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The rapid increase in aquaculture over the last several decades has led to concerns about the environmental impact of fish feeds relying on marine resources for fishmeal (FM). We aim to assess Nannochloropsis sp. QH25 co-product as a viable and sustainable replacement for FM in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, feeds. We formulated four experimental diets: a reference (FM based), 33N, 66N, and 100N diet (33%, 66%, and 100% co-product replacement). Rainbow trout were randomly assigned to one of 16 tanks and randomly assigned an experimental diet to consume throughout the experiment (64 days total), with four replicate tanks per diet. We compared the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) digestibility, emissions, and growth between diets and, compared six environmental impacts (biotic resource use (BRU), global warming potential (GWP), water use, land use, marine eutrophication potential (MEP), and freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP)) of each diet. Our results indicate that replacing FM with co-product did not significantly alter growth. P digestibility of the experimental and reference diets was comparable. BRU conversion ratio was significantly lower in the experimental diets. However, there were significantly higher water and land use conversion ratios but insignificantly higher results in GWP, MEP, and FEP between the reference and 100N diet.

The phyllosphere, or plant leaf surface, represents a microbial ecosystem of considerable size, holding extraordinary biodiversity and enormous potential for the discovery of new products, tools, and applications in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine, and elsewhere. This mini-review highlights the applied microbiology of the phyllosphere as an original field of study concerning itself with the genes, gene products, natural compounds, and traits that underlie phyllosphere-specific adaptations and services that have commercial and economic value for current or future innovation. Examples include plant-growth-promoting and disease-suppressive phyllobacteria, probiotics and fermented foods that support human health, as well as microbials that remedy foliar contamination with airborne pollutants, residual pesticides, or plastics. Phyllosphere microbes promote plant biomass conversion into compost, renewable energy, animal feed, or fiber. They produce foodstuffs such as thickening agents and sugar substitutes, industrial-grade biosurfactants, novel antibiotics and cancer drugs, as well as enzymes used as food additives or freezing agents. Furthermore, new developments in DNA sequence-based profiling of leaf-associated microbial communities allow for surveillance approaches in the context of food safety and security, for example, to detect enteric human pathogens on leafy greens, predict plant disease outbreaks, and intercept plant pathogens and pests on internationally traded goods. KEY POINTS: • Applied phyllosphere microbiology concerns leaf-specific adaptations for economic value • Phyllobioprospecting searches the phyllosphere microbiome for product development • Phyllobiomonitoring tracks phyllosphere microbial profiles for early risk detection.

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is characterized by chronic low ruminal pH, and occurs for feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Forages slow digestion and reduce acid production. We aimed to assess how motivated finishing cattle are to access forage (Sudan grass hay, SG) via their willingness to interact with an electrified barrier. Reticulorumen pH was measured to relate the results to digestive health. Twenty-eight animals fed a high-concentrate ration ad libitum had access to 4 L of one of two treatments (n = 14/treatment) fed 1×/d behind a barrier: 1) SG or 2) an additional offering of the normal ration (total mixed ration [TMR]). To access their treatment, the steer voluntarily pushed his muzzle against an electrified barrier. The electrical current was increased exponentially every 24 h (0, 156, 312, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 µA) until the animal ceased accessing it. Visits to the treatment were recorded continuously 24 h/d and reticulorumen pH was measured every 10 min. Time with a reticulorumen pH below 5.8 was 348 ± 101 and 280 ± 76 min/24 h for SG and TMR animals, respectively; these durations meet the criterion for SARA. However, animals with access to SG were less likely to advance to the next current than TMR animals (P

As the world's population increases, the growing demand for food intensifies the generation of agricultural waste, leading to several environmental issues. Intensive research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) larvae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) as efficient converters of organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass suitable for animal feed. Using a structured questionnaire and volunteer farmers (N = 595), we investigated the potential for adoption of BSF larvae composting technology for sustainable agricultural waste management in Greater Ahafo-Ano. Almost all surveyed farmers declared they generated a significant amount of biowaste on their farms and were willing to learn how to use the BSF-based technology to transform it into value-added products. The waste generated was mainly disposed of in pits at Ahafo-Ano South-East (56.2%), by composting at AhafoAno South-West (34.9%) and by sale at Ahafo-Ano North (34.4%). Across the three districts, awareness of the BSF was very low - 14.5% in Ahafo-Ano South-East, 14.1% in Ahafo-Ano South-West and 0.5% in Ahafo-Ano North. However, high acceptance of the technology was recorded. It was found that about 8% of farmers surveyed in Ahafo-Ano South-East had already tried BSF farming on a small scale. Indicating this district as a good entry point to introduce the technology into Greater Ahafo-Ano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Over the past decade, catfish farming has increased in Southeast Asia. However, there has been no existing for pharmacokinetic data in the hybrid catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus). Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the hybrid catfish, following single intravascular (IV) or oral (PO) administration at a single dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). Methods: In total, 140 catfish (each about 100-120 g BW) were divided into two groups (n = 70). Blood samples (0.6-0.8 mL) were collected from ventral caudal vein at pre-assigned times up to 144 h (sparse samples design). OTC plasma concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameter of OTC was evaluated using a non-compartment model. OTC plasma concentrations were detectable for up to 144 and 120 h after IV and PO, respectively. The elimination half-life value of OTC was long with slow clearance after IV administration in hybrid catfish. The average maximum concentration value of OTC was 2.72 µg/mL with a time at the maximum concentration of 8 h. The absolute PO bioavailability was low (2.47%). Conclusions and Relevance: These results showed that PO administration of OTC at a dosage of 50 mg/kg BW was unlikely to be effective for clinical use in catfish. The pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy of OTC after multiple medicated feed are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the fermentation duration in relation to the effectiveness of tannin levels in mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit during the fermentation process using Aspergillus niger. The tested durations were 7, 10, 13, and 16 days in anaerobic conditions. The outcomes measured included crude fat, crude fibre, and nitrogenfree extract digestibility. Microbial biomass, protozoa population, and methane gas production were also recorded as responses to the rumen microbial activity. The results showed that 16 days of fermentation gave the highest average for all responses. The protozoa population reached around 4.07 × 105 cells/ml and methane gas amounted to 33.9 ml/g of dry matter (DM). This is caused by a decrease in the anti-nutrient tannin content in mangrove (S. alba) fruit due to fermentation by A. niger according to treatment. The conclusion of this research is that the 16-day fermentation treatment (T4) of mangrove fruit is the optimal time to be used as a source of concentrate feed for livestock in terms of the increase in nutritional value and gastrointestinal microbes represented by total protozoa population, crude fibre digestibility, crude fat digestibility, and the highest nitrogen-free extract digestibility. However, microbial biomass and methane gas production were not significantly different in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of waste material derives from the horticultural industry. These plant matrices constitute a valuable source of active secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of potential applications, including both human health and veterinary science. Italy is one of the leading European producers of fennel, and the 'Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto' is a protected geographical indication (PGI) product, typical of the Calabria region. In this study, the waste material from this PGI Italian fennel was investigated for the first time as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Both bulbs and aerial parts were extracted with ethanol through maceration, and the phenolic content was assessed, together with the antioxidant properties. Moreover, the nutraceutical value was investigated by evaluating the potential anti-obesity effects. To this end, fennel extracts were studied for their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in dietary fat absorption. The aerial part extract demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 293.13 ± 22.98 µg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities (IC50 = 43.26 ± 1.90 µg/mL), and it was also effective in inhibiting pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 3.51 ± 0.09 mg/mL). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was highlighted between observed biological properties and fennel phenolic constituents. Obtained results show that 'Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto' PGI by-products are a good candidate for further investigations as a potential source of antioxidant and anti-obesity agents useful as functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are of a significant environmental concern, necessitating accurate prediction for emission inventories. Existing models rely solely on dietary and host animal-related data, ignoring the predicting power of rumen microbiota, the source of CH4. To address this limitation, we developed novel CH4 prediction models incorporating rumen microbes as predictors, alongside animal- and feed-related predictors using four statistical/machine learning (ML) methods. These include random forest combined with boosting (RF-B), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), generalized linear mixed model with LASSO (glmmLasso), and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) implemented on linear mixed models. With a sheep dataset (218 observations) of both animal data and rumen microbiota data (relative sequence abundance of 330 genera of rumen bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi), we developed linear mixed models to predict CH4 production (g CH4/animal·d, ANIM-B models) and CH4 yield (g CH4/kg of dry matter intake, DMI-B models). We also developed models solely based on animal-related data. Prediction performance was evaluated 200 times with random data splits, while fitting performance was assessed without data splitting. The inclusion of microbial predictors improved the models, as indicated by decreased root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) and mean absolute error (MAE), and increased Lins concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Both glmmLasso and SCAD reduced the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for both the ANIM-B and the DMI-B models, while the other two ML methods had mixed outcomes. By balancing prediction performance and fitting performance, we obtained one ANIM-B model (containing 10 genera of bacteria and 3 animal data) fitted using glmmLasso and one DMI-B model (5 genera of bacteria and 1 animal datum) fitted using SCAD. This study highlights the importance of incorporating rumen microbiota data in CH4 prediction models to enhance accuracy and robustness. Additionally, ML methods facilitate the selection of microbial predictors from high-dimensional metataxonomic data of the rumen microbiota without overfitting. Moreover, the identified microbial predictors can serve as biomarkers of CH4 emissions from sheep, providing valuable insights for future research and mitigation strategies.

