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In this study, two types of cryogenic treatment [deep cryogenic treatment (−196 °C) and shallow cryogenic treatment (−80 °C)] were used to increase wear resistance in AISI 440C bearing steel. Out focus was to find a way to increase wear resistance via deep microstructural analyses, and also to correlate the microstructure with the wear characteristics of specimens subjected to deep cryogenic treatment, conventional heat treatment, or shallow cryogenic treatment. Microstructural examinations of the specimens were performed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, and X-ray diffraction to study the wear characteristics of AISI 440C bearing steel. The results show that the specimens subjected to deep cryogenic treatment have greater wear resistance than the specimens subjected to shallow cryogenic or conventional heat treatment. The wear mechanisms included the formation and delamination of white layers. The microstructure of the steel was altered by the heat treatment process: the precipitation characteristics of the secondary carbides were modified and the levels of retained austenite were reduced, which correlated with the wear characteristics, and were identified as the potential mechanisms behind the increased wear resistance of the bearing steels due to the deep cryogenic treatment.

Banana fiber is naturally available fiber material in enormous amount which is having good mechanical properties. We can utilize those properties in mechanical field by making highly demanded hybrid composite materials. This work carries the investigation of the Hybrid composite material which is prepared by reinforcing S2 glass fiber, banana fiber using Epoxy resin and hardener. Two different samples are prepared, one of the sample is prepared with treating the banana fiber with NaOH solution and another sample were fabricated without chemical treatment, fabrication is carried out by hand layup technique. The sample is prepared by layer formation and by distributing uniform constant load. Finally, fabricated samples are tested in tensile and flexural strength as per ASTM standards to compare the property of two samples. Finally, the results proved that NaOH treated sample exhibit high tensile strength and high flexural strength. The morphological analysis of SEM images shows that NaOH treated composites have well fined bonding structure and can be used for Engineering Applications.

The composite materials are more beneficial when compared to the conventional materials of (iron, steel etc.) because of their light weight, good fatigue performance and increased life of the materials. All industries are concentrating on new materials, which will be strong enough, less weight, recyclable, reduced cost, non-abrasive, ecofriendly and bio degradable for them the best alternative is the composite material. It is highly used in the area of automobile body parts, heat resistant clothes, bullet-proofing, marine application and civil structures etc. In this paper we are investigated Kevlar synthetic fiber with other reinforcement and this composite material are used for light weight and Marine applications., {"references":["Rajesh S., Ramnath B.V., Elanchezhian C., M. et al. Investigation of Tensile Behavior of Kevlar Composite. Science Direct, Materials today. ISSN: 2214-7853, Proceedings 5 2018, 1156-1161p","Gautam G., Norkey G. Mechanical Characterization of Kevlar-29 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite. ELK Asia Pacific Journals – 978-93-85537-06-6 Arimple – 2017","Bhanupratap R., Chittappa H.C. Study of tensile behavior by variation of Kevlar to the jute fiber epoxy hybrid composites. IJERT. June 2017, 6(6). ISSN: 2278-0181","Gangil B., Kumar S., Bhandari A. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. December 2016, 7(12), 248. ISSN 2229-5518","Kanitkar Y.M., Kulkarni A.P., Wangikar K.S. Investigation of flexural properties of glass-kevlar hybrid composite. EJERS. July 2016, 1(1","Rajesh S., Ramnath B.V. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2015, 10(8). ISSN 0973-4562","Hossain M., Khan M.A., Khan R.A. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and RenewableEnergy. 26-29 November, 2015, Chittagong, Bangladesh","Shaaria N., Jumahata A., Khafiz M., Razifa M. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 2015, 76(3), 93–99p","Patil S.S., Praveen B.A. Fabrication and characterization of Kevlar/jute reinforced epoxy. IRJET. Sep-2017, 4(7). e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072","Mohiuddin F. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of Kevlar fiber. IRJET. July-2017, 4(7). ISSN:2395-0056"]}

