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1. Cryogenic Feedforward of a Photonic Quantum State

Author: Thiele, Frederik, Lamberty, Niklas, Hummel, Thomas, Lange, Nina A., Procopio, Lorenzo M., Barua, Aishi, Lengeling, Sebastian, Quiring, Viktor, Eigner, Christof, Silberhorn, Christine, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract: Modulation conditioned on measurements on entangled photonic quantum states is a cornerstone technology of optical quantum information processing. Performing this task with low latency requires combining single-photon-level detectors with both electronic logic processing and optical modulation in close proximity. In the technologically relevant telecom wavelength band, detection of photonic quantum states is best performed with high-efficiency, low-noise, and high-speed detectors based on the photon-induced breakdown of superconductivity. Therefore, using these devices for feedforward requires mutual compatibility of all components under cryogenic conditions. Here, we demonstrate low-latency feedforward using a quasi-photon-number-resolved measurement on a quantum light source. Specifically, we use a multipixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, amplifier, logic, and an integrated electro-optic modulator in situ below 4K. We modulate the signal mode of a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source, conditional on a photon-number measurement of the idler mode, with a total latency of (23+/-3)ns. The photon-number discrimination actively manipulates the signal mode photon statistics, which is itself a central component in photonic quantum computing reliant on heralded single-photon sources. This represents an important benchmark for the fastest quantum photonic feedforward experiments comprising measurement, amplification, logic and modulation. This has direct applications in quantum computing, communication, and simulation protocols.
Published: 2024

2. Three-in-One: Fast and Accurate Transducer for Hybrid-Autoregressive ASR

Author: Xu, Hainan, Bartley, Travis M., Bataev, Vladimir, and Ginsburg, Boris
Subjects: Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract: We present \textbf{H}ybrid-\textbf{A}utoregressive \textbf{IN}ference Tr\textbf{AN}sducers (HAINAN), a novel architecture for speech recognition that extends the Token-and-Duration Transducer (TDT) model. Trained with randomly masked predictor network outputs, HAINAN supports both autoregressive inference with all network components and non-autoregressive inference without the predictor. Additionally, we propose a novel semi-autoregressive inference paradigm that first generates an initial hypothesis using non-autoregressive inference, followed by refinement steps where each token prediction is regenerated using parallelized autoregression on the initial hypothesis. Experiments on multiple datasets across different languages demonstrate that HAINAN achieves efficiency parity with CTC in non-autoregressive mode and with TDT in autoregressive mode. In terms of accuracy, autoregressive HAINAN outperforms TDT and RNN-T, while non-autoregressive HAINAN significantly outperforms CTC. Semi-autoregressive inference further enhances the model's accuracy with minimal computational overhead, and even outperforms TDT results in some cases. These results highlight HAINAN's flexibility in balancing accuracy and speed, positioning it as a strong candidate for real-world speech recognition applications.
Published: 2024

3. Bias Reduction in Social Networks through Agent-Based Simulations

Author: Bartley, Nathan, Burghardt, Keith, and Lerman, Kristina
Subjects: Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract: Online social networks use recommender systems to suggest relevant information to their users in the form of personalized timelines. Studying how these systems expose people to information at scale is difficult to do as one cannot assume each user is subject to the same timeline condition and building appropriate evaluation infrastructure is costly. We show that a simple agent-based model where users have fixed preferences affords us the ability to compare different recommender systems (and thus different personalized timelines) in their ability to skew users' perception of their network. Importantly, we show that a simple greedy algorithm that constructs a feed based on network properties reduces such perception biases comparable to a random feed. This underscores the influence network structure has in determining the effectiveness of recommender systems in the social network context and offers a tool for mitigating perception biases through algorithmic feed construction.
Published: 2024

4. RTs != Endorsements: Rethinking Exposure Fairness on Social Media Platforms

Author: Bartley, Nathan and Lerman, Kristina
Subjects: Computer Science - Social and Information Networks
Abstract: Recommender systems underpin many of the personalized services in the online information & social media ecosystem. However, the assumptions in the research on content recommendations in domains like search, video, and music are often applied wholesale to domains that require a better understanding of why and how users interact with the systems. In this position paper we focus on social media and argue that personalized timelines have an added layer of complexity that is derived from the social nature of the platform itself. In particular, definitions of exposure fairness should be expanded to consider the social environment each user is situated in: how often a user is exposed to others is as important as who they get exposed to.
Published: 2024

5. Longer is (Not Necessarily) Stronger: Punctuated Long-Sequence Training for Enhanced Speech Recognition and Translation

Author: Koluguri, Nithin Rao, Bartley, Travis, Xu, Hainan, Hrinchuk, Oleksii, Balam, Jagadeesh, Ginsburg, Boris, and Kucsko, Georg
Subjects: Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing, Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract: This paper presents a new method for training sequence-to-sequence models for speech recognition and translation tasks. Instead of the traditional approach of training models on short segments containing only lowercase or partial punctuation and capitalization (PnC) sentences, we propose training on longer utterances that include complete sentences with proper punctuation and capitalization. We achieve this by using the FastConformer architecture which allows training 1 Billion parameter models with sequences up to 60 seconds long with full attention. However, while training with PnC enhances the overall performance, we observed that accuracy plateaus when training on sequences longer than 40 seconds across various evaluation settings. Our proposed method significantly improves punctuation and capitalization accuracy, showing a 25% relative word error rate (WER) improvement on the Earnings-21 and Earnings-22 benchmarks. Additionally, training on longer audio segments increases the overall model accuracy across speech recognition and translation benchmarks. The model weights and training code are open-sourced though NVIDIA NeMo., Comment: Accepted at SLT 2024
Published: 2024

6. Transcobalamin receptor antibodies in autoimmune vitamin B12 central deficiency

Author: Pluvinage, John V, Ngo, Thomas, Fouassier, Camille, McDonagh, Maura, Holmes, Brandon B, Bartley, Christopher M, Kondapavulur, Sravani, Hurabielle, Charlotte, Bodansky, Aaron, Pai, Vincent, Hinman, Sam, Aslanpour, Ava, Alvarenga, Bonny D, Zorn, Kelsey C, Zamecnik, Colin, McCann, Adrian, Asencor, Andoni I, Huynh, Trung, Browne, Weston, Tubati, Asritha, Haney, Michael S, Douglas, Vanja C, Louine, Martineau, Cree, Bruce AC, Hauser, Stephen L, Seeley, William, Baranzini, Sergio E, Wells, James A, Spudich, Serena, Farhadian, Shelli, Ramachandran, Prashanth S, Gillum, Leslie, Hales, Chadwick M, Zikherman, Julie, Anderson, Mark S, Yazdany, Jinoos, Smith, Bryan, Nath, Avindra, Suh, Gina, Flanagan, Eoin P, Green, Ari J, Green, Ralph, Gelfand, Jeffrey M, DeRisi, Joseph L, Pleasure, Samuel J, and Wilson, Michael R
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Women's Health, Autoimmune Disease, Brain Disorders, Dietary Supplements, Nutrition, Clinical Research, Minority Health, Neurosciences, Biotechnology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Neurological, Humans, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, Vitamin B 12, Autoantibodies, Female, Receptors, Cell Surface, Antigens, CD, Middle Aged, Autoimmune Diseases, Blood-Brain Barrier, Male, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Medical biotechnology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: Vitamin B12 is critical for hematopoiesis and myelination. Deficiency can cause neurologic deficits including loss of coordination and cognitive decline. However, diagnosis relies on measurement of vitamin B12 in the blood, which may not accurately reflect the concentration in the brain. Using programmable phage display, we identified an autoantibody targeting the transcobalamin receptor (CD320) in a patient with progressive tremor, ataxia, and scanning speech. Anti-CD320 impaired cellular uptake of cobalamin (B12) in vitro by depleting its target from the cell surface. Despite a normal serum concentration, B12 was nearly undetectable in her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Immunosuppressive treatment and high-dose systemic B12 supplementation were associated with increased B12 in the CSF and clinical improvement. Optofluidic screening enabled isolation of a patient-derived monoclonal antibody that impaired B12 transport across an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Autoantibodies targeting the same epitope of CD320 were identified in seven other patients with neurologic deficits of unknown etiology, 6% of healthy controls, and 21.4% of a cohort of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. In 132 paired serum and CSF samples, detection of anti-CD320 in the blood predicted B12 deficiency in the brain. However, these individuals did not display any hematologic signs of B12 deficiency despite systemic CD320 impairment. Using a genome-wide CRISPR screen, we found that the low-density lipoprotein receptor serves as an alternative B12 uptake pathway in hematopoietic cells. These findings dissect the tissue specificity of B12 transport and elucidate an autoimmune neurologic condition that may be amenable to immunomodulatory treatment and nutritional supplementation.
Published: 2024

7. Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing

Author: Schapeler, Timon, Schade, Robert, Lass, Michael, Plessl, Christian, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Abstract: At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyse these systems at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is therefore critical to benchmarking performance and characterising their operation. While classical computational approaches cannot perform like-for-like computations of quantum systems beyond a certain scale, classical high-performance computing (HPC) may nevertheless be useful for precisely these characterisation and certification tasks. By developing open-source customised algorithms using high-performance computing, we perform quantum tomography on a megascale quantum photonic detector covering a Hilbert space of $10^6$. This requires finding $10^8$ elements of the matrix corresponding to the positive operator valued measure (POVM), the quantum description of the detector, and is achieved in minutes of computation time. Moreover, by exploiting the structure of the problem, we achieve highly efficient parallel scaling, paving the way for quantum objects up to a system size of $10^{12}$ elements to be reconstructed using this method. In general, this shows that a consistent quantum mechanical description of quantum phenomena is applicable at everyday scales. More concretely, this enables the reconstruction of large-scale quantum sources, processes and detectors used in computation and sampling tasks, which may be necessary to prove their nonclassical character or quantum computational advantage., Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2024

8. Optical Bias and Cryogenic Laser Readout of a Multipixel Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector

Author: Thiele, Frederik, Lamberty, Niklas, Hummel, Thomas, and Bartley, Tim
Subjects: Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract: Cryogenic opto-electronic interconnects are gaining increasing interest as a means to control and read out cryogenic electronic components. The challenge is to achieve sufficient signal integrity with low heat load processing. In this context, we demonstrate the opto-electronic bias and readout of a commercial four-pixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array using a cryogenic photodiode and laser. We show that this approach has a similar system detection efficiency to a conventional bias. Furthermore, multi-pixel detection events are faithfully converted between the optical and electrical domain, which allows reliable extraction of amplitude multiplexed photon statistics. Our device has a passive heat dissipation of 2.6mW, maintains the signal rise time of 3ns, and operates in free-running (self-resetting) mode at a repetition rate of 600kHz. This demonstrates the potential of high-bandwidth, low noise, and low heat load opto-electronic interconnects for scalable cryogenic signal processing and transmission.
Published: 2024

9. Characterization and visualization of tandem repeats at genome scale

Author: Dolzhenko, Egor, English, Adam, Dashnow, Harriet, De Sena Brandine, Guilherme, Mokveld, Tom, Rowell, William J., Karniski, Caitlin, Kronenberg, Zev, Danzi, Matt C., Cheung, Warren A., Bi, Chengpeng, Farrow, Emily, Wenger, Aaron, Chua, Khi Pin, Martínez-Cerdeño, Verónica, Bartley, Trevor D., Jin, Peng, Nelson, David L., Zuchner, Stephan, Pastinen, Tomi, Quinlan, Aaron R., Sedlazeck, Fritz J., and Eberle, Michael A.
Published: 2024
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10. Coherent control of molecular rotation in superfluid helium

Author: Milner, Alexander A., MacPhail-Bartley, Ian, Preocanin, Katarina, Dasgupta, Shroyon, Peng, Xuanshan, and Milner, Valery
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate control of molecular rotation in bulk superfluid $^4\mathrm{He}$. Metastable helium dimers, $\mathrm{He}_2^*$, are rotationally excited by a periodic train of linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulses. We show that the degree of rotational excitation of $\mathrm{He}_2^*$ can be enhanced or suppressed by varying the period of the pulse train, whereas the directionality of molecular rotation can be controlled by the relative angle between the polarization vectors of pulses in the train. The experimental results are in agreement with numerical calculations, based on a simple model, in which $\mathrm{He}_2^*$ molecules do not interact with the superfluid.
Published: 2023

11. Implementing Indigenous Approaches to Knowledge and Knowing at the John Hay Library: A Pueblo Reflection

Author: Bartley, Felicia
Published: 2024
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12. Community Schools in Wisconsin: Guidebook. A Resource for Starting and Improving Community Schools

Author: Region 10 Comprehensive Center, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, Coalition for Community Schools, Institute for Educational Leadership (IEL), National Education Association (NEA), Eversole, Oriana, and Bartley, Carmen
Abstract: The primary purpose of this guidebook is to support a learning community that promotes the growth, quality, and sustainability of Community Schools across Wisconsin. This document provides an overview of Community School models and supports, including: a list of the current districts implementing Community Schools in Wisconsin; information on how to connect with others who are doing this work across the state; a summary of Community Schools policy examples and opportunities; funding available for Community Schools; and tips on how to get started, or, for those already implementing the Community Schools model, to learn and improve. This guidebook is intended for district and school leaders who are in earlier stages of Community Schools planning as well as those in implementation stages. In addition, advocates for Community Schools and policy can use this guidebook to get a better sense of the landscape of Community Schools in Wisconsin.
Published: 2023

13. An autoantibody signature predictive for multiple sclerosis

Author: Zamecnik, Colin R., Sowa, Gavin M., Abdelhak, Ahmed, Dandekar, Ravi, Bair, Rebecca D., Wade, Kristen J., Bartley, Christopher M., Kizer, Kerry, Augusto, Danillo G., Tubati, Asritha, Gomez, Refujia, Fouassier, Camille, Gerungan, Chloe, Caspar, Colette M., Alexander, Jessica, Wapniarski, Anne E., Loudermilk, Rita P., Eggers, Erica L., Zorn, Kelsey C., Ananth, Kirtana, Jabassini, Nora, Mann, Sabrina A., Ragan, Nicholas R., Santaniello, Adam, Henry, Roland G., Baranzini, Sergio E., Zamvil, Scott S., Sabatino, Jr., Joseph J., Bove, Riley M., Guo, Chu-Yueh, Gelfand, Jeffrey M., Cuneo, Richard, von Büdingen, H.-Christian, Oksenberg, Jorge R., Cree, Bruce A. C., Hollenbach, Jill A., Green, Ari J., Hauser, Stephen L., Wallin, Mitchell T., DeRisi, Joseph L., and Wilson, Michael R.
Published: 2024
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14. How well can superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors resolve photon number?

