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Gas chromatography is the premier technique for the trace analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. All the work which has been done on air pollution, water pollution, and food safety where we have to analyze for pesticides and toxic chemicals found in food and food products all of these things are done routinely and daily rapidly by gas chromatography. An essential role of chromatography is the quality control of the quality of food but drugs controlling the raw materials control the finished products ensuring the safety of people. This review article focuses on how to develop general troubleshooting strategies and different troubleshooting problems and solutions to those problems of GC are discussed. For easy understanding and reference the troubleshooting problems encountered with the GC system are organized into baseline problems and peak shape problems they are presented in the form of tables apart from textual matter for easy reference.

Hypertension (HT) is a very common disorder, particularly for past middle age. It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. For improved treatment of hypertension, Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl is the newer combination in market, this combination was developed to improve medication for Stage II hypertension. The aim of this review is to focus on comprehensive update of different analytical methods used for estimation of anti-hypertensive drugs like Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl for the treatment of hypertension. This review delivers a detail description on different analytical methods like UV and RP-HPLC for Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl individually and combination with other drugs. For this review, data searches were conducted by scientific papers in the literature as well as in official compendium.All reported methods are found to be simple, accurate, economic, precise and reproducible in nature. Keywords: Hypertension, Benidipine HCl, Telmisartan, Analytical Methods, UV- Spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC.

Today, VLSI technology has taken a fundamental role in developing most of the high-tech electronic circuits. Even though VLSI design is renowned for its smaller size, lower cost, lower power, high reliability and high functionality, the design process takes long time and produces high risk. So, to obtain the knowledge regarding the different contributions on VLSI design, about 52 papers on the design of VLSI using optimization are reviewed here. Accordingly, VLSI design optimization is analyzed through different bio-inspired algorithms and the performance measures of different VLSI experimentations are compared. Further, various improvements on Self-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (SA-PSO) and VLSI design optimization, without the adoption of bio-inspired algorithms, are examined. Additionally, the floor planning problem of VLSI is considered and reviewed. Eventually, this paper provides the diverse research gaps and challenges in VLSI design, which may be helpful for the authors and the philosophers to contribute for further research.

A series of metal(II) complexes (M=Co (II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)) supported by Schiff base ligand (L=(E)-N’-((6-hydroxybenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)methylene)isonicotinohydrazide) has been designed and developed from condensation of 6-hydroxybenzo[d]oxazole-5-carbaldehyde and isoniazid. The ligand (H2L) and its metal(II) complexes were structurally characterized utilizing a variety of physicochemical and spectroscopic approaches. The study shows that Schiff bases (H2L) act as monobasic tridentate ONO ligand and conform to octahedral geometry according to the general formula [M(HL)2]. Furthermore, the interaction of these complexes with CT-DNA was investigated at pH = 7.2, utilizing UV–visible absorption, and viscosity measurement. In order to determine the mechanism of binding of the metal(II) complexes to the B-DNA dodecamer, docking studies were conducted using an AutoDock Vina 1.2.0 tool. The photo induced cleavage reveals that the ligand (H2L) and its complexes have UV–visible photo nuclease properties against pUC19 DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis technique. Studies showed that the complexes evaluated firmly bind to CT-DNA via intercalative mode and provides a distinctive pattern of DNA binding.

