Search

Copyright of Thélème is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo is the property of Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), in its manifesto, promised a free and independent media with an autonomous Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) which does not become a tool in the hands of the ruling party (Insaf, 2018). The present study examines the increased control of the PTI government and the military on media outlets, independent journalists, artists, and literary figures around the country. The paper also discusses the rebalancing of power structure and political dynamics in Pakistan, along with the role of presidential ordinances: Pakistan Media Development Authority (PMDA) and amendment to Prevention in Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), which aim to bolster control, curb the narrative, and further limit the freedom of expression. The paper investigates the institutionalization of these draconian regulations whose impact has already started to appear with the confiscation and setting ablaze of Urdu translations of Mohammad Hanif’s novel: A Case of Exploding Mangoes by unknown men in Karachi, a novel which illustrates the historical fictional account of General Zia’s last days as President of Pakistan (Hussain, 2020). Dawn, one of the country’s oldest newspapers, has been banned and denied distribution in army cantonments since 2018. It is hoped that the present study will create awareness regarding this shift of balance towards authoritarianism and provide factual understanding of the country’s current political milieu.

Copyright of Cahiers Victoriens & Edouardiens is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Un État de droit est basé sur le principe de la légalité, c’est-à-dire et les gouvernants, et les gouvernés sont soumis à la règle de droit. Cette soumission n’est possible que grâce à un juge compétent qui exerce un contrôle sur des actes de l’Administration. Ce juge a-t-il le pouvoir de trancher tous les litiges? Quels sont les actes immunisés du contrôle du juge administratif congolais ? Ce texte tente de répondre adéquatement à ce propos interrogatif.

In this study are analyzed the dilemmas of the system and the censorship that mark the post-utopian society (a possible society) that can limit certain freedoms of the individual limits. Starting from some fictional representations (possible worlds) we could observe that the most serious problem for a people is erasing the past from the collective memory by changing the perception of the historical truth or relativizing it. In this sense, making use of the tools specific to the comparative approach, we analyzed the imaginary universe of the novel Amintiri din epoca lui Bibi: o post-utopie by Andrei Cornea, in which extensive recourse is made to memory, while developing social dilemmas and paradigms behavioral. We also noticed, from a compositional point of view, the novel is an allegorical projection of a society marked by the problem of lack of memory, but also of the condition of the individual in a post-utopian society that has not definitively renounced repressive means.

After tracing the evolution in meaning of the Greek word hairesis from ‘choice’ to ‘false belief’, this entry examines the criteria according to which a belief was judged to be heretical, either by particular controversialists or by bodies which purported to legislate on behalf of the Christian world. It argues that early appeals to scriptural warrant, tradition, and universal consensus were inevitably circular, while the edicts of ecumenical councils in the post-Constantinian era often leave much undetermined. The role of individual theologians in shaping modern notions of orthodoxy and its heretical antitypes is therefore examined, as is the use of legal coercion to solidify ecclesiastical boundaries. Nevertheless, it will be shown that there were numerous questions on which no ecumenical decisions had been reached before the eighth century, when consensus became inconceivable because of the growing estrangement between the Eastern and Western traditions. To say of professing Christians that they are heretics is not to say merely that they hold erroneous opinions (as a Scotist might say of a Thomist, for example), but to say that their opinions are so inconsistent with the fundamental teachings of the church as to imperil their salvation. It can be argued that no other religion has a concept perfectly corresponding to this, or at least that none has drawn the line between heresy and orthodoxy with such punitive and enduring rigour; certainly the church found no model for this in the cults and philosophies from which it drew its earliest neophytes. Even the Greek term hairesis, as we shall see, is not used of false doctrine either in the classical world or in the New Testament. In modern times, some scholars have leapt to the inference that the first churches were intellectual democracies, in which no teaching, so long as it spoke of Jesus, was deemed more Christian than another; the contrary, and once more familiar, claim that there has always been one recognized church catholic, which has always upheld the same orthodoxy and proscribed the same aberrations, is now more characteristic of popular than academic literature. The present inquiry is offered as a corrective to both positions, which will show on the one hand that even before the noun ‘heresy’ had acquired its modern sense, to hold one doctrine was to denounce another, and on the other hand that there may never have been a time when the clergy, let alone the laity, were of one mind in the identification of heresy, or even of the criteria by which a belief could be found to be inconsistent with membership of the body of Christ.

