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A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University during 2018-19 & 2019-20 to study the response of Cycocel in terms of growth characters, yield attributes and economics. In the present study, ten treatments were included i.e. 1. Cycocel spray @ 500 ppm at knee height stage (45 DAS), 2. Cycocel spray @ 500 ppm at booting stage (65 DAS), 3. Cycocel spray @ 1000 ppm at knee height stage (45 DAS), 4. Cycocel spray @ 1000 ppm at booting stage (65 DAS), 5. Cycocel spray @ 500 ppm both at knee height stage (45 DAS) and at booting stage (65 DAS), 6. Cycocel spray @ 1000 ppm both at knee height stage (45 DAS) and at booting stage (65 DAS), 7. Simple water spray at knee height stage (45 DAS), 8. Simple water spray at booting stage (65 DAS), 9. Simple water spray both at knee height stage (45 DAS) and at booting stage (65 DAS) and 10. Control. The treatments were evaluated in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The pooled results of the study revealed that Cycocel (CCC) spray @ 1000 ppm at knee height stage (45 DAS) and booting stage (65 DAS) record significantly lowest plant height (181.1 cm) and highest grain yields (2309 kg ha-1) of Rabi Sorghum. The gross monetary returns (Rs. 73868 ha 1), net returns (Rs. 48868 ha 1) and B:C ratio (1.94) were also significantly highest with Cycocel spray @ 1000 ppm at knee height stage (45 DAS) and booting stage (65 DAS).

Data aggregation is the process of efficiently collecting and transferring sensing data to a destination; it aids in the methodical and cautious utilization of sensor network resources. In the same way, when opening aggregated data that is free of noise and errors, the accuracy and efficiency of the data received improve. For this to happen, the data must flow to the destination in the most precise manner and in the shortest possible time by understanding the area's circumstances and addressing the immediate demands of the site where the sensors are positioned. This necessitates precise algorithms that eliminate errors and noise in the sense of data before aggregating it. The network used the ACNM technique – accurate data aggregation created by neural networks and data classification processed through machine learning in wireless sensor networks. We employ machine learning as part of artificial intelligence that learns from data. Following that, it can detect errors and noise in that Data in stages, reduce them, process them in a neural network model, and finally aggregate them to deliver the most accurate data to the destination. When data was provided using this ACNM protocol, the results showed that it arrived at its destination with the least delay.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) were increasing developing enthusiasm for as a long way returned as years; WSN assignments of a Every sensor network incorporates gazing and estimating sure marvels, as well as turning in collected data. Sensor network require applying distinctive strategies utilized in stressed out and wireless network. Simulation tool for wireless sensor system are steadily being utilized to contemplate sensor networks and to check new programs and Protocols in this developing research field. It is valuable to researcher to verify new though and dissect with proposed algorithm in virtual environment and assist to keep away from expensive hardware usage and time utilization too. This paper gives a whole overview and comparisons of various wireless sensor network simulators with the intention to help researchers with choosing the best simulator on hand for a selected application environment.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) within the zone time regulate to greater enticing and develop their manner into massive variance of exercise in distinctive domains. Elevation in wireless sensor network technology provide the affability of small and low cost sensor nodes with the adequacy of sensing, processing, computing the physical and surroundings circumstances. Due to inhibition in transmission range, processing and power resources it is considered necessary to design awesome and energy aware protocol to increase network lifetime. Routing strategies are developing to boom life cycle of sensor network and increase throughput performance. This paper gives, an analysis of various routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks in addition importance of cluster based routing, and varieties of cluster, type of cluster based routing are discussed. The observe concludes with the issues and the resent researchers on cluster based routing.

Spray rate is rather a little-explored critical parameter in chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP). But interestingly it strongly influences formation and properties of the films. Hence in the present work, we report results of systematic analysis of changes in structural, electrical, optical, morphological and compositional properties of sprayed SnO2 films due to controlled variation in spray rate. We have observed two order enhancement in carrier concentration and conductivity and a two fold increase in charge mobility with increase in spray rate alone. Increase in carrier concentration with spray rate is also evident from the observed decrease in transmittance in IR region due to the increase in free carrier absorption. Analysis of the films using X-ray photo electron spectroscopy revealed increase in metal to oxygen ratio and reduction in unwanted oxygen species with spray rate.

