and five pairs of abdominal spiracles. Newsteadia andreae n. sp. differs from N. monikae (characteristics given in parenthesis) by: spine-like setae absent from the coxa (present) and present on the trochanter (absent); apical antennal segment with fleshy longer setae and subapical setae, and apical shorter setae present (with flagellate longer setae and subapical setae, without apical shorter setae); tubular ducts absent from wax plates (present); and peritreme of each thoracic spiracle with 15-23 quadrilocular pores (pores absent). In addition, N. andreae n. sp. is similar to N. milleri Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000 in having antenna with three antennal segments, spine-like setae on the bases of trochanter and femur, an ovisac band without gaps, and five pairs of abdominal spiracles. Newsteadia andreae n. sp. differs from N. milleri (characteristics given in parenthesis) by having: all antennal segments with flagellate setae with rounded apices (all antennal segments with spine-like setae); apex of third antennal segment with subapical fleshy seta and apical short setae (apex of third antennal segment without either subapical setae or apical short setae); trochanter with two spine-like setae (one spine-like seta); and tubular ducts absent from both dorsum and venter (tubular ducts present in dorsal wax plates)., Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 344-348, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["KOZAR F. 2004. - Ortheziidae of the World. Budapest, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Science, 525 p."]}

Distichlicoccus takumasae n. sp. (Figs 3; 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 174B1078-53DE-4AEE-9323-84D8DA99806D TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Colombia • adult ♀ (2 specimens on the same slide, holotype situated on the left side and indicated as “ Holo ” on an additional label); Cauca, El Tambo, Vereda Villanueva, Farm Patio Bonito; 1824 m a.s.l.; 5.IX.2015; J. Muñoz leg.; ex roots of Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) – coffee, manual;: UNAB 4621. Paratypes. Colombia • 1 adult ♀; same data as holotype; marked as “Para” sharing a slide with the holotype; UNAB 4621 • 1 adult ♀; same data as holotype; paratype mounted singly on a slide; MNHN. ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet “ takumasae ” is assigned in honor of Dr Takumasa Kondo, mentor of the author. DIAGNOSIS. — Circulus absent; cerarii numbering 15-17 pairs; oral rim tubular ducts few, numbering 4-9 on dorsum and 3 or 4 on venter; and oral collar tubular ducts restricted to venter of SabdIII-VII. DESCRIPTION Pre-mounting specimens Appearance in situ: not observed. Post-mounting specimens Slide-mounted adult female (n = 3): body oval to round (Fig. 3; 4A), length 1.5 ± 0.04 [1.5] (1.4-1.5) mm; wide 1.2 ± 0.05 [1.1] (1.1-1.2) mm. Dorsum Ostioles. Conspicuous, with membranous lips. Anal ring. 66.2 ± 2.4 [68.8] (64-68.8) µm in transverse diameter, with 6 flagellate setae, each seta 104.8 ± 10.7 (83.6- 122) µm long; ring containing two cells rows, external row with cells smaller than those in internal row, subquadrate and subrectangular, each cell with a spicule 2 or 3 µm long; internal row with irregular cells tending to be elongate and without spicules. Cerarii. Numbering 15-17 pairs (Fig. 3A), C 10 and C 14 absent or vestigial [16 pairs in holotype, with left side C 10 and C 14 vestigial]; cerarian pattern C 1 [2;3-4] (2;3-4), C 2 [2;2] (2;1-3), C 3 [2;3] (2;1-3), C 4 [2;1] (2;0-2), C 5 [2;2-3] (2;0- 3), C 6 [2;1-3] (2;0-3), C 7 [2-3;2-3] (2-3;1-3), C 8 [1-2;0-1] (1-2;0-1), C 9 [2;1] (2;0-1), C 10 [abortive;0-1] (0-1;0-2), C 11 [1;1-2] (1-2;0-2), C 12 [2-3;0-1] (1-2;0-2), C 13 [2;1-3] (1-2;0-3), C 14 [0-3;0-3] (1-3;0-3), C 15 [2-3;0-1] (2-3;0-1), C 16 [2;1-3] (2-3;1-3), C 17 [2;0] (0-2;0-1). Body setae. Flagellate. Each 13.5 ± 2.5 (7.7-24.2) µm long, shorter than ventral setae, evenly distributed. Trilocular pores. Each 3-4 µm in diameter (Fig. 3B), evenly distributed. Multilocular disc pores. Absent. Oral rim tubular ducts. Of one size (Fig. 3C, 4B), each 12.1 ± 1.6 (10-15) µm long and associated with 1-2 discoidal pores, some associated with setae; distributed as follows: mesothorax [1] (0-1) in lateral region, metathorax [1] (1) in submesial region, SabdI [3] (1-3) in marginal and submarginal regions, SabdII [2] (1-2) in submesial region, SabdIII [2] (0-2) in marginal region, SabdIV [0] (0-1) in submarginal region, absent from remaining segments. Oral collar tubular ducts. Absent. Discoidal pores. Of two types: I) with a single locule, similar size or slightly smaller than a trilocular pore, 2.9 ± 0.4 (2-5) µm in diameter (Fig. 3D), scarce, evenly scattered; II) with two loculi, 3.5 ± 0.6 (3-5) µm in diameter (Fig. 3E), scarce, absent from SabdI, SabdIV and SabdVIII + IX. Body spicules present on head, prothorax and S abdIII and posterior segments. Venter Antennae. Each 341 ± 13 (327-360) µm long, 7 or 8 segmented (Fig. 3F; 4C); holotype with 7 antennal segments, one antenna with SantIV and SantV partially divided and other one with SantIII and SantIV partially divided, segment length and chaetotaxy as follows: SantI 55.3 ± 4.0 (49-61) µm long, with four flagellate setae; SantII 48.4 ± 6.6 (35-53) µm long, with six flagellate setae and one placoid sensilla; SantIII 36.9 ± 10 (21-51) µm long with six to eight flagellate setae; SantIV 29.6 ± 13.5 (22-50) µm long with four or five flagellate setae; SantV 33.0 ± 9.6 (25-50) µm long with six to eight flagellate setae; SantVI 28.1 ± 2.3 (25-32) µm long with five or six flagellate setae; SantVII 38.2 ± 1.5 (35-40) µm long with five to seven flagellate setae and one fleshy seta; and SantVIII 86.7 ± 2.8 (83-92) µm long with 18-19 flagellate setae and four fleshy setae [holotype with 11 and 15 flagellate setae]. Eyespot. 