Introduction: Prehension, the ability to grasp, hold and manipulate objects is an important hand function. Impairment in hand function makes it difficult to fulfill activities of daily living. Objectives: To assess the effect of forced use therapy (FUT) in improving hand function of hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Outcome measures: Modified Ashworth scale, Fegl Meyer assessment upper extremity, 9-hole peg board, upper extremity functional index and caregiver functional use survey are the outcome measures. Method: Fifty two children with cerebral palsy were divided into 2 groups A and B, 26 subjects in each group. Group A was given conventional hand function exercise whilst group B was given forced hand use therapy. Both groups received the treatment for 45 minutes for the affected limb for 5 days a week. But the FUT group was administered with gloves to constraint the hand movement for 6 hours daily. They were administered with the protocol for 4 weeks and outcomes were measured pre- and post-treatment duration. Results: FUT showed significantly better improvement over the conventional group in outcome measures (p Conclusions: FUT caused reduction in spasticity and increased functional ability in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2020; 49(4): 335-340

The present work is focused on friction stir welding and friction stir processing of dissimilar alloys due to its emerging technique applied in the wide area of applications viz., aviation, ship building, defence industries etc. In recent years, the novel solid-state joining techniques viz., friction stir welding and friction stir processing are applied in joining of dissimilar alloys even though there is the difference in mechanical properties and chemical composition of the alloys. Due its eco-friendly, versatile and energy-efficient process, these are implemented to reduce the harmful effects and formation of defects in joining of dissimilar alloys compared to the fusion welding techniques. The specially designed non-consumable rotating tools are used in joining process by generating frictional heat between the tool surface and alloys to produce the sound welds. This work discusses the status, opportunities and challenges of above processes in joining of dissimilar alloys, viz., aluminium, steels, titanium etc.

The present study is focused on development of sugarcane harvester with less manufacturing cost. Now-a-days, the fast production of agriculture product is needed even though the labour demand increased. In this work, the portable sugarcane harvesting machine is designed instead of manual machine which can cut the two sides from the upper and lower portion of sugarcane. The height of the upper blade is adjustable which is completely with electrical motor. This machine will reduce the harvesting time and labour fatigue efforts with increased productivity to all class farmers. Comparing with manual harvesting only 10% of labour is required for entire operation. Also, it reduces the labour cost with faster process. The machine is used by maximum number of farmers and overcome the labour shortage problem with increased productivity. This work is designed for two important sustainable development goal which are responsible and consumption production industry innovation and infrastructure.

When natural fibers are bonded together with synthetic material, they exhibit increased mechanical properties which are environment friendly and of low cost. The application of natural fibers as a substitute for chemical fibers draws great interest due to its less weight, lower raw material price, and ecological benefits of using green resources which are biodegradable and renewable. By combining these natural fibers in different compositions, the above-mentioned properties can be enhanced. In this investigation the natural material of goat woolen fiber, hen feather fiber, human hair fiber and synthetic aramid material of Kevlar 29 (K-29) are reinforced with Epoxy resin by hand layup technique and three samples are prepared at various combination. To distribute uniform pressure on sandwiched layers a method called Compression Molding is followed. Tensile strength, flexural strength is performed as per ASTM standard. In addition to this Water Immersion test is also carried out to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions. Bonding layers and structure characterized by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). The result proved that composite material is enhanced good mechanical properties and very less water absorption. It is used for light weight and for enormous applications in engineering industries and for lining materials of marine environment.

Introduction: Trunk control is one of the impairments in spastic hemiplegics which affects the balance in cerebral palsy children. Trunk balance is a pre-requisite for upper limb function. By improving trunk control, the balance increases, helping the child to be functionally independent. Objectives: To improve trunk control and balance in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children by Swiss ball training. Method: Thirty subjects were included in the study after obtaining informed consent from their parents and they were separated into two groups. One group was given conventional training and the other group was given Swiss ball training for 30 minutes, 4 times weekly for 6 weeks. Gross Motor Functional Measure (GMFM-88) scale was utilized for assessment of trunk balance and Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS) for assessment of functional balance.Paired t-test was used to analyse the effect of trunk control and balance functions Results: The post-test mean values of all the variables of Swiss ball training group were significantly improved compared to those of the conventional group (p Conclusions: The study shows that Swiss ball training improves trunk control and balance in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2019; 48(4): 300-304