Author: Schapeler, Timon, Lamberty, Niklas, Hummel, Thomas, Schlue, Fabian, Stefszky, Michael, Brecht, Benjamin, Silberhorn, Christine, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of electrical output signals from a commercially available superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) to investigate their photon-number-resolving capability. We find that the rising edge as well as the amplitude of the electrical signal have the most dependence on photon number. Accurately measuring the rising edge while simultaneously measuring the voltage of the pulse amplitude maximizes the photon-number resolution of SNSPDs. Using an optimal basis of principle components, we show unambiguous discrimination between one- and two-photon events, as well as partial resolution up to five photons. This expands the use-case of SNSPDs to photon-counting experiments, without the need of detector multiplexing architectures., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2023
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15. A Chat About Boring Problems: Studying GPT-based text normalization

Author: Zhang, Yang, Bartley, Travis M., Graterol-Fuenmayor, Mariana, Lavrukhin, Vitaly, Bakhturina, Evelina, and Ginsburg, Boris
Subjects: Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Text normalization - the conversion of text from written to spoken form - is traditionally assumed to be an ill-formed task for language models. In this work, we argue otherwise. We empirically show the capacity of Large-Language Models (LLM) for text normalization in few-shot scenarios. Combining self-consistency reasoning with linguistic-informed prompt engineering, we find LLM based text normalization to achieve error rates around 40\% lower than top normalization systems. Further, upon error analysis, we note key limitations in the conventional design of text normalization tasks. We create a new taxonomy of text normalization errors and apply it to results from GPT-3.5-Turbo and GPT-4.0. Through this new framework, we can identify strengths and weaknesses of GPT-based TN, opening opportunities for future work., Comment: Accepted to ICASSP 2024
Published: 2023

16. Decomposing large unitaries into multimode devices of arbitrary size

Author: Arends, Christian, Wolf, Lasse, Meinecke, Jasmin, Barkhofen, Sonja, Weich, Tobias, and Bartley, Tim
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Decomposing complex unitary evolution into a series of constituent components is a cornerstone of practical quantum information processing. While the decompostion of an $n\times n$ unitary into a series of $2\times2$ subunitaries is well established (i.e. beamsplitters and phase shifters in linear optics), we show how this decomposition can be generalised into a series of $m\times m$ multimode devices, where $m>2$. If the cost associated with building each $m\times m$ multimode device is less than constructing with $\frac{m(m-1)}{2}$ individual $2\times 2$ devices, we show that the decomposition of large unitaries into $m\times m$ submatrices is is more resource efficient and exhibits a higher tolerance to errors, than its $2\times 2$ counterpart. This allows larger-scale unitaries to be constructed with lower errors, which is necessary for various tasks, not least Boson sampling, the quantum Fourier transform and quantum simulations.
Published: 2023

17. NEMA NU 2-2018 performance evaluation of a new generation digital 32-cm axial field-of-view Omni Legend PET-CT

Author: Smith, Rhodri Lyn, Bartley, Lee, O'Callaghan, Christopher, Bradley, Kevin M., and Marshall, Chris
Subjects: Physics - Medical Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: A NEMA performance evaluation was conducted on the new General Electric (GE) digital Omni Legend PET-CT system with 32-cm extended field-of-view. This study marks the introduction of the first-ever commercially available clinical digital bismuth germanate technology. Testing was performed in accordance with the NEMA NU2-2018 standard. A comparison was made with the performance of two other commercial GE scanners with extended fields-of-view. A digital lutetium yttrium orthosilicate system (Discovery MI - 6 ring) and a non-digital bismuth germanate system (Discovery IQ). For the Omni assessment, the tangential, radial, and axial spatial resolutions at 1 cm radial offset were measured as 3.76 mm, 3.73 mm, and 4.25 mm FWHM. The total system sensitivity to a line source at the center was 44.36 cps/kBq. The peak NECR was 501 kcps at 17.8 kBq/mL. The scatter fraction at NECR peak was 35.48%, and the maximum count-rate error at and below NEC peak was 5.5%. Sphere contrast recovery coefficients were from 52% (10 mm) to 93% (37 mm). The system does not use time of flight; thus, no assessment of timing resolution was made. The PET-CT co-registration accuracy was 2.4 mm. The performance of the Omni Legend surpassed that of the Discovery MI on all NEMA tests, except for assessments of background variability (image noise). Time of flight is associated with inherent improvements in signal-to-noise ratio. In lieu of time of flight capabilities, the Omni provides software corrections in the form of a pre-trained neural network (trained on non-ToF to ToF). With such corrections, average performance is competitive when compared to ToF systems. Further validation is required to optimize clinical imaging protocols and hyperparameters associated with such software corrections and to examine the effect of non-linear corrections with varying target size, particularly for real world, clinical scans.
Published: 2023

18. Editorial: Women in aging and the immune system

Author: Bartley, Jenna M and Agrawal, Anshu
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, aging, immune dysfunction, inflammaging, metformin, senolytic, Clinical sciences
Published: 2024

19. Response to comment by Daley et al., on 'Assessing gully erosion and rehabilitation using multi temporal LiDAR DEMs: Case study from the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia'

Author: Sana Khan, Rebecca Bartley, Anne Kinsey-Henderson, and Aaron Hawdon
Subjects: Digital elevation models, (dis)connectivity, Restoration, Geomorphic change detection, Geomorphic effectiveness, GIS, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract: Daley et al. (2023a) argue that at least 10–15 years apart Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived DEMs of Difference (DoD) surveys are needed to detect reliable geomorphic change within the gullied landscapes of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We acknowledge that the reliability of observed geomorphic change increases as more subtle geomorphic processes are detected with longer monitoring periods. As further good quality long-term legacy datasets become available, we encourage utilising these to improve confidence in targeting erosion rehabilitation. However, our approach to consistently apply 2–3 year DoDs to contrasting gully morphologies enabled capture of more intense geomorphic processes acting over shorter timeframes and provided valuable and timely information on (i) contrasting erosional mechanisms and erosion rates between variable gully morphologies, and (ii) rehabilitation efforts undertaken. In this paper, we take the opportunity to concisely address all the concerns raised by Daley et al. (2023a).
Published: 2024
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20. Ectopically expressed rhodopsin is not sensitive to X-rays

Author: Kelli Cannon, Aundrea Bartley, Lynn Dobrunz, and Mark Bolding
Subjects: Rhodopsin, X-rays, X-genetics, Optogenetics, Noninvasive neuromodulation, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract: Abstract Visual perception of X-radiation is a well-documented, but poorly understood phenomenon. Scotopic rod cells and rhodopsin have been implicated in visual responses to X-rays, however, some evidence suggests that X-rays excite the retina via a different mechanism than visible light. While rhodopsin’s role in X-ray perception is unclear, the possibility that it could function as an X-ray receptor has led to speculation that it could act as a transgenically expressed X-ray receptor. If so, it could be used to transduce transcranial X-ray signals and control the activity of genetically targeted populations of neurons in a less invasive version of optogenetics, X-genetics. Here we investigate whether human rhodopsin (hRho) is capable of transducing X-ray signals when expressed outside of the retinal environment. We use a live-cell cAMP GloSensor luminescence assay to measure cAMP decreases in hRho-expressing HEK293 cells in response to visible light and X-ray stimulation. We show that cAMP GloSensor luminescence decreases are not observed in hRho-expressing HEK293 cells in response to X-ray stimulation, despite the presence of robust responses to visible light. Additionally, irradiation had no significant effect on cAMP GloSensor responses to subsequent visible light stimulation. These results suggest that ectopically expressed rhodopsin does not function as an X-ray receptor and is not capable of transducing transcranial X-ray signals into neural activity for X-ray mediated, genetically targeted neuromodulation.
Published: 2024
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21. Low-noise Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Author: Protte, Maximilian, Schapeler, Timon, Sperling, Jan, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been widely used to study the discrete nature of quantum states of light in the form of photon-counting experiments. We show that SNSPDs can also be used to study continuous variables of optical quantum states by performing homodyne detection at a bandwidth of $400~\mathrm{kHz}$. By measuring the interference of a continuous-wave field of a local oscillator with the field of the vacuum state using two SNSPDs, we show that the variance of the difference in count rates is linearly proportional to the photon flux of the local oscillator over almost five orders of magnitude. The resulting shot-noise clearance of $(46.0\pm1.1)~\mathrm{dB}$ is the highest reported clearance for a balanced optical homodyne detector, demonstrating their potential for measuring highly squeezed states in the continuous-wave regime. In addition, we measured a $\mathrm{CMRR}=22.4~\mathrm{dB}$. From the joint click counting statistics, we also measure the phase-dependent quadrature of a weak coherent state to demonstrate our device's functionality as a homodyne detector., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2023

