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Pyrethroids, such as cypermethrin (CYP), are widely employed in agriculture, promoting environmental pollution and the need for efficient decontamination methods. In this study, bacteria from orange crops were explored for CYP biodegradation. Among 40 tested bacterial strains, 20 grew in the presence of CYP and 19 performed statistically significant CYP biodegradation in 5 days (20.5%–97.8%). In addition, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, the main metabolite from CYP, was quantified ranging from 1.1 mg.L−1 to 32.1 mg.L−1. The five most efficient strains, and consortia composed of 5, 10 and 20 bacteria biodegraded the CYP formulation as sole carbon source in phosphate buffer and in minimum mineral medium. Under optimized conditions determined employing Response Surface Methodology, Bacillus sp. CSA-1 and the consortium composed of 10 strains biodegraded 71.0% and 71.6% CYP in 24 h, respectively. Moreover, metabolite identification enabled the proposal of an extended biodegradation pathway with 29 identified compounds, including different new amide and amine derivatives that expanded the knowledge about the fate of this compound in the environment. Experiments of bioaugmentation in soil using Bacillus sp. CSA-1 and the consortium of 10 bacterial strains resulted in faster CYP biodegradation than natural attenuation, showing that the selection of efficient strains for composing a consortium is an interesting approach for bioremediation of pyrethroids. [Display omitted] • From 40 strains, 20 bacteria grew up and 19 biodegraded cypermethrin at 100 mg.L−1. • The consortium of 10 bacteria biodegraded 71% cypermethrin in 24 h in media. • A cypermethrin biodegradation pathway was proposed with 29 identified compounds. • New amide and amine metabolites from cypermethrin were reported. • Bioaugmentation in soil was faster than natural attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pollution has emerged as a significant threat to humanity, necessitating a thorough evaluation of its impacts. As a result, various methods for human biomonitoring have been proposed as vital tools for assessing, managing, and mitigating exposure risks. Among these methods, urine stands out as the most commonly analyzed biological sample and the primary matrix for biomonitoring studies., Objectives: This review concentrates on exploring the literature concerning residual pesticide determination in urine, utilizing liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and its practical applications., Method: The examination focused on methods developed since 2010. Additionally, applications reported between 2015 and 2022 were thoroughly reviewed, utilizing Web of Science as a primary resource., Synthesis: Recent advancements in chromatography-mass spectrometry technology have significantly enhanced the development of multi-residue methods. These determinations are now capable of simultaneously detecting numerous pesticide residues from various chemical and use classes. Furthermore, these methods encompass analytes from a variety of environmental contaminants, offering a comprehensive approach to biomonitoring. These methodologies have been employed across diverse perspectives, including toxicological studies, assessing pesticide exposure in the general population, occupational exposure among farmers, pest control workers, horticulturists, and florists, as well as investigating consequences during pregnancy and childhood, neurodevelopmental impacts, and reproductive disorders., Future Directions: Such strategies were essential in examining the health risks associated with exposure to complex mixtures, including pesticides and other relevant compounds, thereby painting a broader and more accurate picture of human exposure. Moreover, the implementation of integrated strategies, involving international research initiatives and biomonitoring programs, is crucial to optimize resource utilization, enhancing efficiency in health risk assessment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Birolli, Lanças, dos Santos Neto and Silveira.)