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Rydberg states of excitons in Cu$_2$O are known to interact strongly with other carriers in their surrounding such as other excitons, free charge carriers and static charged impurities. In cw-experiments, discriminating the individual processes is notoriously challenging. Here, we use a time-resolved two-color pump-probe setup and investigate the temporal evolution of Rydberg excitons with a resolution of 15 ns. The dynamic response of the Rydberg system to pump pulses with different energies is analyzed and the elementary processes that constitute the complex decay dynamics are compared among the different excitation scenarios. Our analysis reveals mainly four different timescales on which physical processes occur., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

In non-Hermitian open quantum systems, such as polariton condensates, local tailoring of gains and losses opens up an interesting possibility to realize functional optical elements. Here, we demonstrate that deliberately introducing losses via a photonic defect, realized by reducing the quality factor of a DBR mirror locally within an ultrahigh-quality microcavity, may be utilized to create directed polariton currents towards the defect. We discuss the role of polariton-polariton interactions in the process and how to tailor the effective decay time of a polariton condensate via coupling to the defect. Our results highlight the far-reaching potential of non-Hermitian physics in polaritonics., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

In recent years, quantum information science has made significant progress, leading to a multitude of quantum protocols for the most diverse applications. States carrying resources such as quantum coherence are a key component for these protocols. In this study, we optimize the quantum coherence of a nonresonantly excited exciton-polariton condensate of long living polaritons by minimizing the condensate's interaction with the surrounding reservoir of excitons and free carriers. By combining experimental phase space data with a displaced thermal state model, we observe how quantum coherence builds up as the system is driven above the condensation threshold. Our findings demonstrate that a spatial separation between the condensate and the reservoir enhances the state's maximum quantum coherence directly beyond the threshold. These insights pave the way for integrating polariton systems into hybrid quantum devices and advancing applications in quantum technologies., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

Blockchain technology, while revolutionary in enabling decentralized transactions, faces scalability challenges as the ledger must be replicated across all nodes of the chain, limiting throughput and efficiency. Sharding, which divides the chain into smaller segments, called shards, offers a solution by enabling parallel transaction processing. However, sharding introduces new complexities, notably how to allocate nodes to shards without compromising the network's security. This paper introduces a novel linear optimization framework for node allocation to shards that addresses decentralization constraints while minimizing resource consumption. In contrast to traditional methods that depend on random or trust-based assignments, our approach evaluates node characteristics, including ownership, hardware, and geographical distribution, and requires an explicit specification of decentralization targets with respect to these characteristics. By employing linear optimization, the framework identifies a resource-efficient node set meeting these targets. Adopted by the Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) community, this framework proves its utility in real-world blockchain applications. It provides a quantitative tool for node onboarding and offboarding decisions, balancing decentralization and resource considerations.

Coupling of orbital and spin degrees of freedom gives rise to intriguing physical phenomena in bosonic condensates, such as formation of stripe phases and domains with vortex arrays. However, the robust locking of spin and orbital degrees of freedom of the nonlinear topological objects such as vortex pairs with sub-Poissonian fluctuation in bosonic condensates remains challenging. In the present work, we realize a non-equilibrium room-temperature condensate in a liquid crystal (LC) planar photonic microcavity with the perovskite CsPbBr3 as optically active material. We use the interplay of TE-TM mode splitting and Rashba-Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling (RDSOC) to realize electrically tunable polariton vortex pairs with locked spin and orbital angular momentum. Remarkably, the counts difference between opposite wavevector states shows sub-Poissonian fluctuation, indicating the existence of the correlation between the two vortices. Our results are robust against sample imperfections and pave the way to investigate coupling and locking of correlated vortex orbital and spin degrees of freedom in a quantum fluid of light at room temperature, offering potential for generation of complex squeezed states of light for quantum optical information processing with optoelectronic chips

