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Este artículo pone en relación los dos últimos enfoques impulsados por la Unión Europea para canalizar y desarrollar procesos y acciones de desarrollo urbano sostenible en España: las Estrategias Integradas de Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible (EDUSI) y la Agenda Urbana Española (AUE). En el apartado sobre la metodología se explican los fundamentos y criterios utilizados para llevar a cabo la valoración de las EDUSI en base a los objetivos estratégicos de la AUE, a través de 32 casos de estudio y del cuadro de sinergias propuesto por el Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana (MITMA). En los resultados, se detallan las principales características de las EDUSI y de la AUE, comparando sus contenidos y analizando sus sinergias a través de la casuística elegida. Las dos herramientas se dirigen no solo a los sectores urbanos vulnerables, sino también a las ciudades y/o áreas metropolitanas, para permitir estrategias de desarrollo urbano más amplias que aborden cuestiones urbanas a múltiples escalas. En el apartado de discusión, se habla de la vinculación de las EDUSI con la AUE, con particular énfasis en los 32 casos de estudio y, finalmente, en las conclusiones se evidencian las lecciones aprendidas y futuras líneas de investigación., This paper deals with the two most recent approaches promoted by the European Union to channel and develop sustainable urban processes and actions in Spain: the Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies (EDUSI) and the Spanish Urban Agenda (AUE). The section dedicated to the methodology explains the rationale and criteria used to carry out the comparison between EDUSI and AUE through 32 case studies and the synergy table proposed by the Spanish Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda (MITMA). The Results detail the main characteristics of the EDUSI and the AUE, compare their contents, and analyze their synergies through the chosen case studies. These two tools target not only vulnerable urban sectors, but also cities and/or metropolitan areas to enable broader urban development strategies that address urban issues at multiple scales. The section dedicated to the discussion clarifies the linkage between EDUSI and AUE with particular emphasis on the 32 case studies, and finally the conclusion highlights lessons learned and future lines of research., Cet article met en relation les deux dernières approches promues par l’Union européenne pour canaliser et développer les processus et les actions de développement urbain durable en Espagne : les stratégies intégrées de développement urbain durable (EDUSI) et l’agenda urbain espagnol (AUE). La méthodologie explique la logique et les critères utilisés pour réaliser la comparaison entre EDUSI et AUE à travers 32 études de cas et le tableau des synergies proposé par le Ministère des Transports, de la Mobilité et de l’Agenda Urbain (MITMA). Les résultats détaillent les principales caractéristiques de l’EDUSI et de l’AUE, en comparant leur contenu et en analysant leurs synergies à travers la casuistique choisie. Les deux outils ciblent non seulement les secteurs urbains vulnérables, mais aussi les villes et/ou les zones métropolitaines afin de permettre des stratégies de développement urbain plus larges qui abordent les questions urbaines à des échelles multiples. Dans la partie discussion, le lien entre l’EDUSI et l’EUA est examiné, en mettant l'accent sur les 32 études de cas et, dans les conclusions, les leçons tirées et les futures lignes de recherche sont mises en évidence., Este artigo relaciona as duas últimas abordagens promovidas pela União Europeia para canalizar e desenvolver processos e acções de desenvolvimento urbano sustentável em Espanha: as Estratégias Integradas de Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável (EDUSI) e a Agenda Urbana Espanhola (AUE). A secção sobre a metodologia explica os fundamentos e critérios utilizados para efetuar a comparação entre EDUSI e AUE através de 32 estudos de caso e do quadro de sinergias proposto pelo Ministério dos Transportes, Mobilidade e Agenda Urbana (MITMA). Na secção dedicada aos Resultados, as principais características do EDUSI e do AUE são detalhadas, os seus conteúdos são comparados e as suas sinergias são analisadas através dos estudos de caso escolhidos. As duas ferramentas visam não só sectores urbanos vulneráveis, mas também cidades e/ou áreas metropolitanas para permitir estratégias de desenvolvimento urbano mais amplas que abordem questões urbanas a várias escalas. A secção dedicada à discussão esclarece a ligação da EDUSI com a EUA, com especial ênfase nos 32 estudos de caso e, finalmente, as Conclusões destacam as lições aprendidas e as futuras linhas de investigação.