22. Pyroelectric Influence on Lithium Niobate During the Thermal Transition for Cryogenic Integrated Photonics

Author: Thiele, Frederik, Hummel, Thomas, Lange, Nina Amelie, Dreher, Felix, Protte, Maximilian, Bruch, Felix vom, Lengeling, Sebastian, Herrmann, Harald, Eigner, Christof, Silberhorn, Christine, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Physics - Optics, Quantum Physics
Abstract: Lithium niobate has emerged as a promising platform for integrated quantum optics, enabling efficient generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light. However, integrating single-photon detectors requires cryogenic operating temperatures, since the best performing detectors are based on narrow superconducting wires. While previous studies have demonstrated the operation of quantum light sources and electro-optic modulators in LiNbO3 at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal transition between room temperature and cryogenic conditions introduces additional effects that can significantly influence device performance. In this paper, we investigate the generation of pyroelectric charges and their impact on the optical properties of lithium niobate waveguides when changing from room temperature to 25K, and vice versa. We measure the generated pyroelectric charge flow and correlate this with fast changes in the birefringence acquired through the Senarmont method. Both electrical and optical influence of the pyroelectric effect occurs predominantly at temperatures above 100K.
Published: 2023

23. Change in Platelet Count after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation: An Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) Group Study

Author: Wong, Randi J, Ge, Jin, Boike, Justin, German, Margarita, Morelli, Giuseppe, Spengler, Erin, Said, Adnan, Desai, Archita, Couri, Thomas, Paul, Sonali, Frenette, Catherine, Verna, Elizabeth C, Goel, Aparna, Fallon, Michael, Thornburg, Bartley, VanWagner, Lisa, Lai, Jennifer C, and Kolli, K Pallav
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Prevention, Adult, Humans, Child, Preschool, Platelet Count, Retrospective Studies, End Stage Liver Disease, Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic, Severity of Illness Index, Liver Cirrhosis, Treatment Outcome, Clinical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, Clinical sciences
Abstract: PurposeTo evaluate recovery of platelet count after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation and patient factors predicting platelet recovery after TIPS creation.Materials and methodsAdults with cirrhosis who underwent TIPS creation at 9 U.S. hospitals from 2010 to 2015 were included in this retrospective analysis. Change in platelets from before TIPS to 4 months after TIPS creation was characterized. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with top quartile percentage platelet increase after TIPS. Subgroup analyses were performed among patients with a pre-TIPS platelet count of ≤50 ×109/L.ResultsA total of 601 patients were included. The median absolute change in platelets was 1 × 109/L (-26 × 109/L to 25 × 109/L). Patients with top quartile percent platelet increase experienced ≥32% platelet increase. In multivariable analysis, pre-TIPS platelet counts (odds ratio [OR], 0.97 per 109/L; 95% CI, 0.97-0.98), age (OR, 1.24 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.10-1.39), and pre-TIPS model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores (OR, 1.06 per point; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09) were associated with top quartile (≥32%) platelet increase. Ninety-four (16%) patients had a platelet count of ≤50 × 109/L before TIPS. The median absolute platelet change was 14 × 109/L (2 × 109/L to 34 × 109/L). Fifty-four percent of patients in this subgroup were in the top quartile for platelet increase. In multivariable logistic regression, age (OR, 1.50 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.11-2.02) was the only factor associated with top quartile platelet increase in this subgroup.ConclusionsTIPS creation did not result in significant platelet increase, except among patients with a platelet count of ≤50 × 109/L before TIPS. Lower pre-TIPS platelet counts, older age, and higher pre-TIPS MELD scores were associated with top quartile (≥32%) platelet increase in the entire cohort, whereas only older age was associated with this outcome in the patient subset with a pre-TIPS platelet count of ≤50 × 109/L.
Published: 2023

24. Distinct patterns of GABAergic interneuron pathology in autism are associated with intellectual impairment and stereotypic behaviors

Author: Dufour, Brett D, McBride, Erin, Bartley, Trevor, Juarez, Pablo, and Martínez-Cerdeño, Verónica
Subjects: Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Pediatric, Mental Health, Autism, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Behavioral and Social Science, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Humans, Autistic Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Stereotyped Behavior, Interneurons, Brain, autism, behavior, human, interneuron, postmortem, Specialist Studies in Education, Cognitive Sciences, Developmental & Child Psychology, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract: Lay abstractAutism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in sociability and communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors. How specific pathological alterations of the brain contribute to the clinical profile of autism spectrum disorder remains unknown. We previously found that a specific type of inhibitory interneuron is reduced in number in the autism spectrum disorder prefrontal cortex. Here, we assessed the relationship between interneuron reduction and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity. We collected clinical records from autism spectrum disorder (n = 20) and assessed the relationship between the severity of symptoms and interneuron number. We found that the reduced number of inhibitory interneurons that we previously reported is linked to specific symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, particularly stereotypic movements and intellectual impairments.
Published: 2023

25. Management Processes

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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26. Introduction

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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27. Studying Data Ethics Management: Research Methodology

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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28. Technical Solutions

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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29. Management Structures and Functions

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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30. Risks: From Privacy and Manipulation to Bias and Displacement

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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31. Motivations—Why Do Companies Pursue Data Ethics?

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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32. Drawing Substantive Lines

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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33. What is Business Data Ethics Management?