Rydberg excitons (analogues of Rydberg atoms in condensed matter systems) are highly excited bound electron-hole states with large Bohr radii. The interaction between them as well as exciton coupling to light may lead to strong optical nonlinearity, with applications in sensing and quantum information processing. Here, we achieve strong effective photon-photon interactions (Kerr-like optical nonlinearity) via the Rydberg blockade phenomenon and the hybridisation of excitons and photons forming polaritons in a Cu$_2$O-filled microresonators. Under pulsed resonant excitation polariton resonance frequencies are renormalised due to the reduction of the photon-exciton coupling with increasing exciton density. Theoretical analysis shows that the Rydberg blockade plays a major role in the experimentally observed scaling of the polariton nonlinearity coefficient as $\propto n^{4.4 \pm 1.8}$ for principal quantum numbers up to n = 7. Such high principal quantum numbers studied in a polariton system for the first time are essential for realisation of high Rydberg optical nonlinearities, which paves the way towards quantum optical applications and fundamental studies of strongly-correlated photonic (polaritonic) states in a solid state system.

Methodologies for development of complex systems and models include external reviews by domain and technology experts. Among others, such reviews can uncover undocumented built-in assumptions that may be critical for correct and safe operation or constrain applicability. Since such assumptions may still escape human-centered processes like reviews, agile development, and risk analyses, here, we contribute toward making this process more methodical and automatable. We first present a blueprint for a taxonomy and formalization of the problem. We then show that a variety of digital artifacts of the system or model can be automatically checked against extensive reference knowledge. Since mimicking the breadth and depth of knowledge and skills of experts may appear unattainable, we illustrate the basic feasibility of automation with rudimentary experiments using OpenAI's ChatGPT. We believe that systematic handling of this aspect of system engineering can contribute significantly to the quality and safety of complex systems and models, and to the efficiency of development projects. We dedicate this work to Werner Damm, whose contributions to modeling and model-based development, in industry and academia, with a special focus on safety, helped establish a solid foundation to our discipline and to the work of many scientists and professionals, including, naturally, the approaches and techniques described here.

We investigate the neutralization of charged defects in a Cu$_2$O crystal experimentally with a cw two-color pump-probe setup. We demonstrate that the excitation of high-lying Rydberg excitons at low densities generates an enhancement of exciton absorption up to a factor of 3. The result is an overall improvement of the absorption spectrum's quality in terms of increased oscillator strengths and narrower linewidths, referred to as purification. The reduction of the amount of charged impurities in the crystal is further verified by a thorough analysis of impurity photoluminescence signals., Comment: 12 pages, 9 pages

Wide-angle light scattering (WALS) offers the possibility of a highly temporally and spatially resolved measurement of droplets in spray-based methods for nanoparticle synthesis. The size of these droplets is a critical variable affecting the final properties of synthesized materials such as hetero-aggregates. However, conventional methods for determining droplet sizes from WALS image data are labor-intensive and may introduce biases, particularly when applied to complex systems like spray flame synthesis (SFS). To address these challenges, we introduce a fully automatic machine learning-based approach that employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in order to streamline the droplet sizing process. This CNN-based methodology offers further advantages: it requires few manual labels and can utilize transfer learning, making it a promising alternative to conventional methods, specifically with respect to efficiency. To evaluate the performance of our machine learning models, we consider WALS data from an ethanol spray flame process at various heights above the burner surface (HABs), where the models are trained and cross-validated on a large dataset comprising nearly 35000 WALS images.

We investigate the interaction between highly excited Rydberg excitons and charged impurities in the semiconductor Cuprous Oxide. We find that it is long-ranged and based on charge-induced dipole interactions. We demonstrate that we can utilize this interaction to neutralize impurities throughout the whole crystal - an effect we call purification. Purification reduces detrimental electrical stray fields drastically. We find that the absorption of the purified crystal increases by up to 25 % and that the purification effect is long-lived and may persist for hundreds of microseconds or even longer. Using a time-resolved pump-probe technique, we can discriminate purification from Rydberg blockade, which has been a long-standing goal in excitonic Rydberg systems., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