33.7 ± 2.9 (29-37) µm in diameter, not associated with discoidal pores (Fig. 4D). Labium. 126.3 ± 8.7 [not measured] (120-132) µm long. Fore leg. 499 ± 5.5 (489-504) µm long, trochanter + femur 233.5 ± 3.2 (230-238) µm long, femur 74.4 ± 10.4 (56-80) wide; tibia + tarsus 235.2 ± 3.3 (230-238) µm long, tibia 35.5 ± 2.3 (32-38) µm wide; claw 30.3 ± 1.2 (29-32) µm long; ratio of lengths of trochanter + femur length/tibia + tarsus 1.0; ratio of trochanter + femur length/femur width 3.2 ± 0.6 (2.9-4.2), ratio of tibia + tarsus length/tibia width 6.7 ± 0.5(6.2-7.3); chaetotaxy: coxa with nine flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 25-29, tibia with 23-29, tarsus with 11 setae and two slender and capitate tarsal digitules, each 36.4 ± 4.7 (28-39) µm long; claw without a denticle but with two ungual digitules each 25.7 ± 1.5 (24-28) µm long, capitate, slightly thicker than a tarsal digitule. Mid leg. 504.7 ± 5.7 (497-512) µm long; trochanter + femur 232 ± 2.3 (229-234) µm long, femur 72.1 ± 11 (58-80) µm wide; tibia + tarsus 241.3 ± 3.6 (236-245) µm long, tibia 38.6 ± 5.9 (31-45) µm wide; claw 31.3 ± 1.9 (29-33) µm long; ratio of lengths of trochanter + femur: tibia + tarsus 1.0; ratio of trochanter + femur length: femur width 3.3 ± 0.5 (2.9-4.0), ratio of tibia + tarsus length: tibia width 6.4 ± 1.0 (5.4-7.7); chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 23-26, tibia with 29-31, tarsus with 11 setae and one sensilla; tarsal digitules similar those on fore tarsus, 36.2 ± 2.1 (33-39) µm long; claw without a denticle, ungual digitules each 25.2 ± 0.8 (24.1-26) µm long, similar those on fore claw. Hind leg. 551.7 ± 30.3 (501-574) µm long; trochanter + femur 255.2 ± 10.7 (234-263) µm long; femur 73 ± 8.7 (61- 80) µm wide; tibia + tarsus 266 ± 20.6 (237-281) µm long; tibia 41.1 ± 4.4 (37-49) µm wide; claw 30.5 ± 2.7 (27-33) µm long; ratio of lengths of trochanter + femur/tibia + tarsus 1.0 ± 0.1 (0.9-1.1); ratio of trochanter + femur length/femur width 3.5 ± 0.5 (3.0-4.3), ratio of tibia + tarsus length/tibia width 6.5 ± 0.8 (5.6-7.5); translucent pores distributed as follows: coxa with 8 ± 8 [absent] (0-18), femur with 59 ± 10 (45-72), tibia with 46 ± 10 (29-59) (Figs 3G; 4E); chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 20-23, tibia with 29-35, tarsus with 10 setae and one sensilla; tarsal digitules each 33.7 ± 2.2 (31.0-37.0) µm long, similar those on fore tarsus; claw without a denticle, ungual digitules each 24.0 ± 1.9 (22-26) µm long, similar to those on other legs. Circulus. Absent. Anal lobes (Fig. 4F). Prominent, slightly sclerotized, each with apical flagellate seta 114 ± 8 (109-120) µm long and with 2-4 auxiliary flagellate setae. Body setae. Flagellate, lengths variable: on head, 46 ± 8 (34- 58) µm long, prothorax 22 ± 8 (11-40) µm, mesothorax 34 ± 6 (28-44) µm, metathorax 23 ± 7 (15-39) µm; on abdominal segments there are two groups setae: I) shorter setae, each 21 ± 5 (11-29) µm long, evenly distributed, II) longer setae, each 37 ± 5 (30-48) µm long, present in mesial region. Intersegmental areas lacking setae. Obanal setae. Each 34 ± 5 (28-40) µm long. Cisanal setae. Each 36 ± 4 (28-40) µm long. Trilocular pores. Each 3-4 µm in diameter, evenly distributed (Fig. 3H). Multilocular disc pores. Absent, except for one paratype, which has three pores on SabdVII, each pore about 9 µm in diameter (Figs 3I; 4G). Discoidal pores. Of two types: I) with a single loculus 3.6 ± 0.5 (2-5) µm in diameter, few, evenly distributed (Fig. 3J); II) with two loculi, pore 4.3 ± 0.4 (3-5) µm in diameter, few (Fig. 3K). Oral rim tubular ducts. Slightly smaller than dorsal ducts, each 11 ± 1.8 (8-14) µm long, with one on anterior interantennal margin and 1 or 2 in lateral or submarginal regions of mesothorax and SabdI (Fig. 3L). Oral collar tubular ducts. Each 8 ± 3.6 (5-11) µm long (Figs 3M; 4H), distributed as follows: SabdIII [3] (2-3), Sab- dIV [18] (12-18), SabdV [20] (16-20), SabdVI [17] (17), and SabdVII [13] (9-13). Spicules. Present on mesothorax and posterior body segments. REMARK Distichlicoccus takumasae n. sp. is morphologically close to D. salazari Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 in lacking a circulus and in having translucent pores on both the hind femur and tibia. However, D. takumasae n. sp. differs from D. salazari (characteristics in parenthesis) by having oral rim tubular ducts few, numbering 4-9 on dorsum and 3-4 on venter (has 2-7 oral rim tubular ducts in rows across each segment on both surfaces); oral collar tubular ducts present on venter but absent from dorsum (oral collar ducts on both venter and dorsum); and hind legs with translucent pores on coxa, femur and tibia (pores only on femur and tibia) [character data of D. salazari taken from Williams & Granara de Willink (1992)]., Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 348-352, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["WILLIAMS D. J. & GRANARA DE WILLINK M. C. 1992. - Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, UK, CAB International, 635 p."]}

