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1. Toxicity of Euphorbia helioscopia pellets to two phytophagous molluscs, Theba pisana Müller, 1774 (Pulmonata: Helicidae) and Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 (Pulmonata: Arionidae)

Author

Anjoud Harmouzi, Boughdad Ahmed, Yassine El Ammari, and Abdelaziz Chaouch

Subjects
biopesticides, molluscicides, euphorbia helioscopia, pellets, snails, slugs, toxicity, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

Harmful land snails and slugs are currently one of the most important threats facing agriculture in many parts of the world. Synthetic molluscicides are the main control method against these gastropods. However, dangers caused by these chemicals to the environment have led scientists to research for environmentally friendly alternatives. The objective of our work was to test and evaluate food pellets containing roots, stems, leaves or flowers of Euphorbia helioscopia against Theba pisana and Arion hortensis adults. Toxicity of the prepared pellets varied depending on plant organ and mollusc species tested. Pellets made of stems (LD50 = 1.35 g / 100 ml of agar at 2%) and leaves (LD50 = 1.39 g / 100 ml of 2% agar) proved more toxic to adult snails than those made of roots and flowers, which had no significant effects. In the case of slugs, pellets made of leaves (LD50 = 1.14 g / 100 ml of 2% agar) were more toxic than those made of stems (LD50 = 1.33 g / 100 ml of 2% agar), flowers (LD50 = 1.75 g / 100 ml of 2% agar) and roots (LD50 = 1.98 g / 100 ml of 2% agar). Compared to a synthetic product containing metaldehyde 5%, the results show that the use of these molluscicides derived from plants as pellets is environment- and healthconscious, targeted and economical. These products can be used in plant protection against phytophagous slugs and snails.

Published
2018
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2. Comparative efficacy of mass trapping and attract-and-kill technique in the control of medfly (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann) in Central Moroccan peach orchards

Author

Asfers Adil, Boutaleb Joutei Abdelmalek, Boughdad Ahmed, Blenzar Abdelali, Lahlali Rachid, and Ait Houssa Abdelhadi

Subjects
Ceratitis capitata, Peach, Mass trapping, Attract-and-kill, Morocco, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

To develop eco-friendly alternative control strategies for medfly, mass trapping trials were conducted in the central Morocco during the crop season 2016. Two control methods, mass trapping and the attract-and-kill technique were compared for the control of medfly on two peach varieties ('Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun') in Sefou district. For mass trapping, 62 traps/1.23 ha of MagnetTM Med type baited with ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, putrescine and 0.01 g of deltamethrin were installed on both varieties. In plots testing the attract-and-kill technique, treatments with malathion in mixture with protein hydrolyzate were applied to straw tuMs attached to branches of the same varieties whenever 1 fly was caught on a Trimedlure trap installed at the center of each plot. The results showed that the number of flies captured by mass trapping reached 508 and 489 adults on 'Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun', respectively. The average number varied from 1 to 3 adults/trap/day, depending on the date of capture and the variety, and females accounted for 62-100% of total caught flies. In plots protected by the attract-and-kill technique, and taking into account the threshold adopted by the farm, 11 and 15 treatments were carried out respectively on the 'Ryan Sun' and 'Rome Star' varieties. Overall, infestation rates in plots did not exceed 0.3% before or at harvest with mass trapping versus 0.9% with the attract-and-kill technique. On fruit dropped on the ground, the infestation rate did not exceed 4% in mass trapping, compared to 11.5% in the chemically treated plots. Mass trapping was therefore proved to be an effective and eco-friendly tool for managing medfly on peach fruit.

Published
2018

4. Essential oil chemical diversity of Moroccan mint (Mentha spicata L.)

Author

EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, ZAID, Abdelhamid, EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, and ZAID, Abdelhamid

Abstract

Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of the best known aromatic and medicinal plants. The characterization of essential oil variation is of commercial importance as well as helpful for appropriate use of M. spicata. Thirteen strains of cultivated or spontaneous mints were collected from 10 Moroccan regions and acclimatized for two years in Meknes. Their leaves collected at full flowering were dried for hydrodistillation. Essential oil yields were found to vary from 1.32 % to 5.83 %. Analysis of these oils by GC/MS indicated a large variation in chemical composition among the studied strains of Moroccan M. spicata (9 to 51 compounds). The highest yields characterize the cultivated strains of Agadir (5.83 %), S2 of Larache (4.84 %) and the spontaneous strain S3 of Ifrane (4.17%). The richest strain in number of compounds is S3 of Ifrane with 51 compounds whereas uncultivated S2 from the same region has only 9 compounds. Some strains are rich in carvone such as the cultivated strain of Ouarzazate (65.94%) and the spontaneous S2 of Ifrane (72.3 %). Others are rich in eucalyptol, pulegone or 3-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) such as those of Marrakech (21.1 %), Agadir (30.7 %) and S1 of Larache (22.1 %), respectively. The strains of Settat and Ifrane (S1) have high levels of limonene (17.8-18.1%). Keywords: Mentha spicata, Essential oils, Carvone, Eucalyptol, Cluster analysis, GC/MS

