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The main scientific objective of the EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) project focused on the observational- and modeling-based characterization of the thunderstorms in the Corsica region in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. A dedicated airborne campaign was conducted between 13 September 2018 and 08 October 2018 using the French Falcon research aircraft equipped with an instrumental package composed of 8 electric field mills AMPERA, a series of microphysics probes PMA and the vertical pointing cloud Doppler radar RASTA. The SAETTA VHF Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and the Météorage VLF network recorded the total lightning activity of the sampled electrical cells. Eight different weather situations have been documented with different convection features and sampled at close and distant ranges of the lightning activity. An overview of those eight flights will be presented with an emphasis on the strength of the measured electric field (up to 79 kV/m) according to the parent cloud structure as documented by the airborne cloud radar and the operational weather radars, the nature of the microphysics measured at the flight altitude and the charge layer structure as deduced from the LMA observations., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

COVID-19, the human primarily respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, commonly involves the nervous system, the effects of which may persist for many months. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 include relapsing and remitting neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms that can affect children and adults, including those who had mild acute illness. Since longer-term adverse effects on the central and peripheral nervous system of COVID-19 cannot be excluded, patient and societal health trends should be monitored going forward. Urgent present needs include not only global immunization against SARS-CoV-2 but also the reestablishment of lapsed mass vaccination programs to prevent resurgence of other viral diseases (e.g., measles, polio) that can impact the nervous system. © Spencer P.S., Roman G., Buguet A., Guekht A., Reis J., 2021

The AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft) electric field network was integrated on the Falcon 20 (F20) of SAFIRE (the French facility for airborne research) in the framework of EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) project. From September 2018, an in-flight campaign was performed over Corsica (France) to investigate the electrical activity in thunderstorms. During this campaign, eight scientific flights were done inside or in the vicinity of a thunderstorm. The purpose of this paper is to present the AMPERA system and the atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during the flights, and particularly during the pass inside electrified clouds, in which the aircraft was struck by lightning. The highest value of atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during these flights was around 79 kV·m−1 at 8400 m of altitude. A normalization of these fields is done by computing the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field to take into account the altitude effect (ratio between the atmospheric electrostatic field and the air density). Most of the significant values of reduced atmospheric electrostatic field magnitude retrieved during this campaign occur between around 5.5 and 9.5 km and are included between 50 and 100 kV·m−1. The highest value measured of the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field is 194 kV·m−1 during the lightning strike of the F20. The merging of these results with data from former campaigns suggests that there is a threshold (depending of the aircraft size) for the striking of an aircraft.

International audience; The AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft) electric field network was integrated on the Falcon 20 (F20) of SAFIRE (the French facility for airborne research) in the framework of EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) project. From September 2018, an in-flight campaign was performed over Corsica (France) to investigate the electrical activity in thunderstorms. During this campaign, eight scientific flights were done inside or in the vicinity of a thunderstorm. The purpose of this paper is to present the AMPERA system and the atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during the flights, and particularly during the pass inside electrified clouds, in which the aircraft was struck by lightning. The highest value of atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during these flights was around 79 kV·m−1 at 8400 m of altitude. A normalization of these fields is done by computing the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field to take into account the altitude effect (ratio between the atmospheric electrostatic field and the air density). Most of the significant values of reduced atmospheric electrostatic field magnitude retrieved during this campaign occur between around 5.5 and 9.5 km and are included between 50 and 100 kV·m−1. The highest value measured of the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field is 194 kV·m−1 during the lightning strike of the F20. The merging of these results with data from former campaigns suggests that there is a threshold (depending of the aircraft size) for the striking of an aircraft.; Le réseau de moulins à champ AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft) a été intégré sur le FALCON-20 (F20) de SAFIRE (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement) dans le cadre du projet EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment). A partir de septembre 2018, une campagne aéroporté a été menée Corse (France) pour analyser l'activité électrique des orages. Durant cette campagne, 8 vols scientifiques ont été réalisées à l'intérieur ou à proximité des orages. Le but de ce papier est de présenter le système AMPERA et le champ électrique atmosphérique mesuré pendant ces vols, en particulier durant les passages dans les nuages électrisés dans lesquels l'avion a été foudroyé. La plus haute valeur de champ électrostatique atmosphérique enregistrée au cours de ces vols est d'environ 79 kV/m à 8400 m d'altitude. Une normalisation de ces champs est réalisée en calculant le champ électrique atmosphérique réduit pour prendre en compte l'effet de l'altitude (rapport entre le champ électrique atmosphérique et la densité de l'air). La plupart des valeurs significatives de champ électrique atmosphérique réduit restituées durant la campagne ont été enregistrées entre 5 et 9.5 km d'altitude et sont comprises en 50 kV/m et 100 kV/m. La plus forte valeur de champ électrique atmosphérique réduit restituée est de 194 kV/m durant le foudroiement du F20. La fusion de ces résultats avec les données provenant d'anciennes campagnes suggère qu'il existe un seuil (dépendant de la taille de l'avion) pour le foudroiement d'un avion.