This document presents a summary of the 2023 Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop hosted by CERN. The workshop brought together experts from around the world to discuss the exciting developments in large-scale atom interferometer (AI) prototypes and their potential for detecting ultralight dark matter and gravitational waves. The primary objective of the workshop was to lay the groundwork for an international TVLBAI proto-collaboration. This collaboration aims to unite researchers from different institutions to strategize and secure funding for terrestrial large-scale AI projects. The ultimate goal is to create a roadmap detailing the design and technology choices for one or more km-scale detectors, which will be operational in the mid-2030s. The key sections of this report present the physics case and technical challenges, together with a comprehensive overview of the discussions at the workshop together with the main conclusions., Comment: Summary of the Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop held at CERN: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1208783/

In light of the continuous transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 coupled with a significant decline in clinical testing, there is a pressing need for scalable, cost-effective, long-term, passive surveillance tools to effectively monitor viral variants circulating in the population. Wastewater genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has arrived as an alternative to clinical genomic surveillance, allowing to continuously monitor the prevalence of viral lineages in communities of various size at a fraction of the time, cost, and logistic effort and serving as an early warning system for emerging variants, critical for developed communities and especially for underserved ones. Importantly, lineage prevalence estimates obtained with this approach aren't distorted by biases related to clinical testing accessibility and participation. However, the relative performance of bioinformatics methods used to measure relative lineage abundances from wastewater sequencing data is unknown, preventing both the research community and public health authorities from making informed decisions regarding computational tool selection. Here, we perform comprehensive benchmarking of 18 bioinformatics methods for estimating the relative abundance of SARS-CoV-2 (sub)lineages in wastewater by using data from 36 in vitro mixtures of synthetic lineage and sublineage genomes. In addition, we use simulated data from 78 mixtures of lineages and sublineages co-occurring in the clinical setting with proportions mirroring their prevalence ratios observed in real data. Importantly, we investigate how the accuracy of the evaluated methods is impacted by the sequencing technology used, the associated error rate, the read length, read depth, but also by the exposure of the synthetic RNA mixtures to wastewater, with the goal of capturing the effects induced by the wastewater matrix, including RNA fragmentation and degradation., Comment: For correspondence: serghei.mangul@gmail.com

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wastewater-based genomic surveillance (WWGS) emerged as an efficient viral surveillance tool that takes into account asymptomatic cases and can identify known and novel mutations and offers the opportunity to assign known virus lineages based on the detected mutations profiles. WWGS can also hint towards novel or cryptic lineages, but it is difficult to clearly identify and define novel lineages from wastewater (WW) alone. While WWGS has significant advantages in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 viral spread, technical challenges remain, including poor sequencing coverage and quality due to viral RNA degradation. As a result, the viral RNAs in wastewater have low concentrations and are often fragmented, making sequencing difficult. WWGS analysis requires advanced computational tools that are yet to be developed and benchmarked. The existing bioinformatics tools used to analyze wastewater sequencing data are often based on previously developed methods for quantifying the expression of transcripts or viral diversity. Those methods were not developed for wastewater sequencing data specifically, and are not optimized to address unique challenges associated with wastewater. While specialized tools for analysis of wastewater sequencing data have also been developed recently, it remains to be seen how they will perform given the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the decline in testing and patient-based genomic surveillance. Here, we discuss opportunities and challenges associated with WWGS, including sample preparation, sequencing technology, and bioinformatics methods., Comment: V Munteanu and M Saldana contributed equally to this work. M H\"olzer, A Smith and S Mangul jointly supervised this work. For correspondence: serghei.mangul@gmail.com

This Technical Design Report presents a detailed description of all aspects of the LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment), an experiment that will combine the high-quality and high-energy electron beam of the European XFEL with a high-intensity laser, to explore the uncharted terrain of strong-field quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high energy and high intensity, reaching the Schwinger field and beyond. The further implications for the search of physics beyond the Standard Model are also discussed.