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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34. Data Analytics for the Social Good

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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35. Ectopically expressed rhodopsin is not sensitive to X-rays

Author: Cannon, Kelli, Bartley, Aundrea, Dobrunz, Lynn, and Bolding, Mark
Published: 2024
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36. Enhancing monolignol ferulate conjugate levels in poplar lignin via OsFMT1

Author: Unda, Faride, de Vries, Lisanne, Karlen, Steven D., Rainbow, Jordan, Zhang, Chengcheng, Bartley, Laura E., Kim, Hoon, Ralph, John, and Mansfield, Shawn D.
Published: 2024
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37. Correction: The rapid-tome, a 3D-printed microtome, and an updated hand-sectioning method for high-quality plant sectioning

Author: Thomas, D. J., Rainbow, J., and Bartley, L. E.
Published: 2024
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38. Sponge-derived matter is assimilated by coral holobionts

Author: Reigel, Alicia M., Easson, Cole G., Apprill, Amy, Freeman, Christopher J., Bartley, Michaela M., and Fiore, Cara L.
Published: 2024
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39. Degenerate Photons from a Cryogenic Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion Source

Author: Lange, Nina Amelie, Schapeler, Timon, Höpker, Jan Philipp, Protte, Maximilian, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: We demonstrate the generation of degenerate photon pairs from spontaneous parametric down-conversion in titanium in-diffused waveguides in lithium niobate at cryogenic temperatures. Since the phase-matching cannot be temperature tuned inside a cryostat, we rely on a precise empirical model of the refractive indices when fabricating a fixed poling period. We design the phase-matching properties of our periodic poling to enable signal and idler photons at (1559.3 $\pm$ 0.6) nm, and characterize the indistinguishability of our photons by performing a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference measurement. Despite the effects of photorefraction and pyroelectricity, which can locally alter the phase-matching, we achieve cryogenic indistinguishable photons within 1.5 nm to our design wavelength. Our results verify sufficient understanding and control of the cryogenic nonlinear process, which has wider implications when combining quasi-phase-matched nonlinear optical processes with other cryogenic photonic quantum technologies, such as superconducting detectors., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2023
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40. All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface

Author: Thiele, Frederik, Hummel, Thomas, McCaughan, Adam N., Brockmeier, Julian, Protte, Maximilian, Quiring, Victor, Lengeling, Sebastian, Eigner, Christof, Silberhorn, Christine, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract: Advanced electro-optic processing combines electrical control with optical modulation and detection. For quantum photonic applications these processes must be carried out at the single photon level with high efficiency and low noise. Integrated quantum photonics has made great strides achieving single photon manipulation by combining key components on integrated chips which are operated by external driving electronics. Nevertheless, electrical interconnects between driving electronics and the electro-optic components, some of which require cryogenic operating conditions, can introduce parasitic effects. Here we show an all-optical interface which simultaneously delivers the operation power to, and extracts the measurement signal from, an advanced photonic circuit, namely, bias and readout of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) on a single stage in a 1K cryostat. To do so, we supply all power for the single photon detector, output signal conditioning, and electro-optic readout using optical interconnects alone, thereby fully decoupling the cryogenic circuitry from the external environment. This removes the need to heatsink electrical connections, and potentially offers low-loss, high-bandwidth signal processing. This method opens the possibility to operate other advanced electrically decoupled photonic circuits such as optical control and readout of superconducting circuits, and feedforward for photonic quantum computing.
Published: 2023

41. Trends in the Use of Emergency Credentials in Wisconsin Public Schools

Author: Region 10 Comprehensive Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER), University of Minnesota, Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI), Education Analytics, Inc., Carl, Bradley, Bartley, Carmen, Sim, Grant, and Marlin, Daniel
Abstract: This policy brief, produced by the Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as part of the Region 10 Comprehensive Center, is one in a series examining selected topics related to Wisconsin's educator workforce. The goal of this brief is to summarize key trends in the use of emergency credentials within Wisconsin's public schools in recent years, which is a topic of interest for at least two reasons. A first reason is that increased reliance by Wisconsin school districts on emergency credentials as a strategy for filling vacant positions would serve as a meaningful indicator that widely-reported shortages of educators are worsening. A second policy implication associated with emergency credentials is a potential equity issue. To the extent that emergency credentials are being used by some districts and schools more than others, particularly for teaching positions and by districts and schools with higher shares of traditionally marginalized students, state and local policymakers should question whether additional supports and resources may be necessary to ensure that all students have access to highly-qualified educators.
Published: 2022

42. Enhancing monolignol ferulate conjugate levels in poplar lignin via OsFMT1

Author: Faride Unda, Lisanne de Vries, Steven D. Karlen, Jordan Rainbow, Chengcheng Zhang, Laura E. Bartley, Hoon Kim, John Ralph, and Shawn D. Mansfield
Subjects: Lignification, Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, Feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase, Biomass, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Cell wall characterization, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Fuel, TP315-360
Abstract: Abstract Background The phenolic polymer lignin is one of the primary chemical constituents of the plant secondary cell wall. Due to the inherent plasticity of lignin biosynthesis, several phenolic monomers have been shown to be incorporated into the polymer, as long as the monomer can undergo radicalization so it can participate in coupling reactions. In this study, we significantly enhance the level of incorporation of monolignol ferulate conjugates into the lignin polymer to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Results Overexpression of a rice Feruloyl-CoA Monolignol Transferase (FMT), OsFMT1, in hybrid poplar (Populus alba x grandidentata) produced transgenic trees clearly displaying increased cell wall-bound ester-linked ferulate, p-hydroxybenzoate, and p-coumarate, all of which are in the lignin cell wall fraction, as shown by NMR and DFRC. We also demonstrate the use of a novel UV–Vis spectroscopic technique to rapidly screen plants for the presence of both ferulate and p-hydroxybenzoate esters. Lastly we show, via saccharification assays, that the OsFMT1 transgenic p oplars have significantly improved processing efficiency compared to wild-type and Angelica sinensis-FMT-expressing poplars. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that OsFMT1 has a broad substrate specificity and a higher catalytic efficiency compared to the previously published FMT from Angelica sinensis (AsFMT). Importantly, enhanced wood processability makes OsFMT1 a promising gene to optimize the composition of lignocellulosic biomass.
Published: 2024
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43. International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Author: Chang, Jolie L, Goldberg, Andrew N, Alt, Jeremiah A, Mohammed, Alzoubaidi, Ashbrook, Liza, Auckley, Dennis, Ayappa, Indu, Bakhtiar, Hira, Barrera, José E, Bartley, Bethany L, Billings, Martha E, Boon, Maurits S, Bosschieter, Pien, Braverman, Itzhak, Brodie, Kara, Cabrera‐Muffly, Cristina, Caesar, Ray, Cahali, Michel B, Cai, Yi, Cao, Michelle, Capasso, Robson, Caples, Sean M, Chahine, Lana M, Chang, Corissa P, Chang, Katherine W, Chaudhary, Nilika, Cheong, Crystal SJ, Chowdhuri, Susmita, Cistulli, Peter A, Claman, David, Collen, Jacob, Coughlin, Kevin C, Creamer, Jennifer, Davis, Eric M, Dupuy‐McCauley, Kara L, Durr, Megan L, Dutt, Mohan, Ali, Mazen El, Elkassabany, Nabil M, Epstein, Lawrence J, Fiala, Justin A, Freedman, Neil, Gill, Kirat, Gillespie, M Boyd, Golisch, Lea, Gooneratne, Nalaka, Gottlieb, Daniel J, Green, Katherine K, Gulati, Arushi, Gurubhagavatula, Indira, Hayward, Nathan, Hoff, Paul T, Hoffmann, Oliver MG, Holfinger, Steven J, Hsia, Jennifer, Huntley, Colin, Huoh, Kevin C, Huyett, Phillip, Inala, Sanjana, Ishman, Stacey L, Jella, Tarun K, Jobanputra, Aesha M, Johnson, Andrew P, Junna, Mithri R, Kado, Jenna T, Kaffenberger, Thomas M, Kapur, Vishesh K, Kezirian, Eric J, Khan, Meena, Kirsch, Douglas B, Kominsky, Alan, Kryger, Meir, Krystal, Andrew D, Kushida, Clete A, Kuzniar, Thomas J, Lam, Derek J, Lettieri, Christopher J, Lim, Diane C, Lin, Hsin‐Ching, Liu, Stanley YC, MacKay, Stuart G, Magalang, Ulysses J, Malhotra, Atul, Mansukhani, Meghna P, Maurer, Joachim T, May, Anna M, Mitchell, Ron B, Mokhlesi, Babak, Mullins, Anna E, Nada, Eman M, Naik, Sreelatha, Nokes, Brandon, Olson, Michael D, Pack, Allan I, Pang, Edward B, Pang, Kenny P, Patil, Susheel P, Van de Perck, Eli, Piccirillo, Jay F, and Pien, Grace W
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Health Services, Lung, Sleep Research, Clinical Research, Prevention, Respiratory, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Humans, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Polysomnography, Risk Factors, atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular event, cerebrovascular disease, consensus, dementia, evidence-based medicine, home sleep apnea testing, hypertension, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, mortality, motor vehicle accidents, neurocognitive function, obstructive sleep apnea, outcomes, PAP adherence, perioperative management, polysomnography, positive airway pressure, screening, sleep, sleep disordered breathing, sleepiness, sleep surgery, surgical outcomes, systematic review, treatment outcomes, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, Immunology, Clinical sciences
Abstract: BackgroundEvaluation and interpretation of the literature on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) allows for consolidation and determination of the key factors important for clinical management of the adult OSA patient. Toward this goal, an international collaborative of multidisciplinary experts in sleep apnea evaluation and treatment have produced the International Consensus statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (ICS:OSA).MethodsUsing previously defined methodology, focal topics in OSA were assigned as literature review (LR), evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBR-R) formats. Each topic incorporated the available and relevant evidence which was summarized and graded on study quality. Each topic and section underwent iterative review and the ICS:OSA was created and reviewed by all authors for consensus.ResultsThe ICS:OSA addresses OSA syndrome definitions, pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors for disease, screening methods, diagnostic testing types, multiple treatment modalities, and effects of OSA treatment on multiple OSA-associated comorbidities. Specific focus on outcomes with positive airway pressure (PAP) and surgical treatments were evaluated.ConclusionThis review of the literature consolidates the available knowledge and identifies the limitations of the current evidence on OSA. This effort aims to create a resource for OSA evidence-based practice and identify future research needs. Knowledge gaps and research opportunities include improving the metrics of OSA disease, determining the optimal OSA screening paradigms, developing strategies for PAP adherence and longitudinal care, enhancing selection of PAP alternatives and surgery, understanding health risk outcomes, and translating evidence into individualized approaches to therapy.
Published: 2023