The paper provides an analysis of the difference in the tools adopted in the Spanish urban policies between the two last EU programming cycles (2014–2020 and 2021–2027). After an introduction with references to the policy framework and the literature, a methodological section describes the focus of the research, the source of the data and how this information has been used for the comparative purpose of the work. The following section (Results) provides the comparison of the contents of the policy documents delivered by the Spanish cities involved in the urban agenda, with reference to the type of actions selected, the overlapping of thematic and strategic focus through the two periods, the budget allocated, etc. In the conclusive sections the attempt is to highlights analogies and differences between the two policy periods, pointing out the future investigation needed to provide a more comprehensive outlook on the question addressed in the paper.

Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation.

Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation.

Unsustainable fossil fuel emissions have prompted a global shift towards renewable energy sources, such as wind. This has led to a strong expansion of wind power generation infrastructures, often conflicting with biodiversity conservation. Relatively large flying animals, such as birds and bats, have frequently been reported to collide with wind turbines, resulting in casualties that can depress population size and lead to local extinctions. Migratory species that move across continents through their year-round displacements may be especially at risk. We comprehensively assessed wind turbine exposure for a colonial migratory raptor of European conservation interest, the lesser kestrel Falco naumanni, based on the distribution and size of >1800 colonies and a large GPS-tracking dataset (>350 individuals) for three distinct biogeographical populations (from Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas). 26 % of the European population has at least one wind turbine within the foraging areas around colony sites, Italian colonies being most at risk. The main European network of protected areas, the Natura 2000 network, failed to mitigate the potential negative impact of wind turbines on breeding populations. GPS-tracking revealed that exposure was negligible in the African non-breeding areas (Sahel region), particularly high during migration, and lower during breeding for Iberian and Balkan individuals but not for Italian ones. Different countries should prioritize different measures to mitigate collision risk with wind power generation infrastructures. This case study can be leveraged by conservationists and renewable energy stakeholders to mitigate conflicts between biodiversity conservation and expected wind energy infrastructure development in the near future.

Comprehending symbiont abundance among host species is a major ecological endeavour, and the metabolic theory of ecology has been proposed to understand what constrains symbiont populations. We parameterized metabolic theory equations to investigate how bird species' body size and the body size of their feather mites relate to mite abundance according to four potential energy (uropygial gland size) and space constraints (wing area, total length of barbs and number of feather barbs). Predictions were compared with the empirical scaling of feather mite abundance across 106 passerine bird species (26,604 individual birds sampled), using phylogenetic modelling and quantile regression. Feather mite abundance was strongly constrained by host space (number of feather barbs) but not by energy. Moreover, feather mite species' body size was unrelated to the body size of their host species. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of the bird-feather mite system and for symbiont abundance in general.