The aim of this study is to enhance our understanding about the microphysical structure of convective cloud systems and its relationships to the ambient electrical field, and to assess the capability of a model to capture the cloud electrical properties. This study relies on the EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) aircraft campaign that took place from 13 September to 8 October 2018 in Corsica Island. Eight electrified convective systems were successfully sampled during the campaign by the French Falcon 20 aircraft (e.g. RASTA Doppler cloud radar, microphysics probes, electric field mills) and ground-based platforms (Lightning Mapping Array network, Météorage operational lightning locating system and Météo-France weather radars). In this study, a multi-cell thunderstorm which developed over the complex topography of Corsica Island on 17 September 2018 was selected to investigate and to understand the physical processes linking lightning occurrence, electrification efficiency, cloud microphysics and dynamics. The detailed analysis results using the unprecedented airborne and ground-based dataset and their comparison to the numerical simulation results with a horizontal grid spacing of 1 km comprising the explicit electrical scheme CELLS (Cloud Electrification and Lightning Scheme) implemented in the cloud resolving model Meso-NH has been conducted. The key results will be presented at the conference.

We address the impact of the tropical environment on the human nervous system using the multifaceted approach characteristic of environmental neurology. First, environmental factors are examined according to their nature (physical, chemical and biological) and in relation to human activity and behavior. Some factors are specific to the tropics (climate and infections), while others are non-specific (chemicals, human communities and their way of life). Second, we examine the major role of human adaptation to the success of Homo sapiens, with emphasis on the linkage between thermoregulation and sleep-wake regulation. Third, we examine the performance of environmental neurology as a clinical discipline in tropical climates, with focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by human African trypanosomiasis. Finally, the prevention, early detection and monitoring of environmental neurological diseases is examined, as well as links with political and economic factors. In conclusion, practitioners of environmental neurology seek a global, multidisciplinary and holistic approach to understanding, preventing and treating neurological disorders within their purview. Environmental neurology integrates an expanded One Health concept by linking health and wellness to the interaction of plants, animals, humans and the ecosystem. Recent epidemics and the current COVID-19 pandemic exemplify the need for worldwide action to protect human health and biodiversity.

IMPORTANCE: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, is serious and has the potential to become an epidemic worldwide. Several studies have described typical clinical manifestations including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported that patients with COVID-19 had any neurologic manifestations. OBJECTIVE: To study the neurologic manifestations of patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This is a retrospective, observational case series. Data were collected from January 16, 2020, to February 19, 2020, at 3 designated special care centers for COVID-19 (Main District, West Branch, and Tumor Center) of the Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China. The study included 214 consecutive hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, and data of all neurologic symptoms were checked by 2 trained neurologists. Neurologic manifestations fell into 3 categories: central nervous system manifestations (dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness, acute cerebrovascular disease, ataxia, and seizure), peripheral nervous system manifestations (taste impairment, smell impairment, vision impairment, and nerve pain), and skeletal muscular injury manifestations. RESULTS: Of 214 patients (mean [SD] age, 52.7 [15.5] years; 87 men [40.7%]) with COVID-19, 126 patients (58.9%) had nonsevere infection and 88 patients (41.1%) had severe infection according to their respiratory status. Overall, 78 patients (36.4%) had neurologic manifestations. Compared with patients with nonsevere infection, patients with severe infection were older, had more underlying disorders, especially hypertension, and showed fewer typical symptoms of COVID-19, such as fever and cough. Patients with more severe infection had neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5 [5.7%] vs 1 [0.8%]), impaired consciousness (13 [14.8%] vs 3 [2.4%]), and skeletal muscle injury (17 [19.3%] vs 6 [4.8%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients with COVID-19 commonly have neurologic manifestations. During the epidemic period of COVID-19, when seeing patients with neurologic manifestations, clinicians should suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as a differential diagnosis to avoid delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and lose the chance to treat and prevent further transmission.