Explosive clads of mild steel (MS) and Ti Grade 2 have been fabricated using different explosive load ratios (R) of 1.07, 2.01 and 3. Interface microstructure, microhardness variation and bond strength of the MS/Ti clad joints were studied as a function of R. A sinusoidal wavy interface of uniform wavelength and amplitude was observed in clads fabricated with R = 1.07, which degraded as the value of R exceeded 2, and was used to select low R values for further fabrication. The presence of martensite and metastable fcc Ti phases in MS and Ti plates respectively has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microchemical characterization by electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and JMatPro® simulations showed coexistence of intermetallic Fe2Ti and TiC phases at the vortex regions of the wavy interface. The formation of Fe2Ti phase was also confirmed by TEM investigations, although isolated at the vortices of the wavy interface, and hence exert only a minor influence on the bond strength of the ‘as clads’. Based on the detailed analysis of interface microstructure and interface bond strength predicted by JMatPro® simulations, the post clad heat treatments for MS/Ti explosive joints have been optimized. Keywords: Mild steel, Titanium, Explosive cladding, Electron microscopy, JMatPro® simulations, Post-clad heat treatments

A soft magnetic alloy, Ni51Fe36Co13 is used as the sensor in temperature sensitive magnetic switch circuit of diverse safety rod drive mechanism of advanced fast breeder reactors. In the present work the magnetic and thermodynamic properties of this indigenously developed soft ferromagnetic alloy were measured using variety of experimental techniques. The alloy has a single phase face centered cubic structure from room temperature up to 1273 K with the Curie transition at 898 ± 1 K. Temperature dependent enthalpy increment, dilatation and thermal diffusivity were measured from 298 to 1273 K and the corresponding values for isobaric heat capacity, coefficient of linear thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were determined. In addition, dynamic elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio were also estimated using impulse excitation technique. In the course of evaluation of thermodynamic properties, contribution due to magnetic ordering was treated separately using the Calphad approach to indicate the magneto-volume and magneto-caloric effect. To understand the low temperature behavior, calculations based on quasi harmonic theory were carried out using measured thermodynamic quantities. Based on the study, it is observed that magnetic ordering has significant effect on the thermodynamic properties of Ni51Fe36Co13 ferromagnetic alloy.

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been employed for analyzing defect levels in near stoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films deposited using chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. An emission at 0.797 eV could be recorded at 15 K from the near stoichiometric CZTS thin films. This emission was persistent up to room temperature and could be identified as “donor to acceptor pair (DAP)” transition and also bears close connection with concentration of copper. Using temperature as well as excitation power dependent PL measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile analysis, the emission at 0.797 eV could be identified as arising from transition between donor level (due to OSn defect) and acceptor level (created by Cuzn defect).

Cu2ZnSnS4/In2S3 thin film solar cell was prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis. Influence of variation in copper concentration in precursor solution on the properties of CZTS thin films was monitored. Concentration of copper was found to have essential role in adjusting composition and crystallinity of CZTS thin films. Junction was fabricated using CZTS as absorber layer and spray pyrolysed In2S3 as buffer layer. Two sets of devices were prepared, one by varying copper concentration and the other by varying tin concentration in the precursor solution for the deposition of CZTS thin films. For both sets, In2S3 thin films were deposited as buffer layer and Ag electrodes were used for taking contacts. All the performance parameters were found to have dependence on the concentration of Cu and Sn. For getting maximum conversion efficiency, the sprayed CZTS absorber layer should have elemental ratio of Cu:Zn:Sn:S=2.5:1:0.7:12 in the precursor solution. Maximum efficiency obtained was 1.85 %.

Dissimilar joints of 304L austenitic stainless steel (SS) and Ti–5Ta–2Nb alloy were fabricated using explosive cladding process with an aim to avoid the formation of brittle intermetallic phases at the interface. Subsequently, diffusion annealing heat treatments were carried out at temperatures in the range of 550–800 °C for various durations. In the present study, concentration and temperature dependence of the distinct diffusion zones, formed at the clad interface, due to interdiffusion of the alloying elements, have been established using Electron Probe Micro Analysis and imaging of the interface. Molar volume showed a close match with the ideal Vegard’s law at low temperatures while a non-linear negative deviation has been observed at high temperatures (800 °C) due to the formation of secondary phases such as FeTi, Fe2Ti and βTi(Fe) phases. Interdiffusion parameters evaluated by Wagner’s method showed sluggish diffusion kinetics of Fe and Ti at concentration corresponding to a two phase mixture of FeTi and Fe2Ti. Further, an attempt has been made to understand multicomponent diffusion using Dayananda’s approach and estimation of effective interdiffusion coefficients revealed ~22 µm shift of the interface from Matano plane at 800 °C.