Paraputo nasai n. sp. (Figs 5; 6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7C8415A1-4443-4123-A524-EA5D0C82CBE8 TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Colombia • adult ♀ (two specimens in the same slide, holotype at the rigth side indicated as “Holo” in additional label); Cauca, Páez, Vereda El Ciprés, Farm Naranjal, 2°42’31.54”N, 75°45’22.42”W; 1746 m a.s.l.; 12.XI.2015; A. Ibagón leg.; ex roots Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae)-coffee in association with Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Hymenoptera; Formicidae), manual; UNAB 4631. Paratypes. 12 adult ♀ on 7 slides • 1 ♀ (marked as “Para” shares a slide with the holotype); same data as holotype; UNAB 4631 • 5 ♀ (on three slides); same data as holotype; UNAB 4631 • 6♀ (on three slide; same data as holotype; MNHN. ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is in recognition of the aboriginal community Nasa, who inhabit the region where specimens were collected. DIAGNOSIS. — Cerarii numbering 16 pairs; dorsal setae short, each 7-19 µm long; oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes, the smaller ones each with a diameter similar to a trilocular pore and the larger ones each with a diameter wider than that of a trilocular pore; anal bar absent; anal ring with 6 setae. DESCRIPTION Pre-mounting specimens Appearance in situ: not observed. Specimens preserved in 75% ethanol with milky appearence; color unchanged in 10% potassium hydroxide. Post-mounting specimens Slide-mounted adult females (n = 8): body oval to round (Figs 5; 6A), length 1.9 ± 0.3 [1.9] (1.5-2.4) mm; wide 1.4 ± 0.3 [1.4] (1.1-1.9) mm. Dorsum Ostioles. Conspicuous with membranous lips and 1-8 setae and scattered trilocular pores on each lip. Anal ring. 94 ± 10.2 [84] (76-109) µm in transverse diameter, with 6 flagellate setae, each seta 89 ± 8.8 (66-104) µm long; ring containing two rows of cells, external row with cells smaller than those in internal row, subquadrate and subrectangular, each cell with a spicule 2 or 3 µm long; internal row of 72 ± 10 (59-87) cells, each cell irregular, tending to be elongate and without a spicule. Cerarii. Numbering 16 pairs (Fig. 5A, 6B), C 10 absent; cerarian pattern C 1 [4-5:1-2] (2-6:1-4), C 2 [6:0] (6-10:0-3), C 3 [7-8:0] (6-12:0-3), C 4 [4-6:1-2] (4-9:0-2), C 5 [4-5:0] (3-9:0-2), C 6 [3-4:0] (3-6:0-1), C 7 [3:0] (2-3:0-2), C 8 [2:0] (1-3:0-2), C 9 [2-3:0] (1-3:0-2), C 10 absent, C 11 and C 12 [2:0] (1-3:0-1), C 13 [2:0] (1-5:0-1), C 14 [2-3:0] (2-4:0-3), C 15 [3:0] (2-4:0-2), C 16 [5-6:0-1] (3-8:0-4), and C 17 [3-4:0] (3-8:0-1); each cerarius with trilocular pores grouped on a membranous plate. Body setae. Flagellate, each 12 ± 2.6 (6-22) µm long, the longest setae in mesial and submarginal regions, the shortest evenly distributed. Trilocular pores. Each 3-4 µm in diameter (Fig. 5B), evenly distributed throughout. Multilocular disc pores. Absent. Oral rim tubular ducts. Absent. Oral collar tubular ducts. Absent. Discoidal pores. Of two sizes: I) shorter type, each 2-3 µm in diameter, similar diameter to or smaller than a trilocular pore (Fig. 5C), distributed from head to SabdVI; II) longer type, each 4-5 µm in diameter, wider than a trilocular pore (Fig. 5D) with border stout and sclerotized, distributed in SabdVII and SabdVIII + IX. Spicules. Present from mesothorax to SabdVIII + IX. Venter Antennae. Each 391 ± 23.7 (351-435) µm long, 7 or 8 segmented [holotype with 7 segments] (Fig. 5E); all specimens seem to have at least one antennal segment atrophied, so segment length and chaetotaxy vary depending on number of segments: SantI 69.6 ± 5.7 (57-77) µm long, with four flagellate setae; SantII 55.1 ± 3.8 (49-61) µm long, with three to six flagellate setae and one placoid sensilla; SantIII 53.8 ± 6.0 (43-65) µm long, with one to five flagellate setae; SantIV 30.9 ± 9.7 (17-52) µm long, with one to two flagellate setae; SantV 41.2 ± 6.0 (29-57) µm long, with three to five flagellate setae; SantVI 44.0 ± 3.6 (38-53) µm long, with two to five flagellate setae and 0 or 1 fleshy seta; SantVII 57.0 ± 14.6 (46-101) µm long, with 3-16 flagellate and 0-2 fleshy setae; SantVIII 67.8 ± 17.3 (31-90) µm long, with 7-18 flagellate and 0-4 fleshy setae. Eyespot. 35 ± 2.8 (29-39) µm in diameter; 0-3 associated discoidal pores (Fig. 6C). Labium. 176 ± 32.1 [186] (92-198) µm long. Fore leg. 533 ± 22.3 (504-569) µm long; trochanter + femur 268 ± 12.4 (250-291) µm long, femur 92 ± 8.4 (81- 103) wide; tibia + tarsus 221 ± 11 (207-234) µm long, tibia-tarsus union 42 ± 3.7 (36-48) µm wide; claw 44 ± 1.4 (42-47) µm long; chaetotaxy: coxa with nine flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 25, tibia internal margin of distal part with 6-13, tarsus with 11 setae and two tarsal digitules, the shortest 39 ± 4.8 (30-48) µm long, the longest 54 ± 2.6 (50-57) µm long; claw digitules each 36 ± 3.2 (29-39) µm long. Mid leg. 563 ± 18.8 (527-591) µm long; trochanter + femur 283 ± 8.5 (270-304) µm long; femur 97 ± 5.6 (90-106) µm wide; tibia + tarsus 235 ± 10.9 (218-251) µm long, tibia-tarsus union 45 ± 3.5 (38-50) µm wide; claw 45 ± 2.5 (36-48) µm long; chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven to eight, femur with 13-25, tibia with 10-18 setae plus two spines (as fore tibia), tarsus with 11 setae and two unequal tarsal digitules, the shortest 43 ± 4.8 (33-50) µm long, the longest 55 ± 2.5 (50-57) µm. Hind leg. 666 ± 27.6 (629-718) µm long, trochanter + femur 332 ± 16.4 (316-371) µm long; femur 134 ± 5.6 (125-142) µm wide; tibia + tarsus 287 ± 15.2 (259-306) µm long; tibia-tarsus union 50 ± 7.2 (39-64) µm wide; claw 47 ± 2 (43-50) µm long; femur with 398-460 [398-411] translucent pores and tibia with 111-154 [111-114] translucent pores (Fig. 5F, 6D); chaetotaxy: coxa with 11 flagellate setae, trochanter with seven, femur with 14-21, tibia with 13-21 setae plus two spines (as fore tibia), tarsus with 10 setae and two unequal tarsal digitules, the shortest 40 ± 5.9 (31-48) µm long, the longest 54 ± 3.1 (49-59) µm long (Fig. 6E); claw without a denticle, with two stout capitate ungual digitules each 36 ± 6.6 (24-44) µm long. Ratios: lengths of trochanter + femur /tibia + tarsus of fore, mid and hind legs 1.2 ± 0.1 (1.1-1.3); trochanter + femur length/femur width of fore and mid leg 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.6-3.2), and hind leg 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.2-2.9); tibia + tarsus length/tibia-tarsus union width fore and mid leg 5.3 ± 0.5 (4.3-6.2), and hind leg 5.8 ± 0.9 (4.4-7.8). Circulus. Situated across intersegmental line between SabdIII and