This study examines materials challenges in Canadian libraries as compiled by the Canadian Federation of Library Associations (CFLA) with the intention of identifying demographic trends in patron challenge behaviour. By cross-referencing the CFLA data with five demographic fields from the 2016 Canadian Census of Population (median age, city size, educational attainment level, median income, and political representation), the study aims to determine whether challenges of a certain nature are more likely to occur in communities with certain demographic profiles. The study identifies twenty-two challenge categories derived from user complaints and three ideological alignments of challenges based on the political ideology standards set by moral foundations theory. Though the available sample is too small to draw any definitive conclusions, some strong trends were apparent. The most common challenge types--challenges to racist content and sexual content--are fairly consistent throughout demographic groupings, but notable correlations were found between demographic profiles and challenges related to LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and more) issues. Progressive-leaning communities were far more likely to challenge homophobic/transphobic materials while conservative-leaning communities challenged more LGBTQIA+-positive works. From an ideological standpoint, young communities tend to be the most progressive in their challenge behaviour, while communities with a low level of educational attainment tend to be the most conservative in their challenge behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attack on the written word is not new. It has happened many times through history, especially in modern times as the availability of books has grown so rapidly. It is most often in authoritarian regimes that books are deemed a potential threat, and the elimination of this threat a means to maintain control of a potentially rebellious population. Probably the most heinous of book banning and burnings occurred during Nazi rule, prior to and during the Second World War. To witness, recently, in the United States the ugly head book banning and their removal from libraries is a sad commentary on the state of some senior politicians, including Governors and Judicial leaders. Fortunately, there is vigorous opposition to these efforts and notable successes in the quest for universal access to the world of books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gourguen Mahari (1903–1969) est l’un des écrivains les plus marquants de la littérature de l’Arménie soviétique. Dans sa jeunesse, il participa activement aux mouvements intellectuels de la capitale, brièvement présentés dans ce travail, avant de tomber en disgrâce, en 1936, et d’être déporté dans les camps du Goulag, d’où il ne put rentrer qu’après la mort de Staline. Cet article porte sur Barbelés en fleurs, une œuvre écrite en 1965 et issue des longues années passées par l’écrivain dans les camps. Censurée en Arménie soviétique, elle fut publiée pour la première fois en diaspora (Beyrouth et Paris), en 1971–1973, et seulement en 1988 en Arménie, dans le contexte de la perestroïka. Cet article analyse les plans narratifs de Barbelés en fleurs et les procédés d’écriture employés par Mahari en les comparant avec les choix d’écriture adoptés par d’autres écrivains, non arméniens, pour « écrire les camps ». Une lecture croisée avec une deuxième œuvre majeure de Mahari, Vergers en feu, sur l’autodéfense de la ville de Van en 1915, s’est révélée fondamentale. Dans les deux ouvrages, l’auteur fait recours au dialogisme et à la réfraction pour faire entendre une pluralité de voix et de perspectives. L’article rappelle aussi quelques aspects des interdictions qui ont frappé la littérature arméno-soviétique, non seulement au nom de l’idéologie du Parti, mais aussi du discours officiel arménien sur l’histoire de la libération des Arméniens de l’Empire ottoman. La censure arménienne ne pardonna pas à Mahari d’avoir montré le mouvement révolutionnaire arménien, dans Vergers en feu, sous l’angle de la déshéroïsation et de la désacralisation.