The gut serves in the digestion of foods, the absorption of nutrients, and the maintenance of the host's health. Intestinal flora maintains a healthy gut by interacting with intestinal cells and inhibiting pathogens from adhering to the gut wall. Probiotics are widely used to regulate intestinal microflora, prevent and treat intestinal disorders,, and promote growth by replacing antibiotics in poultry. The current paper focuses on the effects of probiotics on gut health in general and stress factors that affect probiotic survivability from handling to the host animal's distal intestinal tract. We also go through the various ways of dealing with these stressful factors and methods adopted for industrial use. The use of encapsulation to preserve probiotics has been proven to be effective. The encapsulation strategy directly benefits stability by providing a physical barrier to safeguard them from unfavorable environments. Probiotics have been encapsulated using a variety of approaches. Here, we also discuss the effects of encapsulation on probiotic stability during different stages from processing to animal gut. Choosing the appropriate encapsulating process and encapsulating material during is crucial for producing the best microcapsule as an additive for animal feed, which ultimately improves the animal's intestinal health.

This study examined the fermentation duration in relation to the effectiveness of tannin levels in mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit during the fermentation process using Aspergillus niger. The tested durations were 7, 10, 13, and 16 days in anaerobic conditions. The outcomes measured included crude fat, crude fibre, and nitrogen-free extract digestibility. Microbial biomass, protozoa population, and methane gas production were also recorded as responses to the rumen microbial activity. The results showed that 16 days of fermentation gave the highest average for all responses. The protozoa population reached around 4.07 × 105 cells/ml and methane gas amounted to 33.9 ml/g of dry matter (DM). This is caused by a decrease in the anti-nutrient tannin content in mangrove (S. alba) fruit due to fermentation by A. niger according to treatment. The conclusion of this research is that the 16-day fermentation treatment (T4) of mangrove fruit is the optimal time to be used as a source of concentrate feed for livestock in terms of the increase in nutritional value and gastrointestinal microbes represented by total protozoa population, crude fibre digestibility, crude fat digestibility, and the highest nitrogen-free extract digestibility. However, microbial biomass and methane gas production were not significantly different in this study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sago plant is a valuable source of raw material for the processing industry and every part is very useful for food and shelter. Moreover, by-products of the Sago processing industry are useful as animal feed and liquid waste which has not been widely used. There are limited studies on the use of Sago by-products and sustainability of Sago palm smallholder industry. Therefore, this study aimed to assess sustainability of Sago palm smallholder industry in Simeulue Regency and identify the values of each attribute in the four impacting dimensions.METHODS: This study was carried out through the direct interview method, using a questionnaire containing 35 attributes related to 4 dimensions, namely 8 attributes of economy, 12 environmental, 10 social, and 5 technological. The data were obtained from 5 entrepreneurs of Sago palm smallholder industry in Simeulue Regency, out of a total of 7 active Sago processing factories. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling method with rapid appraisal software. Sustainability status and leverage attributes were analyzed by Monte Carlo analysis and alternating least-squares algorithm.FINDINGS: The results showed that the general sustainability indicators in Sago palm smallholder industry had an average value of 46.03 percent. This assessment was based on the value for the economic dimension of 45.56 percent, environmental dimension of 27.89 percent, social dimension of 55.65 percent, and technological dimension of 55.03 percent. Furthermore, it was found that techniques in several processing stages or use of liquid waste, cultivation skills, and technology process contributed to sustainable development. This study provided information that production factors needed to be improved for sustainability of Sago palm smallholder industry in terms of economy and environment. However, the use of solid and liquid wastes had not been optimally used.CONCLUSION: In the economic dimension, an improvement in production factors such as the cultivation of Sago plant is important because it only relies on plant that live naturally. Furthermore, it is important to increase the use of Sago pulp as animal feed to improve the substitution of commercial rations usage, and facilitate sustainability value of the economic dimension. Meanwhile, in the environmental dimension, there should be study and socialization on the processing or use of liquid waste. This can help in addressing air and water pollution. In the social and technological dimensions, Sago farmers need to be equipped with cultivation skills to increase the value of this dimension. In conclusion, Sago palm smallholder industry in Simeulue Regency needs to be facilitated from upstream to downstream and sustain plant cultivation, and process Sago commodities using technology while suppressing negative effects on the environment.