SabdIV (Fig. 6F), divided by intersegmental line, 130 ± 2.3 [128] (128-132) µm in transverse diameter. Vulvar opening. Located between SabdVII and SabdVIII. Anal lobes. Without anal bars, membranous and slightly protruding, each with 6-9 flagellate setae, apical seta 38 ± 8.5 (29-47) µm long (Fig. 6G). Spicules. Present from metathorax to SabdVIII +IX. Body setae. Flagellate, each 20 ± 5 (12-40) µm long, longest setae distributed in submesial and mesial areas, forming clusters in interantennal region, SabdVI to SabdVIII + IX and a few adjacent to cerarii; shortest setae evenly distributed over the entire surface. Obanal setae. Each 18 ± 5.2 (12-24) µm long. Cisanal setae. Each 32 ± 4.5 (25-36) µm long. Multilocular disc pores. Each with 9 or 10 loculi (Figs 5G; 6H) and 8 ± 2 (6-10) µm in diameter, distributed as follows: SabdIV [0] (0-1), SabdV [3] (8-16), SabdVI [20] (29-34), Sabd- VII [12] (31-39) and SabdVIII + IX [8] (10-16). Oral rim tubular ducts. Absent. Oral collar tubular ducts. Of two sizes: I) smaller type with diameter similar to a trilocular pore (Fig. 5H, 6I), each 3 ± 0.2 (2-3) µm in diameter and 6 ± 0.8 (6-8) µm long, forming transverse rows across SabdV [1] (1-17 pores), SabdVI [25] (25-47) and SabdVII [26] (26-37 pores); II) larger type each with a diameter greater than a trilocular pore (Fig. 5I), 5 ± 0.2 (5-6) µm in diameter and 8 ± 0.6 (6-9) µm long, distributed in clusters in marginal and submarginal regions of SabdIV [1] (1-20 ducts), SabdV [52] (52-79), SabdVI [47] (47-61) and SabdVII [32] (32-46 ducts). Trilocular pores. Each 3-4 µm in diameter (Fig. 5J), evenly distributed. Discoidal pores. Each narrower than a trilocular pore, 2-3 µm in diameter, evenly distributed (Fig. 5K). REMARKS There is a debate about the generic character state that defines Paraputo and Formicocccus. As Paraputo nasai n. sp. has six setae in the anal ring and no anal bar, there is no conflict to put it into the Paraputo genus. Paraputo nasai n. sp. comes closest to Paraputo colombiensis (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992), another species with translucent pores on the hind femur and tibia and with a circulus present. Paraputo nasai n. sp. differs from P. colombiensis (character states in parenthesis) in having oral collar tubular ducts of two distinct sizes (oral collar ducts of one size only); multilocular disc pores on SabdIV and posterior segments (present on SabdVI and posterior segments); dorsal setae of uniform length over the entire surface (dorsal setae of two sizes, the shorter ones present from head to SabdIII, the longer ones present on SabdVI and posterior segments); number of conical cerarian setae progressively reduced anteriorly, from 6-12 setae in each of C 1 to C 6, to 2-3 setae in C 7 to C 18 (conical setae number constant amongst all the cerarii, with 4-6 setae per cerarius); and conical setae absent from marginal intercerarian spaces (conical setae present in marginal intercerarian spaces) [character data of P.colombiensis taken from Williams & Granara de Willink (1992)]., Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 352-356, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["WILLIAMS D. J. & GRANARA DE WILLINK M. C. 1992. - Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, UK, CAB International, 635 p."]}

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO NEW WORLD SPECIES OF PARAPUTO LAING, 1929 [adapted from descriptions and taxonomic keys in Balachowsky (1959), Williams (1969), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and Foldi & Kozár (2005)] 1. Circulus absent................................................................................................ P. guatemalensis (Ferris, 1953) — Circulus present.......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Thorax without cerarii................................................................................................................................. 3 — Thorax with cerarii...................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Multilocular disc pores absent; hind coxa without translucent pores................. P. formicarii (Enrhorn, 1899) — Multilocular disc pores present; hind coxa with translucent pores................................................................ 4 4. Head without oral collar tubular ducts................................................................ P. taquarae (Hempel, 1912) — Head with oral collar tubular ducts............................................................................................................. 5 5. Dorsum without oral collar tubular ducts; venter with oral collar tubular ducts all same size............................................................................................................................................... P. phoradendri (Cockerell, 1912) — Dorsum with oral collar tubular ducts; venter with oral collar tubular ducts of 2 sizes................................................................................................................................................. P. asparodensis (Foldi & Kozár, 2005) 6. Dorsum with oral collar tubular ducts......................................................................................................... 7 — Dorsum without oral collar tubular ducts.................................................................................................... 9 7. Cerarii separate, numbering 17 pairs................................................. P. angustus (Ezzat & McConnell, 1956) — Cerarii merged into a continuous marginal band......................................................................................... 8 8. Thorax with ventral oral collar tubular ducts.................. P. ductorum (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) — Thorax without ventral oral collar tubular ducts................................................. P. olivaceus (Cockerell, 1896) 9. Hind coxa with translucent pores.............................................................................................................. 