Aim The present study aims to assess the efficacy of different periodontal dressing materials on wound healing clinically. Materials and methods A total of 45 patients between the age group of 30-45 years, with chronic generalized periodontitis with loss of attachment of 3-6 mm, who require periodontal flap surgery, were screened to include in the study. Out of 45 subjects, 24 were males and 21 were females. The subjects were randomized into 3 groups as 15 in each. Group I: a collagen dressing, group II: light-cure dressing, and group III: non-eugenol-based dressing. The clinical parameters such as plaque index, vertical probing depth, pain, gingival index, and patient satisfaction were documented for all the three groups on the 7th and the 14th day. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to score the pain severity. The SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 5%. Results The mean gingival index score reduced from 1.40 ± 0.14 to 1.10 ± 0.30 in group I, from 1.48 ± 0.01 to 1.26 ± 0.22 in group II, and from 1.58 ± 0.16 to 1.33 ± 0.10 in group III. The mean plaque index score reduced from 1.48 ± 0.56 to 1.18 ± 0.40 in group I, from 1.46 ± 0.01 to 1.24 ± 0.48 in group II, and from 1.42 ± 0.12 to 1.20 ± 0.20 in group III. There was a statistical difference found in all the three groups and between the groups from the plaque and gingival index scores. The probing depth comparison shows a significant difference in group I. Patient satisfaction was almost similar in all the groups. The pain index showed the reduction in the pain severity from the 7th day to the 14th day in all the subjects from all the three groups. Conclusion It can be concluded that the periodontal wound covered with a collagen dressing material showed significant evidence to provide symptomatic relief and better healing to the patients compared to that of light-cure and non-eugenol periodontal dressing material.

The present study aims to assess the efficacy of different periodontal dressing materials on wound healing clinically.A total of 45 patients between the age group of 30-45 years, with chronic generalized periodontitis with loss of attachment of 3-6 mm, who require periodontal flap surgery, were screened to include in the study. Out of 45 subjects, 24 were males and 21 were females. The subjects were randomized into 3 groups as 15 in each. Group I: a collagen dressing, group II: light-cure dressing, and group III: non-eugenol-based dressing. The clinical parameters such as plaque index, vertical probing depth, pain, gingival index, and patient satisfaction were documented for all the three groups on the 7th and the 14th day. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to score the pain severity. The SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 5%.The mean gingival index score reduced from 1.40 ± 0.14 to 1.10 ± 0.30 in group I, from 1.48 ± 0.01 to 1.26 ± 0.22 in group II, and from 1.58 ± 0.16 to 1.33 ± 0.10 in group III. The mean plaque index score reduced from 1.48 ± 0.56 to 1.18 ± 0.40 in group I, from 1.46 ± 0.01 to 1.24 ± 0.48 in group II, and from 1.42 ± 0.12 to 1.20 ± 0.20 in group III. There was a statistical difference found in all the three groups and between the groups from the plaque and gingival index scores. The probing depth comparison shows a significant difference in group I. Patient satisfaction was almost similar in all the groups. The pain index showed the reduction in the pain severity from the 7th day to the 14th day in all the subjects from all the three groups.It can be concluded that the periodontal wound covered with a collagen dressing material showed significant evidence to provide symptomatic relief and better healing to the patients compared to that of light-cure and non-eugenol periodontal dressing material.

Phenanthridine dyes are known for their stunning ability to bind with DNA through intercalation. They are widely used as the standard for DNA binding studies. In this report, we present the synthesis and characterization of a novel liquid crystalline phenanthridine derivative and its ability to bind with DNA. The Intrinsic binding constants Kb of compound 6 with CT–DNA was found to be 2.8 × 104 M−1 which is similar to the gold standard compound, ethidium bromide, binding constant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on DNA binding studies of discotic mesogens in the field of liquid crystals.

resolution is the problem of recognizing which entry in database refers to same cluster.in this we have to run the ER in order to reduce the running time and to obtain good results. This paper investigates how we can reduce the running of ER with minimum amount of work using k-means clustering algorithm. In this, clustering can be done according to the matching of entries. We introduce a concept of technique called as k-means clustering to maximize the matching of entries identified using a limited amount of work. We illustrate the potential gains of this entity resolution approach using k-means.

