Search

Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consultation with data collectors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and data scientists was undertaken in order to ensure that the reporting format met community needs. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will incorporate additional data types and variables as gas exchange systems and measurement approaches advance in the future. The reporting format is published in the U.S. Department of Energy's ESS-DIVE data repository, with documentation and future development efforts being maintained in a version control system.

In this study, Zea mays L. was grown in indoor controlled environment chambers with a uniform daytime temperature of 30°C, and night-time temperatures of 30, 25, 20, or 15°C. Responses of net photosynthesis (PN) of mature leaves at high PPFD to intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) were measured at 20, 25, and 30°C using a new method that generates a complete PN vs. Ci curve in less than four minutes. Results indicated that photosynthesis measured at both Ci values of 25 and 150 µmol mol-1 increased strongly with measurement temperature in plants grown with night temperatures of 25 and 30°C, but there was a much smaller change in photosynthesis with temperature in plants grown with night temperatures of 15 or 20°C. These results indicate that the acclimation of photosynthesis to temperature in this C4 species is substantially affected by night temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the impact of climate change on vegetative productivity, we exposed fallow agricultural soil to an in situ temperature and CO2 gradient between urban, suburban and rural areas in 2002. Along the gradient, average daytime CO2 concentration increased by 21% and maximum (daytime) and minimum (nighttime) daily temperatures increased by 1.6 and 3.3°C, respectively in an urban relative to a rural location. Consistent location differences in soil temperature were also ascertained. No other consistent differences in meteorological variables (e.g. wind speed, humidity, PAR, tropospheric ozone) as a function of urbanization were documented. The urban-induced environmental changes that were observed were consistent with most short-term (~50 year) global change scenarios regarding CO2 concentration and air temperature. Productivity, determined as final above-ground biomass, and maximum plant height were positively affected by daytime and soil temperatures as well as enhanced [CO2], increasing 60 and 115% for the suburban and urban sites, respectively, relative to the rural site. While long-term data are needed, these initial results suggest that urban environments may act as a reasonable surrogate for investigating future climatic change in vegetative communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.

Experimental systems to simulate future elevated CO 2 conditions in the field often have large, rapid fluctuations in CO 2 . To examine possible impacts of such fluctuations on photosynthesis, the intact leaves of the field-grown plants of five species were exposed to two-minute cycles of CO 2 between 400 and 800 μmol mol -1 , lasting a total of 10 min, with photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and PSII fluorescence measured at the end of each half-cycle and also 10 min after the end of the cycling. Prior to the cyclic CO 2 treatments, the steady-state responses of leaf gas exchange and fluorescence to CO 2 were determined. In four of the five species, in which stomatal conductance decreased with increasing CO 2 , the cyclic CO 2 treatments reduced stomatal conductance. In those species, both photosynthesis and the photochemical efficiency of PSII were reduced at limiting internal CO 2 levels, but not at saturating CO 2 . In the fifth species, there was no change in stomatal conductance with CO 2 and no change in either photosynthesis or PSII efficiency at any CO 2 level with CO 2 cycling. It is concluded that in many, but not all, species, fluctuations in CO 2 may reduce photosynthesis at low CO 2 , partly by decreasing the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II as well as by decreasing stomatal conductance.

CO 2 is currently a growth-limiting resource for plants with C 3 metabolism, and elevated CO 2 also often reduces stomatal conductance, reducing plant water stress. Increased photosynthesis and improved water status might be expected to result in increased leaf size. It is therefore unexpected that leaf size is in some cases reduced in plants grown at elevated CO 2 , and also unexpected that elevated CO 2 applied only during darkness can increase leaf size. These experiments compared leaf size responses to day and/or night elevated CO 2 in six cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris grown with either constant or varying temperature in controlled environment chambers. Diverse responses of leaf size to elevated CO 2 were found among the cultivars, including increased leaf size with elevated CO 2 applied only during darkness in some cultivars and temperature regimes. However, leaf size responses to elevated CO 2 and cultivar differences in response were unrelated to differences in leaf water potential or turgor pressure.

The response of carbon fixation in C 3 plants to elevated CO 2 is relatively larger when photosynthesis is limited by carboxylation capacity (V C ) than when limited by electron transport (J). Recent experiments under controlled, steady-state conditions have shown that photosynthesis at elevated CO 2 may be limited by V C even at limiting PPFD. These experiments were designed to test whether this also occurs in dynamic field environments. Leaf gas exchange was recorded every 5 min using two identical instruments both attached to the same leaf. The CO 2 concentration in one instrument was controlled at 400 μmol mol -1 and one at 600 μmol mol -1 . Leaves were exposed to ambient sunlight outdoors, and cuvette air temperatures tracked ambient outside air temperature. The water content of air in the leaf cuvettes was kept close to that of the ambient air. These measurements were conducted on multiple, mostly clear days for each of three species, Glycine max , Lablab purpureus , and Hemerocallis fulva . The results indicated that in all species, photosynthesis was limited by V C rather than J at both ambient and elevated CO 2 both at high midday PPFDs and also at limiting PPFDs in the early morning and late afternoon. During brief reductions in PPFD due to midday clouds, photosynthesis became limited by J. The net result of the apparent deactivation of Rubisco at low PPFD was that the relative stimulation of diurnal carbon fixation at elevated CO 2 was larger than would be predicted when assuming limitation of photosynthesis by J at low PPFD.