Fluorine, depending on its concentration and chemical form, is essential or toxic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to determine it reliably. In this study, fluorine was determined in animal feed after extraction with HCl (gastric juice simulation). The standard potentiometric method with a fluoride-selective electrode (ISE) and newly developed high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFMAS) method was applied. Feed samples turned out to be a challenge for HR-CS GFMAS. Chemical interferences (formation of competing molecules, CaF, GaCl, and GaP, instead of the target GaF molecule) and spectral effects (including a phosphorous molecule spectrum and atomic lines) were identified. An additional difficulty was caused by reagent contamination with F and memory effects. Difficulties were eliminated/reduced. The quality of ISE analysis was multi-directionally verified (including comprehensive proficiency testing). A risk of inaccuracy at low F concentration, where the calibration relationship is nonlinear, was investigated. The results of both methods were consistent, which confirms the accuracy of the methods and informs that the extracted fluorine is in fluoride form. The results of extensive ISE tests conducted in Poland in 2021–2023 have shown that, in most cases, the fluoride content is significantly lower than the threshold values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distilled grain waste (DGW) is rich in nutrients and can be a potential resource as animal feed. However, DGW contains as much as 14% lignin, dramatically reducing the feeding value. White-rot fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus could preferentially degrade lignin with high efficiency. However, lignin derivatives generated during alcohol distillation inhibit P. ostreatus growth. Thus, finding a new strategy to adjust the DGW properties to facilitate P. ostreatus growth is critical for animal feed preparation and DGW recycling. In this study, three dominant indigenous bacteria, including Sphingobacterium thermophilum X1, Pseudoxanthomonas byssovorax X3, and Bacillus velezensis 15F were chosen to generate single and compound microbial inoculums for DGW composting to prepare substrates for P. ostreatus growth. Compared with non-inoculated control or single microbial inoculation, all composite inoculations, especially the three-microbial compound, led to faster organic metabolism, shorter composting process, and improved physicochemical properties of DGW. P. ostreatus growth assays showed the fastest mycelial colonization (20.43 μg·g-1 ergosterol) and extension (9 mm/d), the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities (Lac, 152.68 U·g-1; Lip, 15.56 U·g-1; MnP, 0.34 U·g-1; Xylanase, 10.98 U·g-1; FPase, 0.71 U·g-1), and the highest lignin degradation ratio (30.77%) in the DGW sample after 12 h of composting with the three-microbial compound inoculation when compared to other groups. This sample was relatively abundant in bacteria playing critical roles in amino acid, carbohydrate, energy metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation, as suggested by metagenomic analysis. The feed value analysis revealed that P. ostreatus mycelia full colonization in composted DGW led to high fiber content retention and decreased lignin content (final ratio of 5% lignin) but elevated protein concentrations (about 130 g·kg-1 DM). An additional daily weight gain of 0.4 kg/d was shown in cattle feeding experiments by replacing 60% of regular feed with it. These findings demonstrate that compound inoculant consisting of three indigenous microorganisms is efficient to compost DGW and facilitate P. ostreatus growth. P. ostreatus decreased the lignin content of composted DGW during its mycelial growth, improving the quality of DGW for feeding cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens larvae can use organic wastes as a substrate, which makes them an interesting potential feed. However, waste may contain heavy metals, which are limited in feed. Here, we investigated the ability of H. illucens to grow on organic wastes and measured their heavy metal bioaccumulation. The larvae were fed with food waste, biogas digestates, and sewage sludge. When the first adult fly was visible, the tests were stopped and the larvae immediately processed. The samples (wastes before use, larvae after feeding) were analysed for mineral nutrient and heavy metal content using AAS and ICP-OES, respectively. The results show that the weight of the larvae fed with food waste increased sevenfold, which was broadly in line with expectations. Those fed with sewage sludge and digestate from biogas station increased threefold. While the larvae fed with sewage sludge exceeded the limits for heavy metals, particularly Cd and