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Background: Leiomyoma is the commonest benign smooth muscle tumor of uterus. It also occur in other organs like gall bladder,skin, gasterointestinal tract etc. Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant counter part of leiomyoma.Objective: To see the frequency of histopathological variants of leiomyomas in uterine specimens in Southern District ofKhyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Bannu Medical College Bannu incollaboration with Government and Private Hospitals of the Southern District of KPK. The duration of study was seven years fromJanuary 2011 to December 2017. A total of 210 specimen of leiomyoma were included in this study. Inclusion criteria was allbiopsies of uterine leiomyomas of any age. Exclusion criteria wa autolysed and insufficient biopsy specimen. All biopsies werefixed over night in 10% buffered formalin, processed for histopathological slides preparation. Finally slides were prepared, labeledand reported by Histopathologist. . All the data was analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 forfrequency with percentages and mean with standard deviation.Results: In this study of 210 leiomyoma cases, the age range was from 25- 65 years. The commonest age group was 36-45 yearsfollowed by 25-35 years. The frequency of leiomyoma was 21.5% amongst the total uterine biopsy specimen. Histologically theusual leiomyoma was comprising of 176(83.80%) followed by hyalinised leiomyoma 11 (5.23%), myxoid leiomyoma 09(4.28%),lipoleiomyoma 05 (2.38%), cellular leiomyoma 04 (1.90%), shwannian leiomyoma 03 (1.42%) and one each of symplastic andangioleiomyoma 01(0.47%).Conclusin: Leiomyoma which is the commonest benign smooth muscle tumor of uterus have a number of histological variants. Inthis study usuall leiomyoma was the commonest variant followed by hyalinized leiomyoma, myxoid leiomyoma and lipoleiomyoma.It is important to separate various types of leiomyoma on histology to avoid confusion of misdiagnosis.Key WordsS: Histopathology. Fibroids. Leiomyoma variants. Hysterectomy. Myomectomy.

Tuberculosis (TB) classified as one of the most fatal contagious diseases is of prime concern globally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent that ingresses within the host cells. The approved conventional regimen, though the only viable option available, is unfavorably impacting the quality of life of the affected individual. Despite newer antibiotics gaining light, there is an unending demand for more therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, substantial continuous endeavors are been undertaken to come up with novel strategies to curb the disease, the stepping stone being nanotechnology. This approach is instrumental in overcoming the anomalies associated with conventional therapy owing to their intriguing attributes and leads to optimization of the therapeutic effect to a certain extent. This review focusses on the different types of nanocarrier systems that are being currently explored by the researchers for the delivery of anti-tubercular drugs, the outcomes achieved by them, and their prospects. Graphical abstract.

Objective: This study aimed to see the clinical presentation and histological pattern of various head and neck lesions.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Bannu Medical College in association with the Department of Surgery and ENT, Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital, Bannu. A total of 184 cases of head and neck lesions biopsy were subjected to histopathological diagnosis. Patients' age, gender, anatomical location, and other relevant necessary clinical findings were recorded on an already designed proforma. All biopsies were received in 10% buffered formalin, fixed overnight, and processed for histopathological examination and diagnosis. Inclusion criteria were patients with head and neck lesions including skin, salivary gland, lymph node, and oral cavity of any age and gender. Exclusion criteria were thyroid, nasal cavity lesions, autolysed, and insufficient biopsy specimen. Results: In this study, the mean age was 28.58 ± 17.34 years, and the age range was from 10 to 80 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. The most common age group was 36-45 years followed by 46-55 years and 26-35 years etc. The most common inflammatory lesion was granulomatous lymphadenitis 14.67% followed by reactive lymphoid hyperplasia 9.23%. Common benign lesions were pleomorphic adenoma 5.97% followed by lipoma and hemangioma 3.80% and 3.26% respectively. Amongst malignant lesions basal cell carcinoma 23.91% of the face was the commonest lesion followed by squamous cell carcinoma 22.28% of the oral cavity. Conclusion: This study show spectrum of lesions from inflammatory to benign and malignant, occurring in the head and neck region. Malignant lesions are more common as compared to benign and inflammatory lesions, basal cell carcinoma of the skin is the commonest malignant lesion followed by squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and oral cavity.

Objective.The aim of the present study was to improve bioavailability of an important antiretroviral drug, Darunavir (DRV), which has low water solubility and poor intestinal absorption through solid dispersion (SD) approach incorporating polymer with P-glycoprotein inhibitory potential.Methods.A statistical approach where design of experiment (DoE) was used to prepare SD of DRV with incorporation of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Using DoE, different methods of preparation, like melt, solvent evaporation, and spray drying method, utilizing carriers like Kolliphor TPGS and Soluplus were evaluated. The optimized SD was characterized by DSC, FTIR, XRD, and SEM and further evaluated for enhancement in absorption using everted gut sac model, effect of food on absorption of DRV, andin vivoprospect.Results and Discussion.DSC, FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the amorphicity of drug in SD. Oral bioavailability studies revealed better absorption of DRV when given with food. Absorption studies andin vivostudy findings demonstrated great potential of Kolliphor TPGS as P-glycoprotein inhibitor for increasing intestinal absorption and thus bioavailability of DRV.Conclusion.It is concluded that SD of DRV with the incorporation of Kolliphor TPGS was potential and promising approach in increasing bioavailability of DRV as well as minimizing its extrusion via P-glycoprotein efflux transporters.

Terbinafine hydrochloride, although one of the prominent antifungal agents, suffers from low drug permeation owing to its hydrophobic nature. The approach of nanosponge formulation may thus help to resolve this concern. Thus, the present research was envisioned to fabricate the nanosponge hydrogel of terbinafine hydrochloride for topical delivery since nanosponge augments the skin retentivity of the drug. The optimized formulation was obtained using Box Behnken Design. The dependent and independent process parameters were also determined wherein polyvinyl alcohol (%), ethylcellulose (%), and tween 80 (%) were taken as independent process parameters and particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE) were the dependent parameters. The nanosponge was then incorporated into the hydrogel and characterized. In-vitro drug release from the hydrogel was 90.20 &plusmn, 0.1% which was higher than the drug suspension and marketed formulation. In vitro permeation potential of the developed formulation through rat skin showed a flux of 0.594 &plusmn, 0.22 &micro, g/cm2/h while the permeability coefficient was 0.059 &plusmn, 0.022 cm/s. Nanosponge hydrogel was evaluated for non-irritancy and antifungal activity against C. albicans and T. rubrum confirming the substantial outcome. Tape stripping studies exhibited ten times stripping off the skin quantified 85.6 &plusmn, 0.21 &mu, g/cm2. The confocal analysis justified the permeation potential of the prepared hydrogel. The mean erythemal score was 0.0, confirming that the prepared hydrogel did not cause erythema or oedema. Therefore, based on results obtained, nanosponge hydrogel formulation is a potential carrier for efficient topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride.

International audience; Network intrusion detection (NID) is a complex classification problem. In this paper, we combine classification with recent and scalable nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods. Classification and DR are not necessarily adversarial, provided adequate cluster magnification occurring in NLDR methods like $t$-SNE: DR mitigates the curse of dimensionality, while cluster magnification can maintain class separability. We demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of the approach by analyzing and comparing results on the big KDD99 dataset, using both NLDR quality assessment and classification rate for SVMs and random forests. Since data involves features of mixed types (numerical and categorical), the use of Gower's similarity coefficient as metric further improves the results over the classical similarity metric.