L’appel à la Glasnost de Gorbatchev a permis de revisiter les « pages blanches » de l’histoire, en particulier celles de la période stalinienne en Arménie comme dans le reste de l’URSS. Dans cette république, la première à déboulonner la statue de Lénine (13 avril 1991), ce nouveau Dégel a été l’occasion d’une critique de la politique des nationalités du régime en matière territoriale (la revendication de rattachement du Haut-Karabagh) et culturelle (l’effacement du passé national et de l’identité). Publié dans la revue libérale Garoun [Printemps], en avril 1991, quelques mois avant la déclaration d’indépendance et la fin de l’URSS, cet article de David Gasparian rappelle à travers une liste – non exhaustive – quelle fut la littérature interdite par la censure lors de la Grande Terreur. Tirée des archives, la liste offre un échantillon des œuvres considérées comme dangereuses pour la censure : des classiques, y compris ceux empreints d’idéaux progressistes, sinon socialistes, du XIXe siècle, aux écrits révolutionnaires des partisans ralliés au nouveau régime. L’article montre aussi la ligne sinueuse des directives du Parti, que les censeurs n’arrivent pas toujours à suivre, au risque d’être eux-mêmes victimes des purges. La chronologie des rééditions de ces œuvres en Arménie constitue un baromètre politique. Les rééditions à l’étranger permettent d’établir la cartographie des communautés de la diaspora où l’héritage littéraire fut préservé. Le nombre de ces rééditions et des traductions laisse entrevoir la réception de cette littérature.

The article discusses the Issues relating to these voluntary provisions become magnified when the individual consenting to the agreement is an agent acting on behalf of a principal.6 When an agent mistakes a voluntary arbitration agreement to be mandatory, the question becomes whether the agent held the requisite authority to act.

The article discusses Campbell's canned soup is appetizing to many, patent attorneys may not have an appetite for the law of obviousness. In the Inter Partes Review ("IPR") process, a petitioner often attempts to invalidate patent claims using the sword of obviousness.1 When defending a patent in an IPR, a patent owner must apply evidence supporting patent validity to the invention itself.

The article discusses the repeal of prohibition as the end of the temperance movement across the American political landscape, but this view ignores the continuing importance of Section 2 of the Twenty-First Amendment ("Section 2").4 Section 2 states that "[t]he transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof is hereby prohibited.

The article discusses second impeachment of President Donald J. Trump raised an important and unresolved question: May Presidents and other federal officers be impeached or tried on impeachments after they have left office. Most Democrats argued that former officers can be both impeached and tried; most Republicans argued that former officers can neither be impeached nor tried.

The article discusses criticizing failed and futile presidential impeachments, but finding defensible principles at their core and suggesting that censure offers a better way to vindicate those principles. Part II will argue that a presidential impeachment resulting in an acquittal might serve some valid purposes. At best, however, these purposes are greatly diminished by a failed impeachment, and, at worst, they might be disserved entirely.