Four strains (JA310T, JA531T, JA447 and JA490) of red to reddish brown pigmented, rod-shaped, motile and budding phototrophic bacteria were isolated from soil and freshwater sediment samples from different geographical regions of India. All strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series. The major cellular fatty acid of strains JA310T and JA531T was C18 : 1ω7c, the quinone was Q-10 and polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an aminohopanoid and an unidentified aminolipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all strains clustered with species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas in the class Alphaproteobacteria . Strains JA531T, JA447 and JA490 were genotypically (>80 % related based on DNA–DNA hybridization) and phenotypically closely related to each other and the three strains were distinct from strain JA310T (33 % related). Furthermore, all four strains had less than 48 % relatedness (DNA–DNA hybridization) with type strains of members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas , i.e. Rhodopseudomonas palustris ATCC 17001T, Rhodopseudomonas faecalis JCM 11668T and Rhodopseudomonas rhenobacensis DSM 12706T. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains JA310T and JA531T were 63.8 and 62.4 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that strains JA310T ( = NBRC 106083T = KCTC 5839T) and JA531T ( = NBRC 107575T = KCTC 5841T) be classified as the type strains of two novel species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas , Rhodopseudomonas parapalustris sp. nov. and Rhodopseudomonas harwoodiae sp. nov., respectively. In addition, we propose that strain DSM 123T ( = NBRC 100419T) represents a novel species, Rhodopseudomonas pseudopalustris sp. nov., since this strain differs genotypically and phenotypically from R. palustris ATCC 17001T and other members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas . An emended description of R. palustris is also provided.

Green chemistry protocols with the reusability of the nano particle as catalyst in the synthesis of coumarins is described. The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles functions as highly effective catalyst for the reactions of various o-hydroxy benzaldehydes with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds under microwave and thermal conditions to afford the corresponding coumarins in moderate to good yields. The catalyst is inexpensive, stable, can be easily recycled and reused for several cycles with consistent activity.

The antibacterial activity, in-silico DNA molecular docking, DNA binding and photo cleavage studies of newly synthesized pyrazole is described. Antibacterial potential of these compounds screened against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed significant zone of inhibition and MIC with standard drug ciproflaxin is investigated. Among all the orientation of binding, fourth orientation showed significant binding and revealed that the binding and docking energy of 4a was -8.62 and -8.66 and inhibition constant 7.46 X e -6 . The absorption spectra showed the dynamic interaction with CT DNA and as proficient DNA intercalator (Kb = 4.5×10 4 M -1 ). The viscosity measurements and thermal denaturation affords the positive results towards DNA intercalation in both the studies. The light induced DNA damage was pragmatic in the absence of various ‘‘inhibitors’’ shows in photo cleavage activities at 360 nm.

Aim: The main objective of this paper is to study the synthesis of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticle and its reactivity towards chromene synthesis Study design: Functionalized iron oxide nanoparticle study. Place and duration of study: Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, between December 2009 and July 2010. Methodology: This paper describes synthesis of stable functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles through surface modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by amino pyridine. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and the surface modification process was achieved by treating the nanoparticles with (chloro propyl trimethoxy silane) CPTS and aminopyridine. The developed functionalized iron oxide nanoparticle was evaluated as the catalyst for synthesis of chromones under MW irradiation conditions. Results: The catalysts were magnetically recovered and reusable without significant loss of their catalytic efficiency. To receive morphological and structural information on the obtained functionalized nanoparticle, the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. All synthesized chromene derivatives were characterized using analytical techniques such as IR, H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Also the identity of these compounds was easily established by comparison of their melting point with those of reported samples. Conclusion: In summary, we have developed a new magnetically recyclable and Research Article American Chemical Science Journal, 1(3): 97-108, 2011 98 efficient functionalized magnetic nano catalyst for the chromene synthesis. Magnetic nanoparticle catalyst achieves a simple separation of catalyst without filtration including high yield in product.

Tele-communication and network industry are becoming extremely fascinated by the use of evolutionary smart sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. This technology promises to overcome several challenges within WSNs needed for real time data protection via optimization technique: Genetic Algorithm. This paper reviewedthe use of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to solve certain limitation of wireless sensor networks. It further presents major application areas of wireless sensors networks. Longerdistance gap between a sensor and destination in a sensor network can remarkably reduce the energy of sensors and can degrade the life of a network. GA can prolong the network lifetime by minimizing the total communication distance.