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The effects of the quantity and information source flow on the lenders' credit decisions were determined based on the currently revised Community Reinvestment Act (RCA) regulations. Findings reveal that lenders can sometimes exploit economies of scale in gathering information at certain neighborhoods. Lenders are at a disadvantage in areas where concentrated competition is limited to a number of qualified mortgage applicants. Implementation of the current RCA regulations provides greater scope for lenders to pool their resources in achieving critical mass of applications needed for exploiting economies of scale., Evidence shows that by focusing on certain neighborhoods, lenders can sometimes exploit economies of scale in the collection of information. They can also find themselves at a disadvantage in areas [...]

A high loan denial rate for minorities does not necessarily demonstrate racial bias on the part of the lender. Recent studies have focussed on the loan denial rate as an indicator of home mortgage lenders' compliance with the Fair Housing Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, and the Community Reinvestment Act. This statistic unfairly penalizes the lender who solicits and receives many applications for minorities and thus may post a higher loan denial rate than the lender who receives applications only from whites. It also disregards company-to-company differences in loan practices.

In November 1999, the U.S. Congress asked the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to conduct a comprehensive study of loans made under the Community Reinvestment Act of [...]

Avery, Robert B. and Daniel Johnston.Ca2+channel antagonist U-92032 inhibits both T-type Ca2+channels and Na+channels in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol.77: 1023–1028, 1997. The effects of 7-[[4-[bis(4-fluoropheny l ) - m e t h y l ] - 1 - p i p e r a z i n y l ] m e t h y l ] - 2 - [ ( 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l ) a m i n o ]4 -( 1 - m e t h y l e t h y l ) - 2 , 4 , 6 - c y c l o h e p t a t r i e n - 1 - o n e  ( U - 9 2 0 3 2 ) ,  anewly described Ca2+channel blocker, on voltage-gated ionic currents were measured. Whole cell voltage-clamp records were obtained from acutely isolated CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons from 7- to 14-day-old rats. Dimethyl sulfoxide, at either 0.01% or 0.1%, partially inhibited T-type Ca2+currents (∼20% inhibition) but not high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+currents. Ethanol (0.2%) did not affect Ca2+currents. U-92032 selectively inhibited T-type Ca2+currents (median inhibiting concentration ∼ 500 nM). HVA Ca2+currents were less sensitive, with ∼75% of the current resistant at 10 μM. Inhibition of Ca2+currents was reversible. U-92032 inhibited Na+currents at concentrations similar to those required for T-type currents (>33% block at 1 μM). Block of Na+currents took several minutes to develop and was irreversible. Voltage-gated K+currents were insensitive to U-92032 (1 or 10 μM). These results indicate that U-92032 inhibits both T-type Ca2+channels and Na+channels, constraining its utility in certain studies. Among Ca2+channels, however, U-92032 should prove a useful tool for distinguishing physiological contributions of T-type channels.