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Guinea has been the epicenter of the huge West Africa Ebola outbreak (2014-2016), that impact heavily the health system. Demographic information is one of the most basic data sources for health systems and services delivery, and yet can be very difficult to obtain with any accuracy. The objectives were to contribute among other to: (i) a determination of the catchment area (health coverage area and responsibility) of the Kirikilan health facility (PCM); (ii) geocoded mapping to find out exactly where these populations per sector of Kirikilan neighborhood lives; (iii) an approach for regular and systematic annual demographic follow up of target populations. Methods: The study was a 3-year community-based survey with annual follow up of the population within the quartier of Kirikilan in Dubreka Prefecture in Guinea. It was an exhaustive enumeration of the population, sector by sector of the quartier, then there was no sampling size neither estimation. Results: In October 2017 as a baseline of the study, the enumeration showed the total population was 8824 persons, 936 compounds, 1435 households, and the breakdown by sub quartier (sector) has been performed. It's showed the interest of the mapping of the target populations with geo-referenced localization. The annual follow up by demographic enumerus showed a dramatic increase of the size of the population, including strong migration of the evicted population due to urbanization purpose in some districts of Conakry, the capital. Conclusion: The study showed the importance of the enumeration and follow up of the target populations, but also of the setting up community data based to improve the district health information system (DHIS 2) in Guinea. The approach has a best practice could be an importunity to improve data sharing, mapping, health quality access, and affordability for a sustainable health toward universal health coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pope Francis's recent recognition of the death of several priests active in Guatemala in the 1980s as martyrdom has reminded the public of a long-term hesitation within Catholicism as to the boundaries of martyrdom. Key aspects of the history of this hesitation played out in the seventeenth century. Several religious orders—most prominently the Jesuits—argued for a redefinition of martyrdom that would include the so-called "martyrdom of charity" (i.e. the death of those who had imperiled their lives to care for the sick). Among the theologians that entered the fray to advocate for such a redefinition, the most prominent is certainly Theophile Raynaud (the "new Bellarmine" of the mid seventeenth century) whose De martyrio per pestem was censured with other texts that promoted the same position, when the Inquisition decided to take a stand against the campaign for the redefinition of martyrdom. By studying Raynaud's and other treatises, as well as their censure, this paper will try to assess the significance of this debate for Jesuit history and that of early modern Catholicism. It will try and show how it connected with the theological controversies of the time but also how it pertained to an issue within the order, namely that of the hierarchy of ministries that sometimes weighed on how the order operated, particularly in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major features of recent Japanese cinema has been the growing number of films produced with the help of the Ministry of Defense. Academics who have addressed the issue tend to characterize the relationship between the military and producers as one of mutual dependence, stressing the overall "passivity" of the Japanese Self- Defense Forces in the creation process. Though accurate at a formal level, this argument does not fully explain the influence the JSDF has exerted over the film industry in recent years. Drawing on the concept of "multicentric world" theorized by sociologist James Burk, we argue in this article that the JSDF are, on the contrary, fully active and that their relationship with cinema has more to do with "veiled propaganda" than mere collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EU-topías: A Journal on Interculturality, Communication & European Studies is the property of Universite de Geneve, Global Studies Intitute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Criminology / Archiwum Kryminologii is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé : Dans les années 1520, à travers la censure et au fil des procédures, l’Inquisition examine l’incidence de propositions, quoique orthodoxes, imparfaitement formulées. Parce qu’elles portent sur des questions controversées, les juges de la foi établissent que des assertions insuffisamment étayées peuvent entraîner les simples fidèles sur les sentiers de l’erreur et de l’hétérodoxie. Dans le sillage de la conférence de Valladolid de 1527, en se plaçant du côté de la réception, le Saint-Office fait du scandale un indice sur le fondement duquel, au cours des années 1530, sont instruites des causes contre des doctes, qui s’avèrent disciplinaires lorsqu’elles n’aboutissent pas à des condamnations pour hérésie. Abstract: In the 1520s, through censorship laws and during procedures, the Inquisition scrutinizes the impacts of imperfectly expressed propositions despite their orthodoxy. Because they deal with controversial questions, the judges of faith assess that unsubstantiated claims can lead the simple faithful Christians on the paths towards error and heterodoxy. In the wake of the Valladolid Assembly of 1527, the Holy Office, focusing on reception, makes of scandal a clue. On the foundation of this latter, causes against learned persons are instructed. They prove to be disciplinary if they do not end up in condemnation for heresy. Resumen: En la década de 1520, a través de su actividad censoria y de los procesos, la Inquisición evalúa el impacto de aquellas proposiciones imperfectamente formuladas, aunque ortodoxas. Los inquisidores establecen que estas aserciones insuficientemente puntualizadas, cuando se refieren a cuestiones teológicas controvertidas, pueden conducir a los simples feligreses hacia el error y la heterodoxia. Al enfocar la recepción, tras la Conferencia de Valladolid de 1527, el Santo Oficio hace del escándalo un indicio con el que incoa, en los años 1530, causas de fe contra doctos, cuya función resulta disciplinar cuando estas no concluyen a herejía.