La depresión es la entidad psiquiátrica más frecuente en oncología, el diagnóstico o posible diagnóstico de cáncer impacta en la salud mental del paciente y los familiares, por el significado que atribuye la enfermedad al nuevo estado de salud. El objetivo del presente artículo es actualizar los conocimientos recientes sobre la epidemiología, la etiología, la patogenia, las herramientas diagnósticas y el tratamiento, en cuanto a la relación del trastorno depresivo con el cáncer. Con este fin se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando los términos depresión, cáncer y el comando and para el término depresión y cáncer en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y Google Académico, en español, inglés y francés, en el periodo del 2016 hasta el 2022. Fueron elegidos un total de 50 artículos factibles para el objetivo del artículo, en donde se evidenció asociación del cáncer con el desarrollo del trastorno depresivo mayor con una alta prevalencia de al menos el 40 %. Esto se origina por una combinación de factores genéticos, epigenéticos y ambientales. Para evaluar la depresión en pacientes se encuentran validadas la escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión (hads), la escala de depresión de Beck y la escala de evaluación de la depresión Montgomery-Åsberg (madrs). Finalmente, la farmacoterapia y/o psicoterapia se debe considerar una vez confirmado el diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo en la población oncológica para mejorar la calidad de vida, prevenir el incumplimiento del tratamiento y aumentar las tasas de supervivencia.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the best therapeutic option for many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, relapse remains the main cause of mortality after transplantation. The detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) in AML, before and after HSCT, has been described as a powerful predictor of outcome. Nevertheless, multicenter and standardized studies are lacking. A retrospective analysis was performed, including 295 AML patients undergoing HSCT in 4 centers that worked according to recommendations from the Euroflow consortium. Among patients in complete remission (CR), MRD levels prior to transplantation significantly influenced outcomes, with overall (OS) and leukemia free survival (LFS) at 2 years of 76.7% and 67.6% for MRD-negative patients, 68.5% and 49.7% for MRD-low patients (MRD < 0.1), and 50.5% and 36.6% for MRD-high patients (MRD ≥ 0.1) (p < 0.001), respectively. MRD level did influence the outcome, irrespective of the conditioning regimen. In our patient cohort, positive MRD on day +100 after transplantation was associated with an extremely poor prognosis, with a cumulative incidence of relapse of 93.3%. In conclusion, our multicenter study confirms the prognostic value of MRD performed in accordance with standardized recommendations.

Aunque existe consenso en que la rehabilitación y regeneración urbanas son imprescindibles para afrontar los retos a los que se enfrentan nuestras ciudades, aún no se ha consolidado un modelo de intervención para abordar estos procesos. Las herramientas básicas en España para hacerlo son el planeamiento urbanístico y las políticas de rehabilitación y regeneración urbana de carácter sectorial. Se definen así dos modelos de intervención en la ciudad existente con enfoques y alcances diferenciados que, aunque puedan coincidir en objetivos, no siempre funcionan de forma articulada y que, de hacerlo, permitirían un mejor abordaje de los retos urbanos actuales. El artículo se centra precisamente en la relación entre ambas herramientas, tratando de identificar sus confluencias y divergencias, así como su posible articulación para potenciar las virtudes de cada una de ellas.

El “Informe sobre la localización espacial de clústeres tipológicos de vivienda en las grandes ciudades españolas y su relación con la vulnerabilidad urbana” ha sido desarrollado en el marco del convenio de colaboración entre el Ministerio de Transportes Movilidad y Agenda Urbana y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (a través del Instituto Juan de Herrera). El objetivo del trabajo es detectar y localizar en la escala local los clústeres tipológicos de vivienda propuestos por la "Estrategia a largo plazo para la rehabilitación energética en el sector de la edificación en España" (ERESEE 2020). La ERESSE 2020 ofrece datos agregados a nivel estatal, provincial y por rango municipal, y define estos clústeres a partir de tres variables del Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2011 que permiten una aproximación a la tipología edificatoria: por un lado, la distinción entre viviendas unifamiliares o edificios plurifamiliares y, dentro de estos últimos, la altura de la edificación; y, por otro, el período de construcción de todos ellos. Para precisar la definición de estos clústeres en la escala local se propone una nueva caracterización del parque residencial con datos desagregados a nivel de edificio, construida sobre la intersección de los datos catastrales con el análisis del planeamiento urbanístico, metodología que se pone a prueba en nueve grandes ciudades españolas, para las que se elabora un análisis y cartografía de detalle. Por un lado, el estudio de la documentación urbanística municipal permite identificar tres situaciones en la edificación residencial, a partir de la clasificación de las normas zonales u ordenanzas. En primer lugar, se distingue la vivienda unifamiliar (U) de la vivienda colectiva, puesto que responden a diferentes lógicas de funcionamiento y gestión de los procesos de rehabilitación. La vivienda colectiva, a su vez, se divide en edificación con disposición libre (DL) y con fachada ajustada a vial (AV), en base al mayor o menor grado de libertad

