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Our Turkish language, which offers all the possibilities of its circumstances limitless, opens different perspective to us as it reaches its profoundness. Any research on language, progress, and every conclusion reached in different subjects did not allow the final point in linguistics as in other sciences. It has also been the basis of useful linguistic works that have been continuing and continuing until now. In our article, as Omer Seyfettin’s word types in the sentences chosen from the stories are evaluated separately, the adverbs which are widely used in Turkish language are examined structurally. When this and such works are done and will be done, the writers and poets who have produced outstanding works in the field of summer will be exposed to their skillful use of language and rich vocabulary. Our aim is to show the skill of Turkish writer Omer Seyfettin in using the language and to announce to the Turkish world countries and the world. Key words: Turkish language, story, Omer Seyfettin, linguistics, adverb.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) is important in the economy of Turkey. Chondrostereum purpureum causing silvering was observed in apricot growing areas in Malatya, Turkey. The characteristic symptom of the diseased tree was silvering of leaves resulting from fungal toxin. The disease incidence was found to be 2-15% in surveyed areas. The pathogenicity test was undertaken on apricot trees in a nursery, and disease incidence was found to be 22% after inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the occurrence of citrus blast disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae on orange and mandarin trees in Turkey. Characteristic disease symptoms were first seen on leaves as watersoaked lesions and black areas on the petiole wings. Later lesions extended to the mid-vein of leaves and to the twigs surrounding the base of the petiole. The necrotic areas on twigs further enlarged and the twigs were eventually killed within 20-30 days. The test results conformed to the characteristics of Pseudomonas syringae as the causal organism of citrus blast and were similar to those of reference strain.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of brain metastasis (BM). Little is known about immune checkpoint inhibitor activity in the central nervous system, especially in patients receiving monotherapy for tumors with a tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50%. This noninterventional, retrospective, multicenter study, conducted with the GFPC, included treatment-naïve patients strongly positive for PD-L1 (TPS ≥ 50%) with BM receiving first-line single-agent pembrolizumab treatment between May 2017 and November 2019. The primary endpoints were centrally reviewed intracranial overall response rates (ORRs), centrally reviewed intracranial progression-free survival (cPFS), extracranial PFS, and overall survival were secondary endpoints. Forty-three patients from five centers were included. Surgical or local radiation therapy was administered to 31 (72%) patients, mostly before initiating ICI therapy (25/31). Among 38/43 (88.4%) evaluable patients, the intracranial ORR was 73%. The median PFS was 8.3 months. The cerebral and extracerebral median PFS times were 9.2 and 5.3 months, respectively. The median OS was 25.5 months. According to multivariate analysis, BM surgery before ICI therapy was the only factor significantly associated with both improved PFS (HR = 0.44) and OS (HR = 0.45). This study revealed the feasibility and outcome of front-line pembrolizumab treatment in this population with BM.

Background and Objectives: Pituitary abscess (PA) is a rare occurrence, representing less than 1% of pituitary lesions, and is defined by the presence of an infected purulent collection within the sella turcica. Pas can be classified as either primary, when the underlying pituitary is normal prior to infection, or secondary, when there is associated a pre-existing sellar pathology (i.e., pituitary adenoma, Rathke's cleft cysts, or craniopharyngioma), with or without a recent history of surgery. Preoperative diagnosis, owing to both non-specific symptoms and imaging features, remains challenging. Treatment options include endonasal trans-sphenoidal pus evacuation, as well as culture and tailored antibiotic therapy. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study, conducted on a prospectively built database over a 20-year period, identified a large series of 84 patients harboring primary sellar abscess. The study aimed to identify crucial clinical and imaging features in order to accelerate appropriate management. Results : The most common clinical presentation was a symptom triad consisting of various degrees of asthenia (75%), visual impairment (71%), and headache (50%). Diagnosis was achieved in 95% of cases peri- or postoperatively. Functional recovery was good for visual disturbances and headache. Pituitary function recovery remained very poor (23%), whereas the preoperative diagnosis represented a protective factor. Conclusions : In light of the high prevalence of pituitary dysfunction following the management of PAs, early diagnosis and treatment might represent a crucial issue. Currently, there are no standard investigations to establish a conclusive preoperative diagnosis; however, new, emerging imaging methods, in particular nuclear imaging modalities, represent a very promising tool, whose potential warrants further investigations.