Le but de cet article est d’analyser la réception de la traduction de Perspective cavalière (1970) d’André Breton par le Ministère de l’Information et du Tourisme pendant la dictature franquiste. À travers les dossiers de censure de Perspectiva caballeresca (1971) et de Magia cotidiana (1975), nous nous rendrons compte de la grande importance qu’exerçait la réputation des maisons d’édition et de leurs porte-paroles afin d’obtenir une acceptation préalable de leurs traductions. Malgré le caractère dissident de Magia cotidiana, la traduction a finalement vu le jour sans aucune suppression de la part de l’appareil censorial, ce qui confirme la progressive évolution du régime dictatorial vers la démocratie.

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Communication Interculturelle et Littérature / Comunicare Interculturală şi Literatură is the property of Comunicare Interculturala si Literatura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the first trial, Republican Senators voted to prohibit the trial managers, the actual prosecutors, from subpoenaing any witnesses or documents. They won because they were in the majority. Before both trials, enough Republican Senators, known as jurors, announced that they had already made up their minds to acquit the President-that the not-guilty verdicts were essentially rendered even before the trial started.

The article discusses the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court case Wilson v. Houston Community College System (HCC) which deals with censure and First Amendment claim. Topics discussed include the circuit split created by the ruling on the possible actionable First Amendment claim from the censure of a member of a legislative body, governmental agency status of HCC under Texas law, and the need for lower courts to contextualize the disputes prior to a ruling in the absence of a Supreme Court decision.

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caravelle: Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Bresilien is the property of Presses Universitaires du Mirail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Communication Interculturelle et Littérature / Comunicare Interculturală şi Literatură is the property of Comunicare Interculturala si Literatura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From 1972 to 1978, Catholic weekly newspaper O São Paulo was subjected to prior censorship. With its private archive of material vetoed by the military dictatorship (1964-1985) now available online, it has been possible to analyze the perspective of Catholicism linked to Liberation Theology in a new light. Based on contributions from the Mannheimian sociology of knowledge and a sociohistorical analysis of documents, the aim was to study the political concepts of Libertarian Catholicism in the censured pages, in order to determine its style of thought. A link was perceived between the Catholic media and a strand of liberal thought limited by the vision of the religious world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anagnórisis: Revista de Investigación Teatral is the property of Anagnorisis: Revista de Investigacion Teatral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hermano Lobo magazine was born during Franco dictatorship, historic context that, despite censorship states that mandatory consultation is not a must anymore, it is certain that it continues operating. The weekly magazine was hijacked twice, it suffered serious complaints and it had to pay numerous fines for publishing humoristic content. However, none of these penalties occured along the time that Ángel García Pintado was its director, therefore it is relevant to record his bibliographic testimony. He is an alive memory of Franco's regime and provides us with information in first person that explains the way he developed a magazine model capable of creating critical jokes without being a censure target. A control which what he always was exposed and he can discuss with criteria because, not only he run Hermano Lobo, but also he engage in independent theatre with Tábano's group and wrote fourteen plays, forbidden most of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La vie théâtrale bucarestoise entre le 23 août 1944 et le 31 décembre 1947 se situe dans un contexte politique complexe, marqué par le passage de la dictature d’extrême droite à l’ascension de l’idéologie imposée par l’Union Soviétique. La deuxième partie de l’étude est dediée aux créations des artistes qui débutent pendant cette période en tant que metteurs en scène, tels que Moni Ghelerter, W. Siegfried, Alexandru Finți, Oleg Danovski, Dinu Negreanu, Mihai Raicu. Leur travail était très varié du point de vue stylistique, comme par exemple dans les représentations avec "La dernière heure" de M. Sebastian et "Oncle Vania" d’Anton Tchekhov (mise en scène par Moni Ghelerter), "La machine à écrire" de J. Cocteau (mise en scène par W. Siegfried), "La jeune garde" d’après Al. Fadeev, l’une des premières pièces soviétiques incluses dans le repertoire vers la fin des années 40 (mise en scène par Mihai Raicu). L’auteur analyse l’offensive de la propagande communiste et – en éclaircissant les circonstances dans lesquelles a été interdit en 1947 le spectacle "Arsenic et vieilles dentelles" de J. Kesselring – quelques apects de la censure qui commençait à s’installer.