The ARES linac at DESY aims to generate and characterize ultrashort electron bunches (fs to sub-fs duration) with high momentum and arrival time stability for the purpose of applications related to accelerator R&D, e.g. development of advanced and compact diagnostics and accelerating structures, test of new accelerator components, medical applications studies, machine learning, etc. During its commissioning phase, the bunch duration characterization of the electron bunches generated at ARES has been performed with an RF-phasing technique relying on momentum spectra measurements, using only common accelerator elements (RF accelerating structures and magnetic spectrometers). The sensitivity of the method allowed highlighting different response times for Mo and Cs2Te cathodes. The measured electron bunch duration in a wide range of machine parameters shows excellent agreement overall with the simulation predictions, thus demonstrating a very good understanding of the ARES operation on the bunch duration aspect. The importance of a precise in-situ experimental determination of the phase velocity of the first travelling wave accelerating structure after the electron source, for which we propose a simple new beam-based method precise down to sub-permille variation respective to the speed of light in vacuum, is emphasized for this purpose. A minimum bunch duration of 20 fs rms, resolution-limited by the space charge forces, is reported. This is, to the best of our knowledge, around 4 times shorter than what has been previously experimentally demonstrated based on RF-phasing techniques with a single RF structure. The present study constitutes a strong basis for future time characterization down to the sub-fs level at ARES, using dedicated X-band transverse deflecting structures., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures. To be submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

We consider a helicoidal group $G$ in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ and unbounded $G$-invariant $C^{2,\alpha}$-domains $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ whose helicoidal projections are exterior domains in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, $n\geq2$. We show that for all $s\in\mathbb{R}$, there exists a $G$-invariant solution $u_{s}\in C^{2,\alpha}\left( \overline{\Omega}\right) $ of the Dirichlet problem for the minimal surface equation with zero boundary data which satisfies $\sup_{\partial\Omega}\left\vert \operatorname{grad}u_{s}\right\vert =\left\vert s\right\vert $. Additionally, we provide further information on the behavior of these solutions at infinity.

In this review, we discuss the use of continuous variable spectroscopy techniques for investigating quantum coherence and light-matter interactions in semiconductor systems with ultrafast dynamics. We focus on multichannel homodyne detection as a powerful tool to measure the quantum coherence and the full density matrix of a polariton system. By monitoring the temporal decay of quantum coherence in the polariton condensate, we observe coherence times exceeding the nanosecond scale. Our findings, supported by proof-of-concept experiments and numerical simulations, demonstrate the enhanced resourcefulness of the produced system states for modern quantum protocols. The combination of tailored resource quantifiers and ultrafast spectroscopy techniques presented here paves the way for future applications of quantum information technologies., Comment: 54 pages, 15 figures

We take advantage of the polariton bistability in semiconductor microcavities to estimate the interaction strength between lower exciton-polariton and dark exciton states. We combine the quasiresonant excitation of polaritons and the nominally forbidden two-photon excitation (TPE) of dark excitons in a GaAs microcavity. To this end, we use an ultranarrow linewidth cw laser for the TPE process that allows us to determine the energy of dark excitons with high spectral resolution. Our results evidence a sharp drop in the polariton transmission intensity and width of the hysteresis cycle when the TPE process is resonant with the dark exciton energy, highly compromising the bistability of the polariton condensate. This behavior demonstrates the existence of a small symmetry breaking such as that produced by an effective in-plane magnetic field, allowing us to directly excite the dark reservoir. We numerically reproduce the collapse of the hysteresis cycle with the increasing dark exciton population, treating the evolution of a polariton condensate in a one-mode approximation, coupled to the exciton reservoir via polariton-exciton scattering processes., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

We propose a new beam diagnostics method to reconstruct the phase space of charged particle bunches in 5 dimensions, which consist of the horizontal and vertical positions and divergences as well as the time axis. This is achieved by combining a quadrupole-based transverse phase-space tomography with the adjustable streaking angle of a polarizable X-band transverse deflection structure (PolariX TDS). We demonstrate with detailed simulations that the method is able to reconstruct various complex phase-space distributions and that the quality of the reconstruction depends on the number of input projections. This method allows for the identification and visualization of previously unnoticed detailed features in the phase-space distribution, and can thereby be used as a tool towards improving the performance of particle accelerators, or performing more accurate simulation studies.

