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Marx duecento anni dopo: un’eredità alla prova.

Il volume propone un percorso di lettura sull’economia politica classica, e su Marx, che si prolunga sino all’opera di Sraffa. Un primo filo conduttore è dato da una visione della teoria del valore che non la riduce a determinazione individuale dei prezzi, ma ne sottolinea l’aspetto macrosociale: in Smith (lavoro comandato) come giustificazione del capitalismo, in Ricardo (lavoro contenuto) come base contraddittoria della teoria della distribuzione, in Marx (lavoro vivo in quanto lavoro astratto in movimento) come indagine sulla costituzione del capitale nel rapporto sociale di produzione. Contrariamente alle interpretazioni più diffuse, le carte inedite di Sraffa, secondo l’autore, consentono di individuare una forte continuità dell’economista italiano con questo Marx. Un secondo filo conduttore consiste nella riflessione circa il destino del lavoro nel capitalismo e oltre, che passa per la messa in questione dell’antropologia smithiana del lavoro sino alla liberazione dal lavoro intravista da Keynes, a cui si oppone la marxiana liberazione del lavoro. Ne emerge una visione apertamente contraria alla centralità totalitaria dell’economico, che nelle due appendici al volume si articola con la questione della natura e la questione di genere. La trasformazione sociale è legata a doppio filo a un cambiamento strutturale della domanda come dell’offerta, e alla ripresa di un protagonismo conflittuale della classe lavoratrice a partire dai luoghi della produzione.

This article suggests a reconstruction of Marx’s Critique of political economy as a macro-monetary theory of capitalist production. The first part of what follows will provide a sort of methodological introduction to Das Kapital. I am questioning the meaning of critique versus criticism, the distinction between fetish-character and fetishism, the role of dialectics, and the difference between reading, interpreting and reconstructing. I will focus especially on volume I. At the centre of the discussion are: the multiple meanings of abstract labour and socialization, the role of money as a commodity for the labour theory of value, the ‘method of comparison’ in grounding valorisation (the emergence of gross profits) as the constitution of capital from class struggle in production, the unity of absolute and relative surplus value extraction, the key notion of Technologie in the real subsumption of labour to capital, the law of the tendential fall in relative wage, Marx’s two notions of competition, and the macro-monetary class perspective in capitalist reproduction crucial to Capital, volume I. Some considerations are devoted to the transformation problem, the so-called “New Interpretation”, and crisis theory. JEL codes: B14, B24, B51 Keywords: Marx, value, money, crisis, macro-monetary theory of capitalist production, PSL Quarterly Review, V. 71, N. 287 (2018): December

The intervention discusses Roberto Finelli’s last book, An accomplished patricide. Marx's final confrontation with Hegel, following the structure of the book. I agree with Finelli that the early Marx is somehow compromised with Feuerbach’s Gattung; at the same time, a ‘backward’ reading of Marx reveals that some key notions of the 1844 Economic-Philosophic Manuscripts reappear in different form in the Grundrisse as well as in Capital. My comment then focuses on the confusions and indeterminacies plaguing Finelli’s refer-ence to Arbeits-kraft, ‘labour-power’. Dealing with abstract labour, I show that Finelli’s in-terpretation is defective because he never considers the dimension of the collective worker, and because his view of abstract labour too often reduces it to simple labour, increasingly devoid of skills. To move beyond Finelli’s limits we need to consider the processual consti-tution of capitalist reality, and to distinguish carefully the eventual validation of private la-bours on the market from the immediate socialisation of collective labour going on within the immediate production process. In my opinion, the failure of Finelli’s dual Parricide is a reminder of the need to move forward towards a re-reading of Marx’s abstract value theory of labour as a macro-monetary theory of capitalist production.