Sleeping habits and morningness-eveningness questionnaires (chronotype), and polysomnography (internal sleep organization) were proposed to healthy volunteers living under natural climates from different locations in West Africa (Niger, Cote d'Ivoire) and Central Africa (Angola, Congo). Under the Sahelian dry climate, 138 Niger medical students (130 had afternoon naps) completed 1792 sleep questionnaires during 7-day sessions in the cool-dry and hot-dry seasons. As everywhere else on Earth, daily sleep lasted 7 to 8hours. In Abidjan (hot-humid climate), 78 medical students reported shorter sleep time, because of course schedules. Also in Abidjan, 23 African sportsmen and Expatriate soldiers slept at night and in afternoon naps. They reported similar sleep amounts than Niger students. In Congo villages, during a 5-year human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) research campaign, 45 healthy volunteers expressed morning chronotypes. The 71 HAT patients shifted from the indifferent chronotype towards morningness type. Chronotyping such patients may help evaluating treatment efficacy on brain function alterations. French soldiers executing missions in Africa were typed for morningness-eveningness. Regarding malaria prophylaxis and mosquito control, morning chronotype was more compliant than evening type. Polysomnography demonstrated internal sleep organization differences in different geoclimatic zones. The Sahelian climate promoted N3 slow-wave sleep in Africans and Expatriates during both the cool-dry and hot-dry seasons, with higher amounts in the hot-dry season. Increasing heat load by physical exercise further augmented N3. Rapid-eye-movement R sleep was high compared with values from temperate and hot-humid climates. Supramaximal exercise triggered a surprising R stage increase in the hot-dry season. In Cote d'Ivoire, Caucasian and African volunteers fragmented their sleep, although internal sleep organization approached that of temperate climates. Sleep patterns were also similar in Angola high hills and on Congo River shores. Therefore, Africans and Caucasians living in Niger hot-dry Sahelian climate exhibited major differences with those exposed to hot-humid or temperate climates.