The controversy of nudity is a problem lasting for ages. In European context it has started in the Christian era, which has implemented one of the first official censures of the nudity in a society, referring to the moral values. Portraying of the mythological scenes in art was tolerated, however not in a whole European region (e.g. Victorian Era). The method of portraiture was fundamentally changed by the rise of photographs. Portraying photograph is an imprint of the reality and the nude is an instant form of the naturalized representation of a human being. The exactness of portraying a human nudity in the image was controversial and it became a forbidden image which offends morally. The example of limits in photography was chosen the feminine nudes in Czech culture and to a medial discourse. During the 20th century the nude defended its own position in the sphere of honored art. The limits of portraing the nudes remain to a question of a line between the eroticism and the pornography in a public opinion. In the 90s of the 20th century from the point of view of a discourse it came to a considerable relief in a society and a state-controlled censorship was banned. However in the present-day the new trends of censorship keep appearing in a public space because of the local politics and corporations.

Resumen: Teresa de Jesús escribe para comunicar sus experiencias y conocimientos, y lo hace insistiendo en su condición de mujer no letrada, en su torpeza, en sus dudas. Su yo de escritora adquiere volumen, entidad con la imperfección que pregona, y así quita todas las barreras entre su palabra y sus destinatarias, las monjas, a las que incluso incluye en su relato. Y no solo a ellas, sino que también introduce en su texto a su censor, es decir al confesor a quien se lo da a leer para que elimine de él lo que considere oportuno. Su prosa es una escritura en libertad aunque dice que escribe por mandato; ella sabe muy bien que la censura inquisitorial la acecha. La estrategia de Teresa de Jesús para que su palabra escrita sobreviva forma parte de la espléndida originalidad de su obra. Su creación es palabra viva, fruto de la experiencia de una magistral escritora, que aprendió de la samaritana –una mujer– a transmitir a los demás lo que había descubierto. Résumé : Thérèse de Jésus écrit pour communiquer ses expériences et ses connaissances, et elle le fait en insistant sur sa condition de femme non lettrée, sur sa maladresse, sur ses doutes. Son je d’écrivaine prend corps et toute son entité avec l’imperfection qu’elle publie, et de cette façon elle ôte toutes les barrières entre ses mots et leurs destinataires, les religieuses; elle les introduit même dans son récit. Et non seulement celles-ci, mais Thérèse met aussi dedans de son texte son censeur, c’est-à-dire le confesseur à qui il sera donné à lire en lui disant qu’il peut éliminer ce qu’il considère nécessaire. Sa prose est une écriture en liberté malgré le fait qu’elle assure qu’elle écrit sous commandement: elle sait très bien que la censure de l’Inquisition guette ses œuvres. La stratégie de Thérèse de Jésus afin que ses écrits puissent survivre fait partie de la splendide originalité de sa création; cette dernière est parole vivante, fruit de l’expérience d’une écrivaine magistrale. La sainte apprit de la Samaritaine –une femme– à transmettre aux autres ce qu’elle avait découvert. Abstract: When Teresa de Jesús writes she does so in order to communicate her experiences and insights; she insists upon that fact that she is an illiterate woman, with all the clumsiness and doubts that accompany her condition. Her writer-self acquires volume and this entity, combined with a stately imperfection, results in the erasure of all barriers between her words and their recipients – the nuns – whom she goes as far as to include in her story. The nuns are not the only ones: Teresa de Jesús also introduces in the text her censor – that is to say, her confessor – to whom she gives it so that he can eliminate from the text anything he considers inappropriate. Her prose is written in liberty, but she says that she writes by force: Teresa de Jesús knows very well that inquisitorial censorship lurks behind every corner. Indeed, forming part of the splendid originality of her work is the writer’s strategy for making sure that her words would survive. Her creation is living word, fruit of the experience of a masterful writer who learned from the Samaritan – a woman – to transmit to the others what she had discovered.