An understanding of, and an intervention into, the present capitalist reality requires that we put together the insights of Karl Marx on labor, as well as those of Hyman Minsky on finance. The best way to do this is within a longer-term perspective, looking at the different stages through which capitalism evolves. In other words, what is needed is a Schumpeterian-like, nonmechanical view about long waves, where Minsky's financial Keynesianism is integrated with Marx's focus on capitalist relations of production. Both are essential elements in understanding neoliberalism's ascent and collapse. Minsky provided crucial elements in understanding the capitalist "new economy." This refers to his perceptive diagnosis of "money manager capitalism," the new form of capitalism that came from the womb of the Keynesian era itself. It collapsed a first time with the dot-com crisis, and a second time, and more seriously, with the subprime crisis. The focus is on the long-term changes in capitalism, and especially on what L. Randall Wray appropriately calls Minsky's "stages approach." Our aim is to show that this theme has a deep connection with the topic of the socialization of investment, central in the conclusions of the latter's 1975 book on Keynes.

Artykuł wykazuje, że Róża Luksemburg przeprowadziła swoją analizę akumulacji kapitalistycznej w duchu „cyrkulatywistycznej”, makroekonomicznej interpretacji kapitalizmu jako pieniężnej gospodarki wytwórczej. Autorzy analizują uwagi poczynione przez Luksemburg na temat schematu reprodukcji rozszerzonej wprowadzonego przez Marksa w drugim tomie „Kapitału” oraz streszczają krytyki jej podejścia w wydaniu Mikołaja Bucharina, Michała Kaleckiego i Joan Robinson. Argumentują także, że nie można zredukować stanowiska Luksemburg wyłącznie do statusu „podkonsumpcjonizmu”, a jej analizy składają się na jasną makroekonomiczną ilustrację pieniężnego i sekwencyjnego charakteru procesu kapitalistycznego.