44. Accidental Learners: Spoken Language Identification in Multilingual Self-Supervised Models

Author: Bartley, Travis M., Jia, Fei, Puvvada, Krishna C., Kriman, Samuel, and Ginsburg, Boris
Subjects: Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Sound
Abstract: In this paper, we extend previous self-supervised approaches for language identification by experimenting with Conformer based architecture in a multilingual pre-training paradigm. We find that pre-trained speech models optimally encode language discriminatory information in lower layers. Further, we demonstrate that the embeddings obtained from these layers are significantly robust to classify unseen languages and different acoustic environments without additional training. After fine-tuning a pre-trained Conformer model on the VoxLingua107 dataset, we achieve results similar to current state-of-the-art systems for language identification. More, our model accomplishes this with 5x less parameters. We open-source the model through the NVIDIA NeMo toolkit., Comment: Submitted to ICASSP 2023
Published: 2022

45. Conclusion

Author: Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, Turner, Piers Norris, Hirsch, Dennis, Bartley, Timothy, Chandrasekaran, Aravind, Norris, Davon, Parthasarathy, Srinivasan, and Turner, Piers Norris
Published: 2024
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46. Optimizing Voltage for Effective X-ray Computed Tomography Scan: A Study on Varied Soil Bulk Densities and Container Sizes

Author: Jagdeep Singh, Andrii Shmatok, Alvaro Sanz-Saez, Steve Brown, Jenny Koebernick, Barton C. Prorok, and Paul C. Bartley III
Subjects: bulk density, crop roots, inverse prediction, logistic model, penetration plateau, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Numerous studies have highlighted the role of X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) in understanding root architecture. Nevertheless, setting definitive scanning parameters for diverse soils in varied container sizes remains challenging. This study investigates the influence of X-ray CT system voltage on the penetration capability in diverse soils and container sizes, focusing on two key parameters: (1) gray values, which indicate X-ray attenuation and contribute to image contrast, and (2) signal-to-noise ratio, a measure of image clarity. Five soil samples were collected from various depths within a soil profile to encompass bulk density values ranging from 1.34 to 1.84 g·cm−3 to conduct the experiment. Containers with dimensions of 6 × 6 × 6 cm³, 8 × 8 × 6 cm³, 10 × 10 × 6 cm³, 12 × 12 × 6 cm³, 14 × 14 × 6 cm³, and 16 × 16 × 6 cm³ were used. Voltage levels spanning 75 to 225 kV, in 25-kV increments, were applied to each sample. The observed gray values of the X-ray images were fitted using a logistic model of three parameters. Results showed that increasing voltage leads to enhanced penetration up to a plateau point, irrespective of soil density or container size. This plateau could potentially yield higher quality scans, given that lower voltages result in subdued gray values and reduced image contrast. Notably, it was observed that soil properties, including mineral composition, directly affect image gray values. This study established optimal voltage settings for specific soil types at fixed densities, offering valuable insights for researchers investigating soil–root interactions. Although the current findings are based on five soils, a more extensive sampling encompassing diverse soil textures and densities is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of X-ray penetration behavior across various soil types.
Published: 2024
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47. Examining the value of mental health awareness training for soccer coaching license candidates

Author: Laura McLane, José M. Oliva-Lozano, Michele Kerulis, Rick Cost, Jessica Bartley, and George Chiampas
Subjects: Mental health, Soccer, Coaching education, Coaches, Elite athlete, Player, Sports medicine, RC1200-1245
Abstract: Many coaches encounter athletes and/or staff members with mental health concerns. Recognizing and referring individuals to support resources is vital for providing necessary assistance. Awareness and recognition of mental health issues enable coaches to create an inclusive and supportive environment where everyone can perform their best. This article examines the experiences of participants in U.S. Soccer's Coaching License Courses to understand the frequency they have experienced supporting athletes or staff with mental health challenges and their exposure, interest, perceived value to training in mental health awareness. This observational, cross-sectional study involved a survey following a free mental health awareness presentation. The results of this study showed: (a) a high prevalence of participants have supported athletes or staff in their environment with challenges related to their mental health (82.19 %); (b) a majority of participants had no previous training in recognition or management of mental health related issues (56.65 %); (c) a majority of participants worked with youth athletes (60.16 %); and (d) nearly all participants felt that there was value in having training in mental health for their role as a coach or administrator (98.71 %). In conclusion, coaches and administrators in soccer desire more mental health awareness training. The prevalence to which they have supported individuals with mental health challenges emphasizes the continued need for training and access to mental health resources. Additionally, incorporating training and awareness into all coaching license levels should be prioritized, making it a requirement to comprehensively support athletes and staff both on and off the field.
Published: 2024
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48. Stratified analyses refine association between TLR7 rare variants and severe COVID-19