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the best therapeutic option for many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, relapse remains the main cause of mortality after transplantation. The detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) in AML, before and after HSCT, has been described as a powerful predictor of outcome. Nevertheless, multicenter and standardized studies are lacking. A retrospective analysis was performed, including 295 AML patients undergoing HSCT in 4 centers that worked according to recommendations from the Euroflow consortium. Among patients in complete remission (CR), MRD levels prior to transplantation significantly influenced outcomes, with overall (OS) and leukemia free survival (LFS) at 2 years of 76.7% and 67.6% for MRD-negative patients, 68.5% and 49.7% for MRD-low patients (MRD < 0.1), and 50.5% and 36.6% for MRD-high patients (MRD ≥ 0.1) (p < 0.001), respectively. MRD level did influence the outcome, irrespective of the conditioning regimen. In our patient cohort, positive MRD on day +100 after transplantation was associated with an extremely poor prognosis, with a cumulative incidence of relapse of 93.3%. In conclusion, our multicenter study confirms the prognostic value of MRD performed in accordance with standardized recommendations.

Molecular techniques are the gold standard method for the diagnosis of AML with mutated nucleophosmin gene (NPM1mut). However, their worldwide availability is limited and they provide limited insight into disease heterogeneity. Hence, surrogate markers of NPM1mut are used for fast diagnostic screening of the disease [1], including, among others, immunohistochemical detection of cytoplasmic NPM1 (NPM1c) [2], cup-like nuclear morphology [3], normal karyotype, and/or recurrent flow cytometry profiles -e.g., CD34 negativity, and/or a phenotype resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)- [4]. Nevertheless, some of these methods are also not widely available, they show limited sensitivity (e.g., low or absent NPM1c expression, particularly among monoblastic/monocytic AML-NPM1mut) [5], frequently lack standardized procedures [1], and they might also bring limited information about disease heterogeneity.

El impacto de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha puesto de relevancia, más aún, el concepto de “resiliencia urbana” como una de las claves para el futuro de nuestras áreas urbanas. Las medidas a adoptar para la contención de la pandemia han esclarecido, porque ya eran evidentes, la escasa capacidad de respuesta ante problemas, puntuales y/o estructurales, que tienen nuestras ciudades. En este artículo se han analizado y se pretenden visibilizar los diferentes enfoques, dimensiones y ámbitos de la resiliencia en los documentos marco internacionales, europeos y nacionales que marcan directrices para la intervención urbana futura sobre nuestras ciudades.

The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area. Between 2012 and 2020, 44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish breeding population were tagged using GPS telemetry to study their dispersal. Juveniles left the parental breeding area at the end of their first summer and performed wandering movements throughout the Iberian Peninsula, returning to the parental breeding area the following year, repeating the same pattern until they settled in their first breeding area. We analyzed the mean distance from the nest, the maximum reached distances, and the travelled distances (daily and hourly) during the first two years of dispersal and compared them. Despite the high individual variability, variables describing the dispersal movements of juveniles showed a decreasing trend during the second dispersal year: 80 % of individuals reached a shorter maximum distance in the second year, 70% decreased their mean distance to the nest, 65% decreased their hourly travelled distances, and 50% decreased their daily travelled distances. On the other hand, the Red Kites usually combined wandering movements with establishment of temporary settlement areas (TSA). The average duration of settlement in the TSAs was 75 ± 40 days (up to 182 days) and were located at 182 ± 168 km from the nest. In those areas, juveniles used 781.0 ± 1895.0 km 2 (KDE 95%). Some of the TSAs were used by several individuals, which suggests that these areas might be good targets for conservation in future management plans.