La ambición de esta tesis es contribuir al progreso del estado de la literatura científica que se ha desarrollado alrededor de la noción de bienes comunes, interpretada como un elemento crucial e innovador que está marcando importantes transformaciones en la organización de la producción contemporánea. En términos generales, el objetivo de la tesis es avanzar en el desarrollo de un marco inspirado en la noción de los bienes comunes para analizar algunos rasgos desafiantes de las nuevas formas de producción que han aparecido a lo largo de las últimas décadas a través de la crisis del régimen fordista-keynesiano, la instalación de un nuevo paradigma tecno-económico y el surgimiento de un modo de desarrollo informacional. Trabajando junto a diferentes corrientes de investigación que han trabajado recientemente alrededor del redescubrimiento de la noción de bienes comunes, esta tesis pretende aportar argumentos en favor de la necesidad de pluralizar nuestro marco de análisis sobre las prácticas e instituciones colectivas que rodean el aprovisionamiento y la gobernanza de bienes y servicios básicos en las complejas economías contemporáneas, yendo más allá del binomio dominante organizado entorno al duopolio estado contra mercado. En comparación con el estado del arte, las principales innovaciones y áreas de contribuciones son dos. En primer lugar, en vez de centrar la investigación sobre los bienes comunes concebidos como una esfera autónoma de producción social, se propone principalmente utilizar los bienes comunes como marco para analizar arreglos híbridos, en los que los bienes comunes se enredan en transformaciones que tienen lugar en las formas de trabajar tanto del mercado capitalista como del Estado. En segundo lugar, pretende avanzar en la limitada investigación que se ha realizado hasta ahora sobre el desarrollo de un marco para comprender y estimar el valor generado en condiciones de compartición, es decir, según una lógica radicalmente distinta de la lógica del valor de cambio. La tesis está compuesta por una colección de tres artículos. Berlinguer, M. (2014). The social economy in Italy, pp. 101-126, in Satgar, V. (ed.) (2014). The solidarity economy alternative: Emerging theory and practice, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Berlinguer, M., Fuster Morell, M., Joan Subirats, J. (2016). Investigando nuevas coordenadas de intercambio y de valor. Las comunidades de producción colaborativa entre pares y procomún. Revista Arbor. Numero monográfico: La transición a lo digital del sistema cultural: nuevas narrativas, nuevas reglas. ISNN 0210-1963 Berlinguer, M. (Forthcoming). Valuing sharing. How commons have become part of informational capitalism and what we can learn from it. The case of FOSS. Para enriquecer y sostener los argumentos que abordan los artículos anteriores, en el apéndice, se acompaña la tesis con otros tres artículos que se han preparado en el marco de proyectos de investigación que aportaron materiales empíricos y metodológicos que han apoyado esta tesis doctoral. Berlinguer, M., Fuster Morell, M., Martínez, R., Joan Subirats, J. (2015). Sostenibilidad de la cultura libre: modelos emergentes en Cataluña. In: Fuster Morell, M. Subirats, J., Berlinguer, M. Martínez, M. y Salcedo, J. Cultura libre y procomún digital en Cataluña: Icaria, pp. 97–168. Morell, M. F., Salcedo, J. L., & Berlinguer, M. (2016, September). Debate About the Concept of Value in Commons-Based Peer Production. In International Conference on Internet Science (pp. 27-41). Springer International Publishing. Berlinguer, M., Morell, M. F., Salcedo, J. L., & Martínez, R., Tebbens, W. (Forthcoming). Defining, Mapping and Sampling Common-based peer production., The ambition of this thesis is to contribute to the progress of the state of the art of the scientific literature that has developed around the notion of the commons, interpreted as a crucial and innovative element that is marking important transformations in the organization of contemporary production. In general terms, the objective of the thesis is to advance in the development of a framework inspired by the notion of the commons to analyze some challenging features of new forms of production, which have been appearing along the last decades, across the crisis of the Fordist-Keynesian capitalistic regime, the installation of a new techno-economical paradigm and the emergence of an informational mode of development. Working along with different streams of research that engaged recently with the rediscovery of the notion of the commons, this thesis aims to provide arguments towards the necessity to pluralize our framework of analysis concerning the collective practices and institutions surrounding the provisioning and governance of core goods and services in complex modern economies, going beyond the dominant binary organized on the state vs market duopoly. Compared with the state of the art, the main innovations and areas of contributions are two. First of all, rather than centering the research on the commons conceived as an autonomous sphere of social production, it mainly aims to utilize the commons as a framework to analyze hybrid arrangements, in which the commons appear enmeshed with transformations that are taking place in the forms of working of both the capitalistic market and the state. Secondly, it aims to advance the limited research that has been done so far around the development of a framework to understand and assess the value generated in conditions of sharing, that is, according to a logic that is radically different from the logic of exchange value. The thesis is composed by a collection of three articles. Berlinguer, M. (2014). The social economy in Italy, pp. 101-126, in Satgar, V. (ed.) (2014). The solidarity economy alternative: Emerging theory and practice, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Berlinguer, M., Fuster Morell, M., Joan Subirats, J. (2016). Investigando nuevas coordenadas de intercambio y de valor. Las comunidades de producción colaborativa entre pares y procomún. Revista Arbor. Numero monográfico: La transición a lo digital del sistema cultural: nuevas narrativas, nuevas reglas. ISNN 0210-1963 Berlinguer, M. (Forthcoming). Valuing sharing. How commons have become part of informational capitalism and what we can learn from it. The case of FOSS. To further enrich and sustain the arguments that are tackled by the above articles, in the appendix, they are accompanied by other three articles that have been prepared in the framework of research projects that provided empirical and methodological materials that have supported this PhD thesis. Berlinguer, M., Fuster Morell, M., Martínez, R., Joan Subirats, J. (2015). Sostenibilidad de la cultura libre: modelos emergentes en Cataluña. In: Fuster Morell, M. Subirats, J., Berlinguer, M. Martínez, M. y Salcedo, J. Cultura libre y procomún digital en Cataluña: Icaria, pp. 97–168. Morell, M. F., Salcedo, J. L., & Berlinguer, M. (2016, September). Debate About the Concept of Value in Commons-Based Peer Production. In International Conference on Internet Science (pp. 27-41). Springer International Publishing. Berlinguer, M., Morell, M. F., Salcedo, J. L., & Martínez, R., Tebbens, W. (Forthcoming). Defining, Mapping and Sampling Common-based peer production.