Background and Objectives: Cerebral complications related to the COVID-19 were documented by brain MRIs during the acute phase. The purpose of the present study was to describe the evolution of these neuroimaging findings (MRI and FDG-PET/CT) and describe the neurocognitive outcomes of these patients., Methods: During the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak between 1 March and 31 May 2020, 112 consecutive COVID-19 patients with neurologic manifestations underwent a brain MRI at Strasbourg University hospitals. After recovery, during follow-up, of these 112 patients, 31 (initially hospitalized in intensive care units) underwent additional imaging studies (at least one brain MRI)., Results: Twenty-three men (74%) and eight women (26%) with a mean age of 61 years (range: 18-79) were included. Leptomeningeal enhancement, diffuse brain microhemorrhages, acute ischemic strokes, suspicion of cerebral vasculitis, and acute inflammatory demyelinating lesions were described on the initial brain MRIs. During follow-up, the evolution of the leptomeningeal enhancement was discordant, and the cerebral microhemorrhages were stable. We observed normalization of the vessel walls in all patients suspected of cerebral vasculitis. Four patients (13%) demonstrated new complications during follow-up (ischemic strokes, hypoglossal neuritis, marked increase in the white matter FLAIR hyperintensities with presumed vascular origin, and one suspected case of cerebral vasculitis). Concerning the grey matter volumetry, we observed a loss of volume of 3.2% during an average period of approximately five months. During follow-up, the more frequent FDG-PET/CT findings were hypometabolism in temporal and insular regions., Conclusion: A minority of initially severe COVID-19 patients demonstrated new complications on their brain MRIs during follow-up after recovery.

Purpose: To evaluate factors influencing clinical and radiological outcome of extended endoscopic endonasal transtuberculum/transplanum approach (EEA-TTP) for giant pituitary adenomas (GPAs)., Methods: We recruited prospectively all consecutive GPAs patients undergoing EEA-TTP between 2015 and 2019 in 5 neurosurgical centers. Preoperative clinical and radiologic features, visual and hormonal outcomes, extent of resection (EoR), complications and recurrence rates were recorded and analyzed., Results: Of 1169 patients treated for pituitary adenoma, 96 (8.2%) had GPAs. Seventy-eight (81.2%) patients had visual impairment, 12 (12.5%) had headaches, 3 (3.1%) had drowsiness due to hydrocephalus, and 53 (55.2%) had anterior pituitary insufficiency. EoR was gross or near-total in 46 (47.9%) and subtotal in 50 (52.1%) patients. Incomplete resection was associated with lateral suprasellar, intraventricular and/or cavernous sinus extension and with firm/fibrous consistence. At the last follow-up, all but one patient (77, 98.7%) with visual deficits improved. Headache improved in 8 (88.9%) and anterior pituitary function recovered in 27 (50.9%) patients. Recurrence rate was 16.7%, with 32 months mean recurrence-free survival., Conclusions: EEA-TTP is a valid option for GPAs and seems to provide better outcomes, lower rate of complications and higher EoR compared to one- or multi-stage microscopic, non-extended endoscopic transsphenoidal, and transcranial resections.

A 56-year-old man presented a particularly severe and multisystemic case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to the common lung and quite common pulmonary embolism and kidney injuries, he presented ocular and intestinal injuries that, to our knowledge, have not been described in COVID-19 patients. Although it is difficult to make pathophysiological hypotheses about a single case, the multiplicity of injured organs argues for a systemic response to pulmonary infection. A better understanding of physiopathology should feed the discussion about therapeutic options in this type of multifocal damage related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor of the cerebrum is a rare supratentorial brain tumor described for the first time in 2013. Here, we report 11 cases of infratentorial lesions showing similar striking imaging features consisting of a cluster of low T1-weighted imaging and high T2-FLAIR signal intensity nodules, which we referred to as multinodular and vacuolating posterior fossa lesions of unknown significance. No relationship was found between the location of the lesion and clinical symptoms. A T2-FLAIR hypointense central dot sign was present in images of 9/11 (82%) patients. Cortical involvement was present in 2/11 (18%) of patients. Only 1 nodule of 1 multinodular and vacuolating posterior fossa lesion of unknown significance showed enhancement on postcontrast T1WI. DWI, SWI, MRS, and PWI showed no malignant pattern. Lesions did not change in size or signal during a median follow-up of 3 years, suggesting that multinodular and vacuolating posterior fossa lesions of unknown significance are benign malformative lesions that do not require surgical intervention or removal., (© 2019 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.)

Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) was firstly reported of in California. After that, it reported in Australia, Korea, Nigeria, Japan, South Africa, and China. The transmission of this virus from plant to plant is very easy with mechanically. Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) was reported on lemon trees in India, Pakistan, Turkey and China. Foliar distortion, necrotic spots, chlorosis and wrinkling symptoms were observed in young lemon orchards in newly established orchards with trees imported from abroad. Therefore, surveys of citrus trees in Cyprus were performed for CTLV and CYVCV from 2013 to 2016. A total of 64 leaf samples from symptomatic citrus trees (41 lemon, 10 orange, 10 mandarin and three grapefruit samples) were collected for total nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR with CTLV primers to amplify a 309 bp and a 614 bp fragment, respectively, of the 5' end (100%) and high nucleotide sequence identity (99%) with isolates BJNM-2 and QC4 from China and isolate BDZ-1 from Australia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CTLV from Europe.

Background: Meningioma is the most common adult primary intracranial tumor. Malignant meningioma is a rare variant of meningioma. The prognosis for the patients with these tumors is poor, due to the tumor's capacity for relapse and to develop distant metastases. These tumors can present the same evolutionary course as aggressive carcinoma., Case Description: We report the case of distant brain and gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) metastases. A 78-year-old patient developed malignant meningioma with a Ki-67 proliferative index of 40%. According to guidelines, surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was performed. Three months after the end of RT, he presented histologically proven meningioma distant brain and GIT metastases., Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first case of meningioma GIT metastases. Also, we report the difficulty to confirm the diagnosis of meningioma metastases. Indeed, malignant meningioma has the same histopathological features as melanoma or carcinoma. The standard of care for the management of malignant meningioma is gross total surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Metastatic meningioma is uncommon and no guidelines for the management of recurrent or metastatic meningioma have yet been published. However, several studies reported systemic therapeutic options such as antibody against VEGF, somatostatin analogs, PDGF-R, and VEGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in the case of recurrent or metastatic meningioma. We also made a review of the actual literature of systemic treatment options for metastatic meningioma.

Background: The relation between brain functional connectivity of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and the degree of disability remains unclear., Objective: Compare brain functional connectivity of patients with NMOSD to healthy subjects in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI)., Methods: We compared the rs-fMRI connectivity in 12 NMOSD patients with 20 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Graph theory analysis was used to quantify the role of each node using a set of metrics: degree, global efficiency, clustering and modularity. To summarize the abnormal connectivity profile of brain regions in patients compared to healthy subjects, we defined a hub disruption index κ., Results: Concerning the global organization of networks in NMOSD, a small-world topology was preserved without significant modification concerning all average metrics. However, visual networks and the sensorimotor network showed decreased connectivity with high interindividual variability. The hub disruption index κ was correlated to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)., Conclusion: These results demonstrate a correlation between disability according to the EDSS and neuronal reorganization using the rs-fMRI graph methodology. The conservation of a normal global topological structure despite local modifications in functional connectivity seems to show brain plasticity in response to the disability., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted virus that is highly prevalent worldwide, causing a range of symptoms that result in significant healthcare costs and human suffering. ACAM529 is a replication-defective vaccine candidate prepared by growing the previously described dl5-29 on a cell line appropriate for GMP manufacturing. This vaccine, when administered subcutaneously, was previously shown to protect mice from a lethal vaginal HSV-2 challenge and to afford better protection than adjuvanted glycoprotein D (gD) in guinea pigs. Here we show that ACAM529 given via the intramuscular route affords significantly greater immunogenicity and protection in comparison with subcutaneous administration in the mouse vaginal HSV-2 challenge model. Further, we describe a side-by-side comparison of intramuscular ACAM529 with a gD vaccine across a range of challenge virus doses. While differences in protection against death are not significant, ACAM529 protects significantly better against mucosal infection, reducing peak challenge virus shedding at the highest challenge dose by over 500-fold versus 5-fold for gD. Over 27% (11/40) of ACAM529-immunized animals were protected from viral shedding while 2.5% (1/40) were protected by the gD vaccine. Similarly, 35% (7/20) of mice vaccinated with ACAM529 were protected from infection of their dorsal root ganglia while none of the gD-vaccinated mice were protected. These results indicate that measuring infection of the vaginal mucosa and of dorsal root ganglia over a range of challenge doses is more sensitive than evaluating survival at a single challenge dose as a means of directly comparing vaccine efficacy in the mouse vaginal challenge model. The data also support further investigation of ACAM529 for prophylaxis in human subjects.