10 — Hind coxa without translucent pores......................................................................................................... 14 10. Hind femur and tibiae without translucent pores; anal ring setae each shorter than diameter of ring......................................................................................................... P. taylori (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) — Hind femur and tibiae with translucent pores; anal ring setae each as long as or longer than diameter of ring.... 11 11. Anal ring with 8 setae or more........................................................................ P. subcorticis (Morrison, 1922) — Anal ring with 6 setae................................................................................................................................ 12 12. Cerarii merged to form a continuous marginal band.................................... P. ingrandi (Balachowsky, 1959) — Cerarii separate, numbering 17 pairs......................................................................................................... 13 13. Hind trochanter with translucent pores; head with oral collar tubular ducts........... P. larai (Williams, 1969) — Hind trochanter without translucent pores; head without oral collar tubular ducts............... P. theobromicola (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) 14. Thorax with multilocular disc pores................................................................ P. cualatensis (Cockerell, 1903) — Thorax without multilocular disc pores..................................................................................................... 15 15. Anal ring with 8 or more setae.......................................................................... P. rotundus (Morrison, 1922) — Anal ring with 6 setae................................................................................................................................ 16 16 Oral collar tubular ducts clearly of 2 sizes; head without tubular ducts...................................... P. nasai n. sp. — Oral collar tubular ducts all same size, with some present on head............................................................ 17 17. Hind femoral anterior surface bearing about 21 setae; hind tibial anterior surface with 20-26 setae. Abdominal segments VII and VIII with longest dorsal seta about 30 µm long.............................................................................................................................................................................................. P. podagrosus (Green, 1933) — Hind femoral anterior surface bearing 11-13 setae; hind tibial anterior surface with 10 or 11 setae. Abdominal segments VII and VIII with longest dorsal seta about 50 µm long.................................................................................................................................................... P. colombiensis (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992), Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["BALACHOWSKY A. S. 1959. - Nuevas cochinillas de Colombia I. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 10 (41): 337 - 361.","WILLIAMS D. J. 1969. - A new species of Cataenococcus Ferris (Hom., Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) on banana in Costa Rica. Bulletin of Entomological Research 59 (1): 101 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300003072","MILLER D. R. & MCKENZIE H. L. 1973. - Seventh taxonomic study of North American mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudo- coccidae). Hilgardia 41 (17): 489 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 41 n 17 p 489","WILLIAMS D. J. & GRANARA DE WILLINK M. C. 1992. - Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, UK, CAB International, 635 p.","FOLDI I. & KOZAR F. 2005. - New species of Cataenococcus and Puto from Brazil and Venezuela, with data on other species (Hemiptera, Coccoidea), N. S. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 22 (4): 305 - 312.","FERRIS G. F. 1953. - Atlas of the scale insects of North America. The Pseudococcidae (Part II) Vol. VI. California, Stanford University Press, 506 p.","GREEN E. E. 1933. - Notes on some Coccidae from Surinam, Dutch Guiana, with descriptions of new species. Stylops 2 (3): 49 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1993. tb 00969. x"]}

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO NEW WORLD SPECIES OF DISTICHLICOCCUS FERRIS, 1950 (adapted from descriptions by Cockerell [1902], Ehrhorn [1911], McKenzie [1967], and Williams & Granara de Willink [1992] and taxonomic keys by McKenzie [1967], and Williams & Granara de Willink [1992]) 1. Circulus present.......................................................................................................................................... 2 — Circulus absent........................................................................................................................................... 7 2. With fewer than 9 pairs of cerarii.................................. D. sinaloanus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 — With more than 9 pairs of cerarii................................................................................................................ 3 3. Oral rim tubular ducts absent from venter.................. D. zacapuensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 — Oral rim tubular ducts present on venter..................................................................................................... 