Published
2022

5. Biological characteristics of Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), an emerging defoliator of mint (Mentha spicata L., 1753) in Morocco

Author

EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, ZAID, Abdelhamid, EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, and ZAID, Abdelhamid

Abstract

The looper caterpillar, O. obstipata is one of the defoliator species of cultivated mint in Morocco. Its identification and its biology constitute the preliminary step for the development of a program aiming at its integrated management. The larvae were collected from a plot of mint grown in a region of northern central Morocco, and reared in the laboratory. The identification of the species was based on comparing the male aedeagus and the female spermatheca to the reference slides. In this study, the elements of biology and morphological characteristics of the different ecophases of O. obstipata are clarified and discussed. The life cycle of the species, from egg to egg, is completed in 31.3 ± 2.16 days. The emergence occurs linearly in time after the 27th and 28th days of oviposition according the sex. The sex ratio (Male/Female) is 0.88:1. The fecundity of the females is positively correlated with their lifespan. Females have an average fecundity of 210 eggs and a fertility rate of 97%. Adults live on average 22.0 ± 6.27 days. The highest mortality rates occur in the last larval instar and pupa. Keywords: Orthonama obstipata, Biology, Reproduction, Mentha spicata

Published
2021

6. Variabilité des huiles essentielles et de l’ADN de deux souches de Mentha spicata L. (glabre et pubescente) de la région de Meknès

Author

EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, ZAID, Abdelhamid, EL FAHIME, El Mostafa, EL ANBRI, Chahrazad, EDDAYA, Taoufik, BOUGHDAD, Ahmed, CHAIMBAULT, Patrick, ZAID, Abdelhamid, and EL FAHIME, El Mostafa

Abstract

Mentha spicata constitue l’une des 4 espèces du genre Mentha cultivées pour, entre autres, la production d’huiles essentielles. Les parcelles de la menthe connaissent l’apparition d’une souche pubescente (Sp.) suite à la germination des graines produite par la souche glabre (Sg.), initialement cultivée dans la région de Meknès. Pour comparer ces deux souches de M. spicata, des analyses chimiques des composés volatils et génétiques ont été entreprises. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation des feuilles sèches et leur composition chimique a été analysée par CPG/SM. Le polymorphisme de l’ADN des deux souches a été caractérisé par l’AFLP (Amplified fragment polymorphism technique). Les rendements en huiles essentielles de Sp. et Sg. sont, respectivement, de l’ordre de 1,61 et 2,32% (v/w). Les nombres de composés chimiques identifiés chez la Sp. et la Sg. sont respectivement de 47 et 37. La souche Sp. se démarque par sa richesse en limonène (7,7%) et gemacrène-D (3,12%) et sa faible teneur en carvone (62,2), comparativement à la souche cultivée (75,6). La souche Sp. est caractérisée par 44 bandes uniques et la Sg. n’en possède que 18.  Mots clés : Mentha spicata, Huiles essentielles, CPG/SM, ADN, AFLP, Polymorphisme, Mentha spicata is one of four species of the genus Mentha cultivated for, among others, the production of essential oils. The mint plots are experiencing the appearance of a pubescent strain (Sp.) following the germination of seeds produced by the hairless strain (Sg.) initially cultivated in the Meknes region. To compare these two strains of M. spicata, chemical and genetic analysis of volatile compounds were undertaken. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation of dry leaves and their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. The DNA polymorphism of the two strains was characterized by AFLP (Amplified fragment polymorphism technique). The essential oil yields of Sp. and Sg. are 1.61 and 2.32% (v/w), respectively. The numbers of chemical compounds identified in the Sp. and Sg. are 47 and 37, respectively. Sp. strain is distinguished by its richness in limonene (7.7%) and gemacrene-D (3.12%) and its low carvone content (62.2) compared to the cultivated strain (75.6). Sp. strain is characterized by 44 unique bands and Sg. has only 18. Keywords: Mentha spicata, Essential oils, CPG / MS, DNA, AFLP, Polymorphism

Published
2021

7. Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater in the Control of <em>Aphis pomi</em> De Geer 1773 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Infesting Apple Plants in Nurseries

Author

Boughdad, Ahmed, Tazi, Bouchra, Houssa, Abdelhadi Ait, Asfers, Adil, El Asri, Soukaina, and Haouache, Nahid