Author: Jannik Boos, Caspar I. van der Made, Gayatri Ramakrishnan, Eamon Coughlan, Rosanna Asselta, Britt-Sabina Löscher, Luca V.C. Valenti, Rafael de Cid, Luis Bujanda, Antonio Julià, Erola Pairo-Castineira, J. Kenneth Baillie, Sandra May, Berina Zametica, Julia Heggemann, Agustín Albillos, Jesus M. Banales, Jordi Barretina, Natalia Blay, Paolo Bonfanti, Maria Buti, Javier Fernandez, Sara Marsal, Daniele Prati, Luisa Ronzoni, Nicoletta Sacchi, Joachim L. Schultze, Olaf Riess, Andre Franke, Konrad Rawlik, David Ellinghaus, Alexander Hoischen, Axel Schmidt, Kerstin U. Ludwig, Valeria Rimoldi, Elvezia M. Paraboschi, Alessandra Bandera, Flora Peyvandi, Giacomo Grasselli, Francesco Blasi, Francesco Malvestiti, Serena Pelusi, Cristiana Bianco, Lorenzo Miano, Angela Lombardi, Pietro Invernizzi, Alessio Gerussi, Giuseppe Citerio, Andrea Biondi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Marina Elena Cazzaniga, Giuseppe Foti, Ilaria Beretta, Mariella D'Angiò, Laura Rachele Bettini, Xavier Farré, Susana Iraola-Guzmán, Manolis Kogevinas, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria, Beatriz Nafria, Mauro D'Amato, Adriana Palom, Colin Begg, Sara Clohisey, Charles Hinds, Peter Horby, Julian Knight, Lowell Ling, David Maslove, Danny McAuley, Johnny Millar, Hugh Montgomery, Alistair Nichol, Peter J.M. Openshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Chris P. Ponting, Kathy Rowan, Malcolm G. Semple, Manu Shankar-Hari, Charlotte Summers, Timothy Walsh, Latha Aravindan, Ruth Armstrong, Heather Biggs, Ceilia Boz, Adam Brown, Richard Clark, Audrey Coutts, Judy Coyle, Louise Cullum, Sukamal Das, Nicky Day, Lorna Donnelly, Esther Duncan, Angie Fawkes, Paul Fineran, Max Head Fourman, Anita Furlong, James Furniss, Bernadette Gallagher, Tammy Gilchrist, Ailsa Golightly, Fiona Griffiths, Katarzyna Hafezi, Debbie Hamilton, Ross Hendry, Andy Law, Dawn Law, Rachel Law, Sarah Law, Rebecca Lidstone-Scott, Louise Macgillivray, Alan Maclean, Hanning Mal, Sarah McCafferty, Ellie Mcmaster, Jen Meikle, Shona C. Moore, Kirstie Morrice, Lee Murphy, Sheena Murphy, Mybaya Hellen, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Chenqing Zheng, Jiantao Chen, Nick Parkinson, Trevor Paterson, Katherine Schon, Andrew Stenhouse, Mihaela Das, Maaike Swets, Helen Szoor-McElhinney, Filip Taneski, Lance Turtle, Tony Wackett, Mairi Ward, Jane Weaver, Nicola Wrobel, Marie Zechner, Gill Arbane, Aneta Bociek, Sara Campos, Neus Grau, Tim Owen Jones, Rosario Lim, Martina Marotti, Marlies Ostermann, Christopher Whitton, Zoe Alldis, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Fatima Bibi, Jack Biddle, Sarah Blow, Matthew Bolton, Catherine Borra, Ruth Bowles, Maudrian Burton, Yasmin Choudhury, David Collier, Amber Cox, Amy Easthope, Patrizia Ebano, Stavros Fotiadis, Jana Gurasashvili, Rosslyn Halls, Pippa Hartridge, Delordson Kallon, Jamila Kassam, Ivone Lancoma-Malcolm, Maninderpal Matharu, Peter May, Oliver Mitchelmore, Tabitha Newman, Mital Patel, Jane Pheby, Irene Pinzuti, Zoe Prime, Oleksandra Prysyazhna, Julian Shiel, Melanie Taylor, Carey Tierney, Suzanne Wood, Anne Zak, Olivier Zongo, Stephen Bonner, Keith Hugill, Jessica Jones, Steven Liggett, Evie Headlam, Nageswar Bandla, Minnie Gellamucho, Michelle Davies, Christopher Thompson, Marwa Abdelrazik, Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam, Munzir Elhassan, Arunkumar Ganesan, Anne Haldeos, Jeronimo Moreno-Cuesta, Dharam Purohit, Rachel Vincent, Kugan Xavier, Kumar Rohit, Frater Alasdair, Malik Saleem, Carter David, Jenkins Samuel, Zoe Lamond, Wall Alanna, Jaime Fernandez-Roman, David O. Hamilton, Emily Johnson, Brian Johnston, Maria Lopez Martinez, Suleman Mulla, David Shaw, Alicia A.C. Waite, Victoria Waugh, Ingeborg D. Welters, Karen Williams, Anna Cavazza, Maeve Cockrell, Eleanor Corcoran, Maria Depante, Clare Finney, Ellen Jerome, Mark McPhail, Monalisa Nayak, Harriet Noble, Kevin O'Reilly, Evita Pappa, Rohit Saha, Sian Saha, John Smith, Abigail Knighton, David Antcliffe, Dorota Banach, Stephen Brett, Phoebe Coghlan, Ziortza Fernandez, Anthony Gordon, Roceld Rojo, Sonia Sousa Arias, Maie Templeton, Megan Meredith, Lucy Morris, Lucy Ryan, Amy Clark, Julia Sampson, Cecilia Peters, Martin Dent, Margaret Langley, Saima Ashraf, Shuying Wei, Angela Andrew, Archana Bashyal, Neil Davidson, Paula Hutton, Stuart McKechnie, Jean Wilson, David Baptista, Rebecca Crowe, Rita Fernandes, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Anna Joseph, Denise O'Connor, Meryem Allen, Adam Loveridge, India McKenley, Eriko Morino, Andres Naranjo, Richard Simms, Kathryn Sollesta, Andrew Swain, Harish Venkatesh, Jacyntha Khera, Jonathan Fox, Gillian Andrew, Lucy Barclay, Marie Callaghan, Rachael Campbell, Sarah Clark, Dave Hope, Lucy Marshall, Corrienne McCulloch, Kate Briton, Jo Singleton, Sohphie Birch, Lutece Brimfield, Zoe Daly, David Pogson, Steve Rose, Ceri Battle, Elaine Brinkworth, Rachel Harford, Carl Murphy, Luke Newey, Tabitha Rees, Marie Williams, Sophie Arnold, Petra Polgarova, Katerina Stroud, Eoghan Meaney, Megan Jones, Anthony Ng, Shruti Agrawal, Nazima Pathan, Deborah White, Esther Daubney, Kay Elston, Lina Grauslyte, Musarat Hussain, Mandeep Phull, Tatiana Pogreban, Lace Rosaroso, Erika Salciute, George Franke, Joanna Wong, Aparna George, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa, Emily Peasgood, Claire Phillips, Michelle Bates, Jo Dasgin, Jaspret Gill, Annette Nilsson, James Scriven, Carlos Castro Delgado, Deborah Dawson, Lijun Ding, Georgia Durrant, Obiageri Ezeobu, Sarah Farnell-Ward, Abiola Harrison, Rebecca Kanu, Susannah Leaver, Elena Maccacari, Soumendu Manna, Romina Pepermans Saluzzio, Joana Queiroz, Tinashe Samakomva, Christine Sicat, Joana Texeira, Edna Fernandes Da Gloria, Ana Lisboa, John Rawlins, Jisha Mathew, Ashley Kinch, William James Hurt, Nirav Shah, Victoria Clark, Maria Thanasi, Nikki Yun, Kamal Patel, Sara Bennett, Emma Goodwin, Matthew Jackson, Alissa Kent, Clare Tibke, Wiesia Woodyatt, Ahmed Zaki, Azmerelda Abraheem, Peter Bamford, Kathryn Cawley, Charlie Dunmore, Maria Faulkner, Rumanah Girach, Helen Jeffrey, Rhianna Jones, Emily London, Imrun Nagra, Farah Nasir, Hannah Sainsbury, Clare Smedley, Tahera Patel, Matthew Smith, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Aayesha Kazi, Janice Hartley, Joseph Dykes, Muhammad Hijazi, Sarah Keith, Meherunnisa Khan, Janet Ryan-Smith, Philippa Springle, Jacqueline Thomas, Nick Truman, Samuel Saad, Dabheoc Coleman, Christopher Fine, Roseanna Matt, Bethan Gay, Jack Dalziel, Syamlan Ali, Drew Goodchild, Rhiannan Harling, Ravi Bhatterjee, Wendy Goddard, Chloe Davison, Stephen Duberly, Jeanette Hargreaves, Rachel Bolton, Miriam Davey, David Golden, Rebecca Seaman, Shiney Cherian, Sean Cutler, Anne Emma Heron, Anna Roynon-Reed, Tamas Szakmany, Gemma Williams, Owen Richards, Yusuf Cheema, Hollie Brooke, Sarah Buckley, Jose Cebrian Suarez, Ruth Charlesworth, Karen Hansson, John Norris, Alice Poole, Alastair Rose, Rajdeep Sandhu, Brendan Sloan, Elizabeth Smithson, Muthu Thirumaran, Veronica Wagstaff, Alexandra Metcalfe, Mark Brunton, Jess Caterson, Holly Coles, Matthew Frise, Sabi Gurung Rai, Nicola Jacques, Liza Keating, Emma Tilney, Shauna Bartley, Parminder Bhuie, Sian Gibson, Amanda Lyle, Fiona McNeela, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Alistair Hughes, Bryan Yates, Jessica Reynolds, Helen Campbell, Maria Thompsom, Steve Dodds, Stacey Duffy, Sandra Greer, Karen Shuker, Ascanio Tridente, Reena Khade, Ashok Sundar, George Tsinaslanidis, Isobel Birkinshaw, Joseph Carter, Kate Howard, Joanne Ingham, Rosie Joy, Harriet Pearson, Samantha Roche, Zoe Scott, Hollie Bancroft, Mary Bellamy, Margaret Carmody, Jacqueline Daglish, Faye Moore, Joanne Rhodes, Mirriam Sangombe, Salma Kadiri, Maria Croft, Ian White, Victoria Frost, Maia Aquino, Rajeev Jha, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Lai Lim, Li Lim, Edward Combes, Teishel Joefield, Sonja Monnery, Valerie Beech, Sallyanne Trotman, Christine Almaden-Boyle, Pauline Austin, Louise Cabrelli, Stephen Cole, Matt Casey, Susan Chapman, Clare Whyte, Yolanda Baird, Aaron Butler, Indra Chadbourn, Linda Folkes, Heather Fox, Amy Gardner, Raquel Gomez, Gillian Hobden, Luke Hodgson, Kirsten King, Michael Margarson, Tim Martindale, Emma Meadows, Dana Raynard, Yvette Thirlwall, David Helm, Jordi Margalef, Kristine Criste, Rebecca Cusack, Kim Golder, Hannah Golding, Oliver Jones, Samantha Leggett, Michelle Male, Martyna Marani, Kirsty Prager, Toran Williams, Belinda Roberts, Karen Salmon, Peter Anderson, Katie Archer, Karen Austin, Caroline Davis, Alison Durie, Olivia Kelsall, Jessica Thrush, Charlie Vigurs, Laura Wild, Hannah-Louise Wood, Helen Tranter, Alison Harrison, Nicholas Cowley, Michael McAlindon, Andrew Burtenshaw, Stephen Digby, Emma Low, Aled Morgan, Naiara Cother, Tobias Rankin, Sarah Clayton, Alex McCurdy, Cecilia Ahmed, Balvinder Baines, Sarah Clamp, Julie Colley, Risna Haq, Anne Hayes, Jonathan Hulme, Samia Hussain, Sibet Joseph, Rita Kumar, Zahira Maqsood, Manjit Purewal, Leonie Benham, Zena Bradshaw, Joanna Brown, Melanie Caswell, Jason Cupitt, Sarah Melling, Stephen Preston, Nicola Slawson, Emma Stoddard, Scott Warden, Bethan Deacon, Ceri Lynch, Carla Pothecary, Lisa Roche, Gwenllian Sera Howe, Jayaprakash Singh, Keri Turner, Hannah Ellis, Natalie Stroud, Jodie Hunt, Joy Dearden, Emma Dobson, Andy Drummond, Michelle Mulcahy, Sheila Munt, Grainne O'Connor, Jennifer Philbin, Chloe Rishton, Redmond Tully, Sarah Winnard, Susanne Cathcart, Katharine Duffy, Alex Puxty, Kathryn Puxty, Lynne Turner, Jane Ireland, Gary Semple, Kate Long, Simon Whiteley, Elizabeth Wilby, Bethan Ogg, Amanda Cowton, Andrea Kay, Melanie Kent, Kathryn Potts, Ami Wilkinson, Suzanne Campbell, Ellen Brown, Julie Melville, Jay Naisbitt, Rosane Joseph, Maria Lazo, Olivia Walton, Alan Neal, Peter Alexander, 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Subjects: SARS-CoV-2, host genetics, toll-like receptor 7, targeted sequencing, rare variants, variant collapsing analysis, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Summary: Despite extensive global research into genetic predisposition for severe COVID-19, knowledge on the role of rare host genetic variants and their relation to other risk factors remains limited. Here, 52 genes with prior etiological evidence were sequenced in 1,772 severe COVID-19 cases and 5,347 population-based controls from Spain/Italy. Rare deleterious TLR7 variants were present in 2.4% of young (
Published: 2024
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49. 2959 Clinician understanding, acceptance and utilization of ketogenic diet therapy for epilepsy in Australia and New Zealand: a cross-sectional cohort study