4 4. Hind tibia with fewer than 20 translucent pores............................................... D. arundinis McKenzie, 1967 — Hind tibia with more than 30 translucent pores.......................................................................................... 5 5. Oral collar tubular ducts present on abdominal segment IV........................ D. megacirculus McKenzie, 1967 — Oral collar tubular ducts absent from abdominal segment IV...................................................................... 6 6. Cerarii numbering 14 recognizable pairs; oral collar tubular ducts present on abdominal segment V.................................................................................................... D. digitariae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 — Cerarii numbering 17 recognizable pairs; oral collar tubular ducts absent from abdominal segment V.............................................................................................. D. sahuayoensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 7. Oral collar tubular ducts absent................................................................................................................... 8 — Oral collar tubular ducts present................................................................................................................. 9 8. Venter of abdomen with oral rim tubular ducts in a submarginal row 1 pore wide............................................................................................................................................................... D. californicus (Ehrhorn, 1911) — Venter of abdomen with oral rim tubular ducts in a submarginal row 2 or 3 pores wide................................................................................................................................................................... D. fontanus Ferris, 1950 9. Cerarii numbering more than 10 recognizable pairs.................................................................................. 10 — Cerarii numbering fewer than 10 recognizable pairs.................................................................................. 11 10. Dorsum with oral collar tubular ducts; cerarii numbering 12 to 14 recognizable pairs............................................................................................................................... D. salazari Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 — Dorsum without any oral collar tubular ducts; cerarii numbering 15 to 17 recognizable pairs................................................................................................................................................................ D. takumasae n. sp. 11. Anal ring situated on dorsum, separated from posterior apex of abdomen by about its own diameter; cerarii restricted to abdomen...................................................................................... D. alkalinus (Cockerell, 1902) — Anal ring situated at posterior apex of abdomen; cerarii present on head as well as abdomen.................................................................................................................................................... D. salinus (Cockerell, 1902), Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on pages 351-352, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["COCKERELL T. D. A. 1902. - Two new mealybugs from New Mexico. The Canadian Entomologist 34 (12): 315 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 34315 - 12","EHRHORN E. M. 1911. - New Coccidae with notes on other species. The Canadian Entomologist 43 (8): 275 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 43275 - 8","MCKENZIE H. L. 1967. - Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 525 p.","WILLIAMS D. J. & GRANARA DE WILLINK M. C. 1992. - Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, UK, CAB International, 635 p."]}

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO NEW WORLD SPECIES OF NEWSTEADIA GREEN, 1902 (adapted from the descriptions by Morrison [1925, 1952] and Kozár [2004]) 1. Antenna with 5 or more segments............................................................................................................... 2 — Antenna with 3 segments............................................................................................................................ 8 2 Basal antennal segment with capitate or clavate setae................................................................................... 3 — Basal antennal segment without capitate or clavate setae............................................................................. 4 3 Antenna with 7 segments; ovisac band complete in medial area.................................................................................................................................................................. N. floridensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 — Antenna with 6 segments; ovisac band interrupted in medial area............................................................................................................................................................... N. tropicalis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 4 Ovisac band interrupted in mid-region....................................................................................................... 5 — Ovisac band complete in mid-region........................................................................................................... 