Subjects
Technology & Engineering / Agriculture
Abstract

Olive mill wastewater (OMW), are the liquid residues generated during the extraction of oil by traditional and modern three-phase type crushing units. These effluents are characterized by an acidic pH and composition rich in water, organic matter, minerals and polyphenols. In general, they are directly discharged into natural ecosystems. Their danger is linked to the enormous quantities produced in a short period between October and March. To mitigate the effects of vegetable waters on the environment, their valorization in different areas is discussed. As biopesticides, crude OMW have been shown to be very toxic to Aphis pomi; the LC50 and LC95 varied respectively from 27.17 to 45.59 and from 77.19 to 134.57 mg of OMW/L of water; they vary according to the stage of the aphid considered. The young stages of A. pomi were more sensitive than the elderly are. Therefore, the OMW can be used as a means of controlling aphids. However, before operating on a large scale, it is necessary to repeat the trials in field and assess their impact on non-target organisms and treated crops.

Published
2020

9. Le risque en agriculture

Author

Albergel, Jean, Alexandre, Daniel Y., Blanc-Pamard, Chantal, Boughdad, Ahmed, Brossier, Jacques, Carnevale, Pierre, Chaleard, Jean-Louis, Cochereau, Paul, Courade, Georges, Couty, Philippe, Dufumier, Marc, Dupon, Jean-François, Eldin, M., Eldin, Michel, Fauroux, Emmanuel, Fillonneau, Claude, Floret, Christian, Gazin, Pierre, Gely, Anne, Germain, Nicolas, Gillon, Yves, Grouzis, Michel, Hallaire, Antoinette, Hervé, Dominique, Khattali, Houcine, Kochko, Alexandre de, Labonne, Michel, Lamachère, Jean-Marie, Leplaideur, Alain, Lericollais, André, Le Floc’h, Édouard, Le Roy, Xavier, Lombard, Jérôme, Loyer, Jean-Yves, Marchal, Jean-Yves, Mary, Fabienne, Milleville, P., Milleville, Pierre, Morlon, Pierre, Noirot, Michel, P.Vautherin, J., Pontanier, Roger, Poussin, Jean-Christophe, Robert, Vincent, Ruf, François, Ruf, Thierry, Sautier, Denis, Sebillotte, Michel, Seignobos, Christian, Sicot, Marcel, Treca, Bernard, Treche, Serge, Eldin, Michel, and Milleville, Pierre

Subjects
AGRICULTURE, Economics, INNOVATION, AGROCLIMATOLOGIE, PRODUCTION AGRICOLE, RECHERCHE MULTIDISCIPLINAIRE, POLITIQUE AGRICOLE, CULTURE DE RENTE, Afrique, RNU, Sahel, économie rurale, STRATEGIE PAYSANNE, RESSOURCES NATURELLES, système de culture, SYNTHESE, ECONOMIE RURALE, sécheresse, SECHERESSE, Planning & Development, SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, CATASTROPHE NATURELLE, système de production, stratégie paysanne, CULTURE VIVRIERE, SYSTEME DE CULTURE, culture vivrière, SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION, tiers monde, zone sahélienne, TECHNIQUE AGRICOLE, Geography, sécurité alimentaire, BUS072000, ANIMAL NUISIBLE, RISQUE AGRICOLE, INTENSIFICATION DE L'AGRICULTURE
Abstract

Le risque en agriculture... un titre ambitieux pour un sujet complexe, mais un thème de réflexion à coup sûr essentiel. Agriculteurs, responsables du développement, chercheurs,... ne peuvent que se sentir concernés dans la mesure où les choix et les décisions en agriculture s’expriment dans un environnement où l’aléa et l’incertitude se manifestent de façon permanente et sous les formes les plus variées. Une cinquantaine d’auteurs relevant des sciences de la terre, des sciences biologiques et des sciences humaines, livrent leurs réflexions sur le risque en agriculture. Le lecteur est invité à parcourir un vaste champ thématique que la notion de diversité marque profondément : multiplicité des sources du risque, diversité des réponses et réponses par la diversité, pluralité des points de vue et des exemples retenus empruntés pour la plupart au monde tropical. Quatre thèmes principaux structurent l’ouvrage : — Caractérisation des risques : principes méthodologiques pour l’analyse du risque et la prise de décision, spécificité des risques liés à la manifestation de phénomènes particuliers. — Risque et pratiques paysannes : perception du risque par les acteurs, réponses tactiques et stratégiques, poids de l’environnement dans la modulation des effets du risque, incidence sur le fonctionnement et l’évolution des systèmes agraires. — Risque et changements techniques : transformations induites dans les systèmes agricoles et les conditions de milieu. Le changement technique considéré comme réponse au risque ou comme source de nouveaux risques. Contribution à la problématique de l’intensification et du transfert de technologie en agriculture. — Contexte macro-économique et politique du risque : manifestations du risque à des niveaux qui échappent en général au pouvoir des agriculteurs mais qui conditionnent largement l’activité; agricole.

Published
1989
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