Explosive clad joints of 304L SS and Ti-5Ta-2Nb alloy, fabricated for an important application in the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing industry showed formation of deformation induced metastable α′ martensite and fcc Ti phase in SS and TiTaNb alloy respectively. A biphasic structure consisting of metastable phases is not preferred for industrial applications due to degradation of corrosion and mechanical properties of the structural materials during service. Hence, it is essential to carry out post cladding heat treatments. The results reported in this paper provide evidence for the presence of α′ phase in 304L SS in ‘as clad’ joints and its reversion process during thermal exposure. The temperature window in the range of 400-700 °C and time was optimized based on complete transformation of the metastable phases to parent phases, and avoiding the formation of brittle Fe-Ti intermetallics at the interface. A systematic increase in the fraction of austenite phase associated with the reversion phenomena has been studied using electron back scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Orientation relationship between product fcc and parent bcc phases was found to obey the K-S relationship. The reverted γ phase was found to nucleate within the martensite laths. A temperature of 550 °C for duration of about 10 h was found to be optimum for the post cladding treatments of the explosive clad joints.

Photothermal techniques rely on light induced heating mechanisms to evaluate various optical, thermal and electronic properties of materials. In this work, photothermal beam deflection technique is employed to investigate non-radiative transitions occurring within the conduction band and defect bands of β-In2S3 thin films. Heat generation from β-In2S3 thin films is triggered using laser beams of wavelength 488, 532 and 632 nm. A probe laser beam of wavelength 546 nm is used to measure the heat generation and distribution in the samples. Thermal diffusivity (D th ), electronic carrier mobility (μ), lifetime $$\left( \tau \right)$$ and surface recombination velocity (V sr ) are measured by fitting the theoretical and experimental photothermal response. The photothermal response and transport properties of the β-In2S3 thin films with varying percentage of chlorine as dopant is studied to understand the role of chlorine. The presence of chlorine in these films have increased the electronic mobilty and carrier lifetime by an order of 10 by passivation of surface defects.

The nucleation control and separation of mono and ortho polymorphs of the important pharmaceutical solid paracetamol were carried out through a crystallization process in gel media for the first time. Crystallization of mono and ortho polymorphic forms of paracetamol was achieved by optimizing the experimental parameters such as the specific gravity, pH, height of the gel column and solute concentration at ambient temperature. The optimized experimental conditions favor the generation of necessary supersaturation responsible for the nucleation of preferred polymorph at different levels in the gel column and also endure the stability of the grown orthorhombic polymorphs at ambient conditions. Accordingly the needle like metastable orthorhombic polymorph nucleates at the top portion of the gel column whereas the prismatic stable monoclinic polymorph nucleates mostly at the bottom level. Morphology of the nucleated polymorphs was analyzed and their crystalline structures were confirmed by PXRD. FTIR analysis revealed the shifting of absorption peaks of few functional groups corresponding to both the polymorphs due to the difference in their structural nature. DSC analysis revealed that the grown ortho polymorph form II transforms to mono form I at 89.47°C while the grown mono form I retains its phase until melting.

This paper presents the results of an experimental and computational study on interdiffusion and related structure-property changes in 304 L stainless steel/Ti–5Ta–2Nb system. Diffusion annealing treatments were carried out in the temperature range of 873–1173 K, above and below the β transus temperature of Ti. The formation of σ, FeTi and Fe2Ti phases at the interface as well as stabilization of α-Fe and β-Ti in 304 L SS and TiTaNb respectively has been unambiguously established in this study. Growth kinetics of the reaction zones has been determined and effective interdiffusion coefficients in various phases were calculated using Wagner's approach. Temperature dependant variations in the mechanical property of the base materials and diffusion couples have also been predicted using JMatPro® and compared with literature. Finally, the evolution of microstructure at the interface and diffusion path in the diffusion couples were compared with SS/Ti based diffusion bonded joints and explosive clads to understand the interdiffusion behavior under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.

This paper presents the results of an experimental and modelling study to determine the thermophysical properties of α and σ phases in Fe55Cr45 (wt%) alloy. A comprehensive analytical model was used to predict the temperature dependent variation of enthalpy and specific heat, which are compared with experimental results. σ phase was synthesized from homogenized α alloy through heat treatment at 973 K for 300 h. Analysis of high temperature phase stability showed a magnetic transformation for α phase at 831 K and σ→α structural transformation for sigma phase at 1120 K with an enthalpy of 2.6 ± 0.2 kJ mol−1. Room temperature linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) for α and σ phases were obtained as 7.39 × 10−6 and 15.03 × 10−6 K-1 respectively. While the α phase exhibited an increase of 118% in CTE up to 1000 K, only 1.7% increase was observed for σ phase. Room temperature thermal conductivity for σ was much lower (3.1 W m−1 K−1) than that of the α phase (16.22 W m−1 K−1). The systematic experimental investigations carried out in the present study, established that formation of σ has an adverse effect on the heat transport properties of structural steels and their welds.