6 5 Wax plates in medial area of dorsum reduced to rows, conspicuously narrower than wax plates in marginal regions............................................................................... N. brasiliensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 — Wax plates in medial area of dorsum as wide as those in marginal regions................................................................................................................................................................ N. americana Morrison, 1925 (in part) 6 Labium with clavate setae......................................................... N. gergoei Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, 2002 — Labium without clavate setae....................................................................................................................... 7 7 Wax plates on dorsum subdivided in medial area................................................. N. minima Morrison, 1952 — Wax plates on dorsum in continuous bands across medial area.......... N. americana Morrison, 1925 (in part) 8 Femur and tibia with setae capitate........................................ N. borhidii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 — Femur and tibia with setae acute or blunt, not capitate............................................................................... 9 9 Venter posterior to vulva with conspicuous clusters of quadrilocular pores................................................ 10 — Venter posterior to vulva without clusters of quadrilocular pores............................................................... 11 10 Apical antennal segment with slender flagellate setae........... N. morrisoni Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 — Apical antennal segment with thick spine-like setae......... N. costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001 11 Third antennal segment without subapical seta..................................................... N. tristani (Silvestri, 1924) — Third antennal segment with subapical seta............................................................................................... 12 12 Each thoracic spiracle associated with no more than 2 pores; labium up to 160 µm long; wax plates containing tubular ducts .................................................................................................. N. trisegmentalis Howell, 1975 — Each thoracic spiracle associated with at least 10 pores; labium at least 220 µm long; wax plates without tubular ducts.................................................................................................................................... N. andreae n. sp., Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on page 347, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["MORRISON H. 1925. - Classification of Scale Insects of the Subfamily Ortheziinae. Journal of Agricultural Research 30 (2): 97 - 154.","MORRISON H. 1952. - Classification of the Ortheziidae: Supplement to classification of scale insects of the subfamily Ortheziinae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1052: 1 - 80.","KOZAR F. 2004. - Ortheziidae of the World. Budapest, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Science, 525 p."]}

KEY TO PSEUDOCOCCUS WESTWOOD, 1840 SPECIES OF THE NEW WORLD (divided into two parts at couplet 49, according to the presence or absence of ventral oral rim tubular ducts posterior to the frontal cerarii) Part I 49. Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarii (C 17)......................................................................................... 50 — Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C 17)................................................................................. 57 50. Marginal and submarginal ventral OR with broad ducts and narrow rims present in groups on SI-VII..... 51 — Marginal and submarginal ventral OR absent, if present on SI-VII, then singly and with narrow ducts and wide rims........................................................................................................................................................... 52 52. Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen present anteriorly to SVI.............................................................. 53 — Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen absent from anterior to SVI........................................................ 54a 54a.Dorsal oral rim tubular ducts present behind frontal cerarii....................................................................... 55 — Dorsal oral rim tubular ducts absent from behind frontal cerarii............................................................. 54b 54b.Length of labium 115-130 µm; length of hind tibia+tarsus longer than length of hind trochanter + femur........................................................................................................................................ P. luciae n. sp. (in part) — Length of labium 150-160 µm; length of hind tibia+tarsus shorter than length of hind trochanter+femur less than 1.......................................................................................................... P. dendrobiorum Williams, 1985 Part II 57. Dorsal OR present behind frontal cerarii (C 17)......................................................................................... 58 — Dorsal OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C 17).................................................................................. 72 72. Cerarii numbering 17 pairs, with cerarii on SI (C 8) well developed........................................................... 73 — Cerarii numbering 16 pairs or fewer, with cerarii on SI lacking or abortive (C 8)........................................ 74 73. Ventral multilocular disc pores on abdomen present as far anteriorly as SIII-IV; dorsal OR usually present on SVI by each posterior ostiole........................................................................... P. calceolariae (Maskell, 1879) — Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen restricted to SVI-VIII; dorsal OR absent from SVI by each posterior ostiole...................................................................................................................................................... 