We report on time-resolved optical and terahertz ultrafast spectroscopy of charge-carrier dynamics in the room-temperature antiferromagnetic semiconductor $\alpha $-MnTe. By optically pumping the system with 1.55 eV photons at room temperature, we excite charge carriers in the conduction band through the indirect band gap and investigate the dynamical response of nonequilibrium states using optical as well as terahertz transmission probes. Three relaxation processes are revealed by their characteristic relaxation times of the order of 1, 10, and 100~ps, whose exact values are functions of the pump fluence. For high pump fluences nonlinear dependence on the pump fluence is observed both in the optical and terahertz probes.

In 2020-2022, extensive discussions and deliberations have taken place in corresponding topical working groups of the Snowmass Accelerator Frontier (AF) and in numerous joint meetings with other Frontiers, Snowmass-wide meetings, a series of Colloquium-style Agoras, cross-Frontier Forums on muon and electron-positron colliders and the collider Implementation Task Force (ITF). The outcomes of these activities are summarized in this Accelerator Frontier report., Comment: contribution to Snowmass'21, v.2 (final)

Long-term quantum coherence constitutes one of the main challenges when engineering quantum devices. However, easily accessible means to quantify complex decoherence mechanisms are not readily available, nor are sufficiently stable systems. We harness novel phase-space methods - expressed through non-Gaussian convolutions of highly singular Glauber-Sudarshan quasiprobabilities - to dynamically monitor quantum coherence in polariton condensates with significantly enhanced coherence times. Via intensity- and time-resolved reconstructions of such phase-space functions from homodyne detection data, we probe the systems's resourcefulness for quantum information processing up to the nanosecond regime. Our experimental findings are confirmed through numerical simulations for which we develop an approach that renders established algorithms compatible with our methodology. In contrast to commonly applied phase-space functions, our distributions can be directly sampled from measured data, including uncertainties, and yield a simple operational measure of quantum coherence via the distribution's variance in phase. Therefore, we present a broadly applicable framework and a platform to explore time-dependent quantum phenomena and resources., Comment: paper plus supplemental material

The Snowmass 2021 Accelerator Frontier topical group \# 6 on Advanced Accelerator Concepts, covers new R\&D concepts for particle acceleration, generation, and focusing. Based on community input, this report describes how leveraging these concepts to efficiently harness the interaction of charged particles with extremely high electromagnetic fields at very high frequencies can provide the keys to reaching ultra high acceleration gradients (GeV/m and beyond). These methods have potential to reduce the dimensions, C0$_2$ footprint, and costs of future high energy physics machines, with added potential to reduce power consumption for future e+e- and $\gamma - \gamma$ machines to and beyond 15 TeV energies. Techniques range from laser and beam driven plasma and advanced structure accelerators to advanced phase space manipulations and generation of beams with extreme parameters., Comment: contribution to Snowmass 21

Streak cameras are one of the most common and convenient devices to measure pulsed emission e.g. from semiconductor lightsources with picosecond time resolution. However, they are most sensitive in the visible range and possess low or negligible efficiency in the infrared and telecom regime. In this work, we present a frequency conversion based on sum-frequency generation that converts infrared to visible signals while preserving their temporal properties, making them detectable with a streak camera. We demonstrate and verify the functionality of our device by converting the emission from a quantum dot laser., Comment: 6 figures

The transverse emittance of a charged particle beam is an important figure of merit for many accelerator applications, such as ultra-fast electron diffraction, free electron lasers and the operation of new compact accelerator concepts in general. One of the easiest to implement methods to determine the transverse emittance is the phase advance scan method using a focusing element and a screen. This method has been shown to work well in the thermal regime. In the space charge dominated laminar flow regime, however, the scheme becomes difficult to apply, because of the lack of a closed description of the beam envelope including space charge effects. Furthermore, certain mathematical, as well as beamline design criteria must be met in order to ensure accurate results. In this work we show that it is possible to analyze phase advance scan data using a fully connected neural network (FCNN), even in setups, which do not meet these criteria. In a simulation study, we evaluate the perfomance of the FCNN by comparing it to a traditional fit routine, based on the beam envelope equation. Subsequently, we use a pre-trained FCNN to evaluate measured phase advance scan data, which ultimately yields much better agreement with numerical simulations. To tackle the confirmation bias problem, we employ additional mask-based emittance measurement techniques.