International audience; During the High Altitude Ice Crystal -High Ice Water Content (HAIC-HIWC) project, instrumented aircraft were flown in the vicinity and inside deep tropical convective clouds. Among the probes installed on one of these aircraft, were the Isokinetic Probe (IKP2), to retrieve the cloud total water content (TWC) and the AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and Electric field on Aircraft) system to provide information on the electrostatic state of the atmosphere and the aircraft.AMPERA is an electric field mill network which locally measures the electrostatic field at the aircraft fuselage. The distribution and amplitude of the electrostatic field on the aircraft skin depends on the atmospheric electrostatic field around the aircraft and the net electric charge of the aircraft. This latter parameter depends on the balance between the triboelectric current due to the impact of the cloud particles on the aircraft fuselage, the current due to the charged particles emitted by the engines, and the corona current emitted by the aircraft.Based on the flights of the HAIC-HIWC campaigns, which were conducted almost exclusively in cloud composed of ice particles, a comparison between the total water content recorded by microphysical sensor and the aircraft net charge has highlighted the possibility of deducing an estimate of the TWC from the aircraft electrical potential. In contrast to conventional TWC probes which sample a local area of the atmosphere, the AMPERA system uses the aircraft as a sensor and provides an overall estimation of its net TWC exposure. This study provides the first results of the efficacy of the electrostatic method through comparisons with direct in-situ bulk TWC measurements in ice clouds.; Au cours du projet High Altitude Ice Crystal - High Ice Water Content (HAIC-HIWC), des avions instrumentés ont volé au voisinage et à l'intérieur de nuages convectifs. Parmi les capteurs embarqués figurent la sonde IKP2 (Isokinetic Probe), permettant d'estimer le contenu total en eau condensé et le système AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and Electric field on Aircraft), fournissant une information sur l'état électrostatique de l'atmosphère et de l'avion. AMPERA est un réseau de moulins à champs, mesurant localement le champ électrostatique sur le fuselage de l'avion. La distribution et l'amplitude du champ électrostatique sur la peau de l'avion dépend du champ électrostatique atmosphérique autour de l'avion et de la charge électrique net de l'avion. Ce dernier paramètre dépend de l'équilibre entre le courant triboélectrique du à l'impact des particules nuageuses sur l'avion, le courant du aux particules chargées émises par les moteurs et le courant corona émis par l'avion.En se basant sur les campagnes de vols de HAIC-HIWC, qui ont été réalisées, pour la plupart exclusivement dans les nuages composés des particules de glace, une comparaison entre les information microphysiques et la charge net de l'avion a mis en avant la possibilité de déduire une estimation du TWC à partir du potentiel électrique de l'avion. A l'inverse, des capteurs conventionnels pour le TWC, qui échantillonnent une zone locale de l'atmosphère, le système AMPERA utilise l'avion comme un capteur et fournit une estimation de son exposition. Cette étude fournit un premier résultat sur l'efficacité de la méthode à travers des comparaisons avec des mesures directe de TWC dna sles nuages de glace.

International audience; During the High Altitude Ice Crystal -High Ice Water Content (HAIC-HIWC) project, instrumented aircraft were flown in the vicinity and inside deep tropical convective clouds. Among the probes installed on one of these aircraft, were the Isokinetic Probe (IKP2), to retrieve the cloud total water content (TWC) and the AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and Electric field on Aircraft) system to provide information on the electrostatic state of the atmosphere and the aircraft.AMPERA is an electric field mill network which locally measures the electrostatic field at the aircraft fuselage. The distribution and amplitude of the electrostatic field on the aircraft skin depends on the atmospheric electrostatic field around the aircraft and the net electric charge of the aircraft. This latter parameter depends on the balance between the triboelectric current due to the impact of the cloud particles on the aircraft fuselage, the current due to the charged particles emitted by the engines, and the corona current emitted by the aircraft.Based on the flights of the HAIC-HIWC campaigns, which were conducted almost exclusively in cloud composed of ice particles, a comparison between the total water content recorded by microphysical sensor and the aircraft net charge has highlighted the possibility of deducing an estimate of the TWC from the aircraft electrical potential. In contrast to conventional TWC probes which sample a local area of the atmosphere, the AMPERA system uses the aircraft as a sensor and provides an overall estimation of its net TWC exposure. This study provides the first results of the efficacy of the electrostatic method through comparisons with direct in-situ bulk TWC measurements in ice clouds.; Au cours du projet High Altitude Ice Crystal - High Ice Water Content (HAIC-HIWC), des avions instrumentés ont volé au voisinage et à l'intérieur de nuages convectifs. Parmi les capteurs embarqués figurent la sonde IKP2 (Isokinetic Probe), permettant d'estimer le contenu total en eau condensé et le système AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and Electric field on Aircraft), fournissant une information sur l'état électrostatique de l'atmosphère et de l'avion. AMPERA est un réseau de moulins à champs, mesurant localement le champ électrostatique sur le fuselage de l'avion. La distribution et l'amplitude du champ électrostatique sur la peau de l'avion dépend du champ électrostatique atmosphérique autour de l'avion et de la charge électrique net de l'avion. Ce dernier paramètre dépend de l'équilibre entre le courant triboélectrique du à l'impact des particules nuageuses sur l'avion, le courant du aux particules chargées émises par les moteurs et le courant corona émis par l'avion.En se basant sur les campagnes de vols de HAIC-HIWC, qui ont été réalisées, pour la plupart exclusivement dans les nuages composés des particules de glace, une comparaison entre les information microphysiques et la charge net de l'avion a mis en avant la possibilité de déduire une estimation du TWC à partir du potentiel électrique de l'avion. A l'inverse, des capteurs conventionnels pour le TWC, qui échantillonnent une zone locale de l'atmosphère, le système AMPERA utilise l'avion comme un capteur et fournit une estimation de son exposition. Cette étude fournit un premier résultat sur l'efficacité de la méthode à travers des comparaisons avec des mesures directe de TWC dna sles nuages de glace.