Child-directed speech, as a specialized form of speech directed toward young children, has been found across numerous languages around the world and has been suggested as a universal feature of human experience. However, variation in its implementation and the extent to which it is culturally supported has called its universality into question. Child-directed speech has also been posited to be associated with expression of positive affect or "happy talk." Here, we examined Canadian English-speaking adults' ability to discriminate child-directed from adult-directed speech samples from two dissimilar language/cultural communities; an urban Farsi-speaking population, and a rural, horticulturalist Tseltal Mayan speaking community. We also examined the relationship between participants' addressee classification and ratings of positive affect. Naive raters could successfully classify CDS in Farsi, but only trained raters were successful with the Tseltal Mayan sample. Associations with some affective ratings were found for the Farsi samples, but not reliably for happy speech. These findings point to a complex relationship between perception of affect and CDS, and context-specific effects on the ability to classify CDS across languages., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Soderstrom, Casillas, Gornik, Bouchard, MacEwan, Shokrkon and Bunce.)

The current study focuses on yield and nutritional quality changes of wheat grain over the last 166 years. It is based on wheat grain quality analyses carried out on samples collected between 1850 and 2016. Samples were obtained from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment (UK) and from herbaria from 16 different countries around the world. Our study showed that, together with an increase in carbohydrate content, an impoverishment of mineral composition and protein content occurred. The imbalance in carbohydrate/protein content was specially marked after the 1960's, coinciding with strong increases in ambient [CO 2 ] and temperature and the introduction of progressively shorter straw varieties. The implications of altered crop physiology are discussed.

While the general effect of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, N content, and yield has been documented, there is still some uncertainty as to whether there are interactive effects between CO2 enrichment and other factors, such as temperature, geographical location, water availability, and cultivar. In addition, the metabolic coordination between leaves and grains, which is crucial for crop responsiveness to elevated CO2, has never been examined closely. Here, we address these two aspects by multi-level analyses of data from several free-air CO2 enrichment experiments conducted in five different countries. There was little effect of elevated CO2 on yield (except in the USA), likely due to photosynthetic capacity acclimation, as reflected by protein profiles. In addition, there was a significant decrease in leaf amino acids (threonine) and macroelements (e.g. K) at elevated CO2, while other elements, such as Mg or S, increased. Despite the non-significant effect of CO2 enrichment on yield, grains appeared to be significantly depleted in N (as expected), but also in threonine, the S-containing amino acid methionine, and Mg. Overall, our results suggest a strong detrimental effect of CO2 enrichment on nutrient availability and remobilization from leaves to grains., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.)

Attempts to identify crop genetic material with larger growth stimulation at projected elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are becoming more common. The probability of reductions in photosynthesis and yield caused by short-term variation in CO 2 concentration within elevated CO 2 treatments in the free-air CO 2 enrichment plots raises the question of whether similar effects occur in glasshouse or indoor chamber experiments. These experiments were designed to test whether even the normal, modest, cyclic variation in CO 2 concentration typical of indoor exposure systems have persistent impacts on photosynthesis and growth, and to explore mechanisms underlying the responses observed. Wheat, cotton, soybeans, and rice were grown from seed in indoor chambers at a mean CO 2 concentration of 560 μmol mol -1 , with "triangular" cyclic variation with standard deviations of either 4.5 or 18.0 μmol mol -1 measured with 0.1 s sampling periods with an open path analyzer. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and above ground biomass at 20 to 23 days were reduced in all four species by the larger variation in CO 2 concentration. Tests of rates of stomatal opening and closing with step changes in light and CO 2 , and tests of responses to square-wave cycling of CO 2 were also conducted on individual leaves of these and three other species, using a leaf gas exchange system. Reduced stomatal conductance due to larger amplitude cycling of CO 2 during growth occurred even in soybeans and rice, which had equal rates of opening and closing in response to step changes in CO 2 . The gas exchange results further indicated that reduced mean stomatal conductance was not the only cause of reduced photosynthesis in variable CO 2 conditions.

Recent in vivo assays of the responses of Rubisco to temperature in C 3 plants have revealed substantial diversity. Three cultivars of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.), Holt, Fiskeby V, and Spencer, were grown in indoor chambers at 15, 20, and 25 °C. Leaf photosynthesis was measured over the range of 15 to 30 °C, deliberately avoiding higher temperatures which may cause deactivation of Rubisco, in order to test for differences in temperature responses of photosynthesis, and to investigate in vivo Rubisco kinetic characteristics responsible for any differences observed. The three cultivars differed in the optimum temperature for photosynthesis (from 15 to 30 °C) at 400 mmol mol -1 external CO 2 concentration when grown at 15 °C, and in the shapes of the response curves when grown at 25 °C. The apparent activation energy of the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco differed substantially between cultivars at all growth temperatures, as well as changing with growth temperature in two of the cultivars. The activation energy ranged from 58 to 84 kJ mol -1 , compared with the value of 64 kJ mol -1 used in many photosynthesis models. Much less variation in temperature responses occurred in photosynthesis measured at nearly saturating CO 2 levels, suggesting more diversity in Rubisco than in electron transport thermal properties among these soybean cultivars.