73a 73a.Translucent pores restricted to hind tibia........................................... P. prunicolus McKenzie, 1964 (in part) — Translucent pores present on hind femur and tibia.................................................... P. luciae n. sp. (in part) GRANARA DE WILLINK & GONZÁLEZ’ S (2018) KEY 23. Eye not associated with discoidal pores..................................................................................................... 23a — Eye associated with discoidal pores............................................................................................................ 27 23a.C 16 and C 17 [C 2 and C 1 sensu Beardsley (1965)] without sclerotized surfaces......................... Ps. luciae n. sp. — At least C 17 [C 1 sensu Beardsley (1965)] with sclerotized surface............................................................... 24, Published as part of Caballero, Alejandro, 2021, Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929, pp. 341-363 in Zoosystema 43 (18) on page 360, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a18, http://zenodo.org/record/5037821, {"references":["WILLIAMS D. J. 1985. - Pseudococcus mandio sp. n. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cassava roots in Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research 75: 545 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300014644","BEARDSLEY J. W. 1965. - Notes on the pineapple mealybug complex, with descriptions of two new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 19 (1): 55 - 68."]}

La dispersión de rayos X es un fenómeno muy importante a tener en cuenta en la física actual. Conociendo cómo se comporta la materia cuando interacciona con radiación incidente nos permite obtener múltiples conocimientos de la estructura y comportamiento de los átomos que la componen. La capacidad de dispersar radiación por un átomo es lo que se denomina factor atómico de dispersión. En este estudio nos centraremos en el factor atómico de dispersión elástica de rayos X. Existen diversos métodos para calcularlo, muchos de ellos necesitan de ajustes donde el número de parámetros es muy elevado. Un ejemplo es el ajuste de Doyle y Turner el cual establece los factores atómicos de dispersión de átomos con un ajuste de 9 parámetros. En nuestro trabajo se plantea un modelo de esfera dura donde la carga se encuentra en dos zonas claramente diferenciadas, en el origen y a una distancia del origen, zona que denominaremos corteza. A partir de esta suposición vamos a comparar nuestro ajuste con el ajuste de Doyle y Turner. De esta forma obtenemos los parámetros de ajuste para el factor atómico de dispersión según nuestro modelo con solo 2 parámetros de ajuste independientes. El objetivo final de este trabajo es, una vez obtenidos los parámetros de ajuste, relacionarlos con valores tabulados de átomos como pueden ser el número atómico, el radio iónico o la energía de ionización para estimar los valores del factor atómico de dispersión de rayos X. Universidad de Sevilla. Doble Grado en Física e Ingeniería de Materiales.

[ES] El TFG desarrollará una aplicación domótica para controlar por wifi con un móvil bajo sistema operativo Android, un sistema MyRIO con S.O. Linux donde poder interactuar con las aplicaciones domóticas de entrada/salida del tipo todo/nada o lineales., [EN] The TFG will develop a home automation application to control via Wi-Fi with a mobile phone under Android operating system, a MyRIO system with S.O. Linux where you can interact with input/output home automation applications of the on/off or linear type.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de lectura: 21-04-2021

Acquisition of local and global biodiversity knowledge demands immediate and long-term efforts, both tutoring new generations of taxonomists and establishing, maintaining and improving research collections. Through biodiversity studies, the entomological museum “Universidad Nacional Agronomía Bogotá” (Bogotá, Colombia) has been developed and has built up a substantial collection of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), with 7,052 slide-mounted specimens and close to 800 alcohol-preserved samples representing 115 species belonging to 59 genera and nine families. This insect group is exclusively phytophagous, and many species are pests on economically important crops in Colombia. Curation of scale insect specimens includes slide mounting, identification, cataloging and databasing. Ecological and geospatial analyses of field data have identified insect-host interactions, and areas of the country where new field collections should be made. Host-insect interaction analysis has shown that coffee is the host-plant with the largest number of associated scales, Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946) and Rh. colombiensis Ramos Caballero, 2016 are the scale species with the largest host-plant range; and Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933 and Puto barberi (Cockerell, 1895) are the commonest scale species. Altitudinal and geographic distribution analysis have shown that sampling efforts have been concentrated in the central region, while the northern and southeastern regions of Colombia have been poorly collected. These ana-lyses provide a guideline for future studies, such as which zones should be sampled and which host-plant species have information gaps in their documented distributions and scale insect-host interactions. The museum’s large number of spe-cimens, species diversity representation and rich associated biological data indicate that the scale insect collection of the “Universidad Nacional Agronomía Bogotá” entomological museum is the most important in Colombia.