Since the 70’s, ONERA has been involved in the understanding and characterization of the physical processes occurring during a lightning strike to the aircraft which has led to the development of on board sensors for atmospheric characterization. In the 80’s, a first electric field mill network had been designed to measure the electrostatic field inside thundercloud. The system was installed on a CONVAIR (CV580) and a TRANSALL (C160). A new version of this electric field mill network, called AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft), has been developed since 2010. From September to October 2018, an in-flight campaign was performed over Corsica (France) in the framework of EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) project to investigate the electrical activity in thunderstorm. During this campaign, 8 scientific flights were done with a FALCON 20 (F20) of SAFIRE inside or in the vicinity of thunderstorm. During the flight of the 8 of October 2018, the aircraft was struck by lightning at an altitude of 8500m. The electrostatic field time variations show that a vertical electric polarization of the aircraft occurred just before the lightning strike. The inverse method to compute the components of the atmospheric electric field from the data of the electric field network is presented. The atmospheric electric field time evolution is shown. The value of the atmospheric electric field just before the lightning strike is about 90kV/m. This electric field value has been processed to be compared with the ones measured during TRANSALL campaigns. The altitude effect is taken into account by computing the reduced electric field (Electric field divided by air density). The comparison is presented taking into account the size of the aircraft and the electric field direction. To conclude a discussion is done on the electric field threshold for a lightning strike to aircraft., Dans les années 70, l'ONERA a mené des recherches pour caractériser et comprendre les processus physiques intervenant lors d'un foudroiement en vol d'un avion ce qui a conduit au développement de capteurs pour caractériser l'atmosphère. Dans les années 80, une première version de moulin à champ a été conçue pour mesurer les composantes du champ électrostatique à l'intérieur du nuage depuis un avion. Le système a été installé sur une CONVAIR (CV580) et sur un TRANSALL (C160). Une nouvelle version du système, appelé AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft), a été développée depuis 2010. De septembre à octobre 2018, une campagne en vol a été réalisée en Corse (France) dans le cadre du projet ANR EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) pour étudier l'activité électrique des orages.Pendant cette campagne, 8 vols scientifiques ont été réalisés par a FALCON 20 (F20) de SAFIRE à l'intérieur ou à proximité d'un nuage orageux. Pendant le vol du 8 octobre, l'avion a été foudroyé à une altitude de 8500 m. La variation temporelle du champ électrostatique montre que l'avion est polarisé verticalement au moment du foudroiement. La méthode inverse pour calculer les composantes du champ électrostatique est présentée. La valeur du champ atmosphérique au moment du foudroiement est de 90 kV/m. Ce champ électrique a été normalisé pour être comparé aux champs électriques mesurés lors des campagnes TRANSALL. L'effet de l'altitude a été prise en compte en calculant le champ électrique réduit (Champ électrique divisé par la densité de l'air). La taille de l'avion et la direction du champ électrique a été pris en compte pour la comparaison. Pour conclure, une discussion sur le seuil du champ électrique pour déclencher un foudroiement sur un avion.

To study the anatomo-biochemical substrates of brain inflammatory processes, Wistar male rats were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. With this reproducible animal model of human African trypanosomiasis, brain cells (astrocytes, microglial cells, neurons) expressing the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme were revealed. Immunohistochemistry was achieved for each control and infected animal through eight coronal brain sections taken along the caudorostral axis of the brain (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and telencephalon). Specific markers of astrocytes (anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglial cells (anti-integrin alpha M) or neurons (anti-Neuronal Nuclei) were employed. The iNOS staining was present in neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells, but not in oligodendrocytes. Stained astrocytes and microglial cells resided mainly near the third cavity in the rostral part of brainstem (periaqueductal gray), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and basal telencephalon. Stained neurons were scarce in basal telencephalon, contrasting with numerous iNOS-positive neuroglial cells. Contrarily, in dorsal telencephalon (neocortex and hippocampus), iNOS-positive neurons were plentiful, contrasting with the marked paucity of labelled neuroglial (astrocytes and microglial) cells. The dual distribution between iNOS-labelled neuroglial cells and iNOS-labelled neurons is a feature that has never been described before. Functionalities attached to such a divergent distribution are discussed.