Lean manufacturing initiative is being followed by various organizations in the recent years which mainly focuses on improving the efficiency of operations by eliminating and reducing wastes. This paper aimed to explain the implementation of lean manufacturing techniques in the crankshaft manufacturing system at an automotive manufacturing plant located in south India.. A multi criteria decision making model, analytical hierarchy process is applied to analyze the decision making process in the manufacturing system. The objective of the case industry was to increase the export sales. Lean manufacturing system was selected to meet the company“s quality, cost and delivery targets. Crankshaft was manufactured in a single piece flow system with the low cost machines developed indigenously and the results are that the crankshafts have passed the testing, validation and approval by the customer to produce any variant in the company. After implementing lean manufacturing system, the manufacturing lead time reduced by forty percent, defects were reduced, higher process capability achieved, quick response to the customer demand in small lots were achieved.

The basic principle of Friction stir welding (FSW) is heating the metal to a temperature below the re-crystallization temperature thus reducing the welding crack such as porosity band hot crack with are commonly formed in the conventional welding method due to alloy's low crystallization temperature and high heat dissipation nature. The quality of friction welding is good when compared to other fusion welding technique. The main influence parameter in FSW is rotational speed welding traversing speed and pressure applied against the joint. AA6061 and AA8011 aluminium alloy has high strength to weight ratio. They have main application in the field of marine, aerospace and automobiles. As it is difficult to perform number of experiments to find out the level combinations which yield good mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength and hardness number, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used to reduce the number of experiment. The material is bought and are cut into specific material and polished. They are then welded based on the different experiment obtained from Taguchi method. After welding is done the metals are cut as per the specific standard. The results are then analyzed by using ANOVA statistical tools. ANOVA table clearly shows the percentage of contribution of each factors can be determined. The best welding quality is found out by comparing the result obtained from tensile testing, impact testing and by micro-hardness testing. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique was used to examine the quality of surface texture.

The interest of realizing cryogenic treatment on various materials has been increased recently. The dimensional stability of Shallow Cryogenic Treated (SCT) and Deep Cryogenic Treated (DCT) AISI 440C bearing steel compassion with Conventionally Heat Treated (CHT) have been investigated in this paper. Thermo mechanical analysis is carried out using a dilatometer. The temperature of the CHT, SCT and DCT specimens were increased upto 810 oC (1083k) with a constant rate of 5oC/min from atmospheric temperature. By using Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) the change in length of the specimens during the experiment is measured. By using these data, Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (α) has been found for all the specimens, and DCT specimen has 8.7% lower than SCT and 14% lower than CHT specimen.