Several studies have shown in different organisms how their movements can be fitted to different patterns to optimize search of food resources. According to abundance and availability of resources, different strategies will be optimal, such as Lévy and Brownian random search. We analyze the movement patterns of four species of migratory raptors with different degrees of ecological specialization in diet during the breeding and wintering periods to evaluate the differences according to species and season: the Egyptian Vulture, the Short-toed Snake Eagle, the Booted Eagle, and the Red Kite. From GPS locations, we obtained a set of segments and lengths that were analyzed to verify their fitting to the functions of Lévy and Brownian strategies. Egyptian Vulture’s trajectories fitted to both patterns during the breeding period, whereas during the wintering period most trajectories fitted a Brownian pattern. In the case of the Short-toed Eagle, fit was greater to a Lévy strategy throughout the year, while Booted Eagles and Red Kites exhibited a combination of search patterns. These differences could be accounted for different feeding strategies and environmental context over the annual cycle. In species with a specialized diet (i.e., Short-toed Eagle) the Lévy pattern would maximize the encounters with scarce and unpredictable resources, whereas for species with a broad trophic niche (i.e., Booted Eagle and Red Kite), movements could be adapted to exploit different resources according to their abundance. Scavengers like the Egyptian Vulture shift also between search strategies according to the distribution of carrion. Therefore, the analysis of food search patterns can be used as an indirect indicator to track changes in food availability across a broad range of environmental conditions. This is particularly important under the current context of global change which is largely expected to affect migratory species that spend their vital cycle in distant areas.

To develop effective conservation strategies for migratory birds, it is essential to understand the ecology of a species at each biological phase, including its wintering (or non-breeding) season. For the red kite (Milvus milvus), an endangered raptor from the Western Palearctic, its wintering ecology is little known. We tagged 44 red kites using GPS/satellite transmitters to study their non-breeding seasons in Spain. Two spatial strategies were recorded: 34 individuals (77%) spent all their wintering periods in only one area, whilst the remaining individuals (23%) moved between two main areas at least once. This strategy, however, was not consistent over the years. In the latter case, the distance between wintering areas was 311.6 ± 134.7 km, and individuals usually spent equally long periods in each area (96 ± 35 days). No effects of age or sex were found on these area shifts, so they may have been driven by food or habitat resource availability. We also found high interindividual variability in home range sizes. The home ranges of adults were two- to three-times smaller than those of immatures, probably due to a better knowledge of the territory.

The subject of the research is the tools for detecting and/or intervening in urban vulnerability in the Spanish territory within the framework of public policies on neighbourhood regeneration and the framework of urban agendas. The aim is to characterise and analyse them in relation to a series of parameters described in the methodology. The starting hypothesis is that currently existing tools have different approaches and dynamics, establish different scopes and scales of intervention and operate with different indicators that present different dimensions of urban vulnerability (socio-demographic, socio-economic, residential, subjective, urban framework, environmental) in the detection and/or urban intervention, there is no consensus on the indicators of detection and/or intervention of vulnerability in our territories., El tema de la investigación son las herramientas de detección y/o intervención de la vulnerabilidad urbana en el territorio español dentro del marco de las políticas públicas en materia de regeneración de barrios y del marco de las agendas urbanas. El objetivo es caracterizar y analizar las mismas en relación a una serie de parámetros que se describen en la metodología. La hipótesis de partida es que actualmente las herramientas existentes tiene diferente enfoques y dinámicas, establecen diferentes alcances y escalas de intervención y operan con diferentes indicadores que presentan diferentes dimensiones de vulnerabilidad urbana (sociodemográfica, socioeconómica, residencial, subjetiva, marco urbano, ambiental) en la detección y/o intervención urbana, no existe consenso en los indicadores de detección y/o intervención de la vulnerabilidad en nuestros territorios., Peer Reviewed

A privacy policy describes the operations an organization carries out on its users’ personal data and how it applies data protection principles. The automated analysis of privacy policies is a multidisciplinary research topic producing a growing but scattered body of knowledge. We address this gap by conducting a systematic mapping study which provides an overview of the field, identifies research opportunities, and suggests future research lines. Our study analyzed 39 papers from the 1097 publications found on the topic, to find what information can be automatically extracted from policies presented as textual documents, what this information is applied to, and what analysis techniques are being used. We observe that the techniques found can identify individual pieces of information from the policies with good results. However, further advances are needed to put them in context and provide valuable insight to end-users, organizations dealing with data protection laws and data protection authorities.