Resumen: Con su Exposición sobre el primer Salmo de David, comúnmente conocida como el Beatus vir, sacada de sermones que había dado en la catedral de Sevilla, el humanista de origen converso Constantino de la Fuente se inscribía dentro de las corrientes humanísticas destinadas a comentar y darle todo su alcance al libro de los Salmos, en un sentido cercano al de los protestantes. Desarrollaba en su comentario determinados puntos de doctrina espinosos, usando de determinados procedimientos para poder difundirlos. Résumé : Avec son Commentaire du premier psaume de David, communément connu sous le titre Beatus Vir tiré de sermons lus dans la cathédrale et publié en 1546, le docteur Constantino de la Fuente s’inscrivait dans le prolongement de courants humanistes destinés à commenter le livre des Psaumes et lui rendre toute sa portée, dans une perspective très proche de celle des protestants. Il développait dans son commentaire certains points de doctrine épineux, utilisant des procédés spécifiques pour pouvoir diffuser ses doctrines. Abstract: When he published his Exposición sobre el primer Salmo de David, commonly known as the Beatus vir, taken from sermons he had given in the cathedral of Seville, the humanist with Jewish origins Constantino de la Fuente was inscribing his work in the wake of humanistic currents that intended to give full scope to the book of Psalms, in a perspective close to the Protestants sense. He developed in his work certain polemical points of doctrine, using specific rhetorical processes to propagate his conceptions.

Resumo: No século XVIII português, num contexto particular de apetência pela mística clássica e na ambiência propícia da clausura monástica, floresceu a vida e a opinião de virtude de Soror Maria Joana (1712-1754), aclamada mística a quem se atribuiu a messiânica predição do cataclismo que acometeria Lisboa em 1755. O conteúdo das cartas por ela escritas no quadro da confissão, e cujos originais se mantêm inéditos, serviu de esteio, uma vez adaptado, a edições destinadas a consagrar a sua fama de santidade. Com base na análise dos vários textos produzidos, propomo-nos sublinhar as suas particularidades narrativas e identificar as estratégias discursivas que substanciam a tentativa de ultrapassar o crivo institucional. Résumé : Au XVIIIème siècle portugais, dans un contexte particulier d’engouement pour la mystique classique et dans l’ambiance propice de la clôture monastique, s’épanouit la vie et l’opinion de vertu de Sœur Maria Joana (1712-1754), mystique acclamée à qui on attribua la prédiction messianique du cataclysme qui survint à Lisbonne en 1755. Le contenu des lettres qu’elle a écrites dans le cadre de la confession, et dont les originaux demeurent inédits, servit de support, une fois adapté, à des éditions destinées à consacrer sa réputation de sainteté. Sur la base de l’analyse de différents textes produits, nous nous proposons de souligner les particularités narratives et d’identifier les stratégies discursives qui sous-tendent la tentative de dépasser le crible institutionnel. Summary: In a particular context of the eighteenth century Portugal, characterized by the revaluation of classical mysticism, flourished the life and the opinion of virtue of Sister Maria Joana (1712-1754), acclaimed Poor Clare mystic to whom is attributed the premonition of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. The content of the letters she wrote to her confessor, which originals remain unpublished, served as a source for editions that aimed to consecrate her fame of holiness. Based on the analysis of the various texts produced, we intend to underline their narrative features and to identify their discursive strategies that reflect the attempt to overcome the institutional barriers.