Present technology development in the area of materials replaces the conventional materials used in automobile and aerospace sector by composite materials due their less weight and bio degradability. This paper aims to fabricate and investigate the mechanical properties of abaca-raffia hybrid composite fabricated by hand layup process. Since, abaca fiber has more strength than other fibers like kenaf, banana and sisal, the composite with this fiber can be suitable replacement material for automotive applications.The properties like double shear and hardnessare evaluated andthe result shows that the double shear properties and hardness of the hybrid composites [GFRP+Abaca+Raffia] is higher than other two combinations. The internal microstructure of the hybrid composites were analysed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Article history: Received 1 June 2010 Received in revised form 10 September 2010 Accepted 15 September 2010 Available online 17 September 2010 With globalization, sweeping technological development, and increasing competition, customers are placing greater demands on manufacturers to increase quality, flexibility, on time delivery of product and less cost. Therefore, manufacturers must develop and maintain a high degree of coherence among competitive priorities, order winning criteria and improvement activities. Thus, the production managers are making an attempt to transform their organization by adopting familiar and beneficial management philosophies like cellular manufacturing (CM), lean manufacturing (LM), green manufacturing (GM), total quality management (TQM), agile manufacturing (AM), and just in time manufacturing (JIT). The main objective of this paper is to propose an optimal assembly method for an engine manufacturer’s assembly line in India. Currently, the Indian manufacturer is following traditional assembly method where the raw materials for assembly are kept along the sideways of conveyor line. It consumes more floor space, more work in process inventory, more operator's walking time and more operator's walking distance per day. In order to reduce the above mentioned wastes, lean kitting assembly is suggested by some managers. Another group of managers suggest JIT assembly as it consumes very less inventory cost compared to other types of assembly processes. Hence, a Multi-attribute decision making model namely analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to analyse the alternative assembly methods based on various important factors. © 2010 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A supply chain is a network of departments, which is involved in the manufacture of a product from the procurement of raw materials to the distribution of the final products to the customer. The term supply chain is already invoked effervescence among the managerial community. The purchasing function has gained importance in the supply chain management due to factors such as globalization, increased value addition in supply and accelerated technology change. A key and perhaps the most important process of the purchasing function is the efficient selection of suppliers, because it brings significant savings for the organization. In general, the supplier selection criteria most commonly used by the industries are quality, delivery and price. Also, depending on the corporate environment of the industries, the importance of the performance measure can vary. In this work a versatile technique namely multi criteria decision making (MCDM) technique which involves the analytical network process (ANP) and technique for order performance by similarity to idea solution (TOPSIS) method has been used to select the best vendor. Analytical Network Process and TOPSIS method are powerful decision making processes which help people to set priorities on parameters that are to be considered by reducing complex decision to a series of one-to-one comparisons, thereby synthesizing the result When any vendor for a particular item make changes for the parameters like price, quality etc to improve his performance or has improved abilities in managing supply chain by providing better delivery to his customer, the whole hierarchy process for arriving the ranking of vendors is to be performed again for finding out the best vendor. Now it is felt that a standard automated procedure which could perform the above processing task is essential. So, standard software was developed in a suitable platform such as VB, .NET and MS access that could meet the current requirement. This package can be executed several numbers of times with changing input parameters values thus serving the purpose.

The recently developed innovative joining process, Friction stir welding (FSW) is connected to make the best quality of strength and hardness of the welded joints. The lightweight nonferrous materials are focused on aircraft hydraulic systems, fuel tank and transportation ventures due to its high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. The joining of aluminum alloys is extremely troublesome in the conventional fusion welding process because of its cementing shrinkage, hot breaking, scatter, fumes and residual stresses. The friction stir processing is connected to enhance the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints by the addition of Nanoparticles viz., SiC and AkO3. The investigation was made on the microstructural analysis of the similar and dissimilar friction stir welded and processed AA 8011-H24 and AA 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints by Scanning Electron Microscope and the presence of alloying elements in the welded region was found by Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy.

A multi response optimization of friction stir welding parameters in dissimilar alloys using Taguchi based Grey relational analysis was studied in this investigation. The dissimilar nonferrous AA8011-H24 aluminium alloys and Ti3Al2.5V titanium alloys were friction stir welded under different process parameters, viz., rotational speed, tool pin profiles and welding speed on tensile strength, tensile elongation and joint efficiency have been optimized by applying multi response analysis. The grey relational grade is attained which correlates between the friction stir welding parameters and responses and the optimum level of welding parameters have been determined by grey analysis. The rotational speed is the most significant contributing parameter to decide the good quality of the welded joints followed welding speed and the tool pin profiles was found using analysis of variance. The confirmation test results showed that the grey relational grade was improved 0.059 with the predicted responses at the optimal conditions.

The weight reduction and fuel economy are gaining importance in marine, defence and transportation industries to get the quality of the welded joints. The problems in fusion welding of aluminium alloys such as solidification shrinkage, hot cracking and residual stresses which degrade the strength of the welded joints. The innovative green joining technology, friction stir welding (FSW) process was implemented in addition to nanoparticles such as Al2O3 and SiC in similar and dissimilar aluminium alloys. In this work, the study was done on the effects of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) parameters on microhardness and tensile properties of AA5083-H321 and AA8011-H24 dissimilar aluminium alloy joints. The tensile test was conducted to evaluate the tensile properties of the welded joints. The Vickers microhardness test was carried out to examine the quality of the welded joints. It was observed that the similar AA8011 aluminium alloy combination with nanoparticle Al2O3 has maximum tensile properties and microhardness compared to other combination of joints.