Author: Michael Cardamone, Arlene D'Silva, Chong Wong, Melissa Bartley, Michelle Farrar, and Tania Farrar
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Published: 2024
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50. Nanosecond gating of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors using cryogenic bias circuitry

Author: Hummel, Thomas, Widhalm, Alex, HÖpker, Jan Philipp, JÖns, Klaus D., Chang, Jin, Fognini, Andreas, Steinhauer, Stephan, Zwiller, Val, Zrenner, Artur, and Bartley, Tim J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Quantum Physics
Abstract: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) show near unity efficiency, low dark count rate, and short recovery time. Combining these characteristics with temporal control of SNSPDs broadens their applications as in active de-latching for higher dynamic range counting or temporal filtering for pump-probe spectroscopy or LiDAR. To that end, we demonstrate active gating of an SNSPD with a minimum off-to-on rise time of 2.4 ns and a total gate length of 5.0 ns. We show how the rise time depends on the inductance of the detector in combination with the control electronics. The gate window is demonstrated to be fully and freely, electrically tunable up to 500 ns at a repetition rate of 1.0 MHz, as well as ungated, free-running operation. Control electronics to generate the gating are mounted on the 2.3 K stage of a closed-cycle sorption cryostat, while the detector is operated on the cold stage at 0.8 K. We show that the efficiency and timing jitter of the detector is not altered during the on-time of the gating window. We exploit gated operation to demonstrate a method to increase in the photon counting dynamic range by a factor 11.2, as well as temporal filtering of a strong pump in an emulated pump-probe experiment.
Published: 2022
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