El “Informe sobre la localización espacial de clústeres tipológicos de vivienda en las grandes ciudades españolas y su relación con la vulnerabilidad urbana” ha sido desarrollado en el marco del convenio de colaboración entre el Ministerio de Transportes Movilidad y Agenda Urbana y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (a través del Instituto Juan de Herrera). El objetivo del trabajo es detectar y localizar en la escala local los clústeres tipológicos de vivienda propuestos por la "Estrategia a largo plazo para la rehabilitación energética en el sector de la edificación en España" (ERESEE 2020). La ERESSE 2020 ofrece datos agregados a nivel estatal, provincial y por rango municipal, y define estos clústeres a partir de tres variables del Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2011 que permiten una aproximación a la tipología edificatoria: por un lado, la distinción entre viviendas unifamiliares o edificios plurifamiliares y, dentro de estos últimos, la altura de la edificación; y, por otro, el período de construcción de todos ellos. Para precisar la definición de estos clústeres en la escala local se propone una nueva caracterización del parque residencial con datos desagregados a nivel de edificio, construida sobre la intersección de los datos catastrales con el análisis del planeamiento urbanístico, metodología que se pone a prueba en nueve grandes ciudades españolas, para las que se elabora un análisis y cartografía de detalle. Por un lado, el estudio de la documentación urbanística municipal permite identificar tres situaciones en la edificación residencial, a partir de la clasificación de las normas zonales u ordenanzas. En primer lugar, se distingue la vivienda unifamiliar (U) de la vivienda colectiva, puesto que responden a diferentes lógicas de funcionamiento y gestión de los procesos de rehabilitación. La vivienda colectiva, a su vez, se divide en edificación con disposición libre (DL) y con fachada ajustada a vial (AV), en base al mayor o menor grado de libertad

Studies focusing on the spatial ecology of the Red Kite (Milvus milvus) during the breeding season are scarce, despite this season having major importance in its conservation. Spain has one of the largest breeding populations of this species, but it is very threatened in this country. Here, 28 Red Kites were tagged in Spain with GPS satellite transmitters to study the movements of breeding adults during the breeding season (March-June), evaluating the differences according to sex, and investigating the habitat selection. The area used by females was smaller than the used by males (95% KDE = 4.48 vs. 3.30 km2). Females also traveled less distance per hour and remained closer to the nest. Thus, females had a higher frequency of locations at distances <250 m from the nest, while males had a higher frequency at distances >1 km. Distances recorded at >5 km were scarce for both sexes, and maximum distances reached were usually (61% of seasons) less than 15 km. Both sexes increased the frequency of movements between 1–3 km during the central hours of the day. Red Kites mainly used areas occupied by non-irrigated arable land, forests, scrubs, and herbaceous vegetation. The selection of certain types of crops highlights the importance of the agroforestry landscape for the conservation of the species. On the other hand, we documented for the first time how part of the Spanish breeding population is a short-distance migrant within the Iberian Peninsula while other part of the population makes post-breeding movements during summer.

It was assumed that the Spanish breeding population of the red kite (Milvus milvus) was resident, hence their movements were restricted to their breeding area for their entire lifecycle. However, recent observations indicated that the post-reproductive strategies of the red kite in Spain are more diverse. We tagged 47 breeding adult red kites in Spain and analyzed their movements during the post-reproductive period (July–February). We found three strategies in the population: migration (10%), sedentarism (70%), and sedentarism with post-reproductive movements (20%), based on seasonality and other movement parameters. Sedentarism with post-reproductive movements was a very variable strategy that involved all-direction wandering movements far away from the nest (up to 589 km) after breeding season, and then a returned journey toward the starting point in time for the next breeding season. Our results also suggest that sedentarism with post-reproductive movements is much more common in females than males. Furthermore, 17% of the individuals changed their strategy over the years. This study highlights the great individual variability and plasticity of the red kite and allows for a better understanding of spatial ecology in opportunistic raptors.