All Metal Matrix Composites are new materials which is a combination of molten metal called matrix and strengthening particles called reinforcement. This paper reveals the reinforcement of Zircon sand and fly ash with Aluminium alloy (LM6) with a specific ratio using stir casting technique to fabricate MMC. Here, Mechanical property namely tensile strength, hardness and Flexural strength are evaluated along with the Wear Analysis in Pin-on-Disc Apparatus under Abrasive Wear condition. The result shows that sample 4 has highest tensile strength of 170 MPa with hardness value of 57 HB. Also, the sample exhibited more wear resistance than other samples.

The success of an industry depends on its product‟s quality, cost and delivery time. So, now a days all manufacturers are trying to implement new manufacturing methods for their production process. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find the suitability of new assembly method known as Lean Kitting assembly for a leading two wheeler manufacturer in India. Lean Kitting means supplying assembly station with kit of components. Even though lot of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) models like AHP, ANP and PVA are available, a Fuzzy Based Simulation (FBS) model is necessary to assure the suitability by considering important factors and simulate the factors with data given by the experts in those fields. This paper mainly focused on the modeling of a „Fuzzy Based Simulation‟ for finding the suitability of the Lean Kitting system by considering the following important factors: Work In Process inventory, Floor space required, operator walking distance.

Natural fiber reinforced composites is an emerging area in polymer science. These natural fibers are low cost fibers with low density and high specific properties. In this paper, hybrid composite is fabricated with basalt fibre as a major constituents and glass fibre reinforced polymer as are in forcing agent. The method used for manufacturing the composite is handlay method in which all the operations are done manually at room temperature. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of surface modifications and also the mechanical properties, including shear and impact strengths of composite fibre. Variations in mechanical properties such as the impact strength of various specimens were calculated using a computer-assisted universal testing machine and an Izod Impact testing machine.

Metal matrix composites (MMC) are the combination of two or more dissimilar base metals which in turn gives new metal. Composites have better properties than their base material. Nowadays, composites play the major role in manufacturing industries especially in automotive industry. This paper reveals the reinforcement of Aluminium alloy (6061) with Silicon Carbide and Copper in different ratios to produce new composite using stir casting technique in normal atmospheric temperature. In this work, mechanical behavior of the composite namely tensile strength, hardness and Flexural strength were evaluated. It was observed that sample 2 shows highest tensile strength of 155 MPa with hardness 73. The result shows that the hybrid composite had better mechanical property.

The usage of high performance polymeric composites is a valuable alternative to conventional materials due to their high mechanical properties, stiffness to weight ratio and damage tolerance. The Mechanical property of epoxy matrices can be influenced by modifying the molecular architecture and structure, thereby increasing the crosslink density to generate high stiffness and strength. In many of these practical situations, the structures are prone to high impact loads. Material and structural response vary significantly under impact loading conditions. This paper deals with the fabrication and investigation of fiber composites and compares it with GFRP and CFRP used separately. Mechanical behaviour of the composite is obtained by testing the composite laminates for tensile (at varying strain rates and temperatures), flexural (at varying strain rates) and impact. The composite is manufactured by hand layup process. It is found that the CFRP composite has better properties than the GFRP in tensile and flexural. The internal structure of the composite is observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the fractures, voids and fiber delaminating are analyzed.

Nowadays, polymer matrix composite plays a vital role in industries namely automotive, aerospace and marine. This paper involves the fabrication of epoxy and polyester resin composites using aluminium oxide, silicon carbide with different proportion of Al 2 O 3 and SiC along with GFRP. A mixing unit has been fabricated for making reinforcement mixtures. Mechanical testing like tensile, impact hardness shear bi axial are conducted in order to know the properties of fabricated composites. The result shows that composites with epoxy resin shows higher strength as compared to composites with polyester resin.