A comprehensive review of the neurological disorders reported during the current COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that infection with SARS-CoV-2 affects the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the muscle. CNS manifestations include: headache and decreased responsiveness considered initial indicators of potential neurological involvement; anosmia, hyposmia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia are frequent early symptoms of coronavirus infection. Respiratory failure, the lethal manifestation of COVID-19, responsible for 264,679 deaths worldwide, is probably neurogenic in origin and may result from the viral invasion of cranial nerve I, progressing into rhinencephalon and brainstem respiratory centers. Cerebrovascular disease, in particular large-vessel ischemic strokes, and less frequently cerebral venous thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually occur as part of a thrombotic state induced by viral attachment to ACE2 receptors in endothelium causing widespread endotheliitis, coagulopathy, arterial and venous thromboses. Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy is associated to the cytokine storm. A frontal hypoperfusion syndrome has been identified. There are isolated reports of seizures, encephalopathy, meningitis, encephalitis, and myelitis. The neurological diseases affecting the PNS and muscle in COVID-19 are less frequent and include Guillain-Barré syndrome; Miller Fisher syndrome; polyneuritis cranialis; and rare instances of viral myopathy with rhabdomyolysis. The main conclusion of this review is the pressing need to define the neurology of COVID-19, its frequency, manifestations, neuropathology and pathogenesis. On behalf of the World Federation of Neurology we invite national and regional neurological associations to create local databases to report cases with neurological manifestations observed during the on-going pandemic. International neuroepidemiological collaboration may help define the natural history of this worldwide problem., Highlights • SARS-CoV-2 has definitive neurogenic capacity. • After binding to ACE2 receptors in nasal epithelium it invades the olfactory nerve and bulb progressing to invade the brainstem respiratory centers. • Irreversible respiratory failure may be the reason for the dismal prognosis of COVID-19 respirator-dependent patients. • SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptors in endothelial cells causing endotheliitis. • Stroke occurs as a result of the pro-thrombotic state caused by endotheliitis. • Multi-organ failure occurs secondary to virus invasion of ACE2 receptors in lung, kidney, intestines, and brain.

Ce volume est à la fois un hommage, un témoignage et un manifeste. Il a été réalisé à l'occasion du 70e anniversaire de Pierre Bertaux, dont les écrits et les actions ont illustré pendant plusieurs décennies les études germaniques en France et ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'évolution de la discipline. En même temps c'est un témoignage vivant de cette influence : oeuvre collective de l'équipe de germanistes que Pierre Bertaux a réunie autour de lui à l'Institut d'Allemand d'Asnières à partir de 1969, il en démontre à la fois la diversité et la vitalité.

Les erreurs de marquage du groupe nominal (N), ou, pour employer une terminologie usuelle, celles qui concernent le marquage de sa partie gauche, apparaissent chez les utilisateurs non‑germanophones avec une fréquence et une persistance remarquables. Les tentatives ne manquent pas d’expliquer ce phénomène, mais les diverses explications proposées paraissent se ramener en définitive à deux types principaux : pour les uns, c’est la complexité du système ou son irrégularité ponctuelle qui renden...

Les erreurs de marquage du groupe nominal (N), ou, pour employer une terminologie usuelle, celles qui concernent le marquage de sa partie gauche, apparaissent chez les utilisateurs non‑germanophones avec une fréquence et une persistance remarquables. Les tentatives ne manquent pas d’expliquer ce phénomène, mais les diverses explications proposées paraissent se ramener en définitive à deux types principaux : pour les uns, c’est la complexité du système ou son irrégularité ponctuelle qui renden...