Pb, in feedstock, those fed with biogas digestate and food waste did not. These findings add to the literature showing the suitability of different wastes as H. illucens feed, and the importance of excluding waste contaminated with heavy metals from larvae intended for use as animal feed, or else diverting these larvae to non-feed uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area and Italy is one of the largest producers. A great issue is represented by its high amount of by-product, mainly consisting of external bracts and stems, but also of residual leaves, stalks, roots, and seeds. Artichoke by-products are rich in nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins) and bioactive compounds (polyphenols and terpenes) and represent potential ingredients for foodstuffs, functional foods, and food supplements, due to their functional and biological properties. In fact, artichoke by-products' components exhibit many beneficial effects, such as dyspeptic, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiglycative, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and hypolipidemic properties. Therefore, they can be considered potential food ingredients useful in reducing the risk of developing metabolic and age-related disorders. This work summarizes the economic and environmental impact of the recovery and valorization of artichoke by-products, focusing on rheological, physical, and biological properties of the different components present in each by-product and their different food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is an important plant-based protein. Cottonseed cake, a byproduct of the biodiesel industry, offers potential in animal supplementation, although the presence of the antinutritional sesquiterpenoid gossypol limits utilization. The macrofungus Panus lecomtei offers potential in detoxification of antinutritional factors. Through an enzymatic and proteomic analysis of P. lecomtei strain BRM044603, grown on crushed whole cottonseed contrasting in the presence of free gossypol (FG), this study investigated FG biodegradation over a 15-day cultivation period. Fungal growth reduced FG to levels at 100 μg/g, with a complex adaptive response observed, involving primary metabolism and activation of oxidative enzymes for metabolism of xenobiotics. Increasing activity of secreted laccases correlated with a reduction in FG, with enzyme fractions degrading synthetic gossypol to trace levels. A total of 143 and 49 differentially abundant proteins were observed across the two contrasting growth conditions after 6 and 12 days of cultivation, respectively, revealing a dynamic protein profile during FG degradation, initially related to constitutive metabolism, then later associated with responses to oxidative stress. The findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in gossypol degradation and highlight the potential of P. lecomtei BRM044603 in cotton waste biotreatment, relevant for animal supplementation, sustainable resource utilization, and bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal economic sector devoted to the breeding, raising, and production of farm animals is known as the livestock industry. There are precise standards for making high-quality feed in animal husbandry. Precision livestock feeding is a crucial component, with the potential to significantly impact the profitability of livestock; it permits the provision of diets to animals that are precisely tailored to their specific daily nutritional needs. Through simulation modeling, a single model can be created for automated systems to determine daily rations for farm animals. For the purposes of this document, precision livestock feeding refers to the practice of tailoring feed to individual animals or groups of animals, taking into account their changing nutritional needs over time and individual differences in terms of nutritional requirements. The practice aims to optimize animal health and performance while reducing feed waste. This paper presents a formal model for determining the quantities of components needed to achieve a minimum cost mixture that satisfies compositional and quantitative criteria. The present research calculates the amount of hay and silage required to feed an animal per day at the most economical cost by applying an optimization approach that involves defining and solving an optimization problem. The problem is solved using a well-known software package, which is necessary for the practical application of the resulting model. Real data from livestock production in Bulgaria are used to numerically test the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing poultry and livestock farm operations have led to a great deal of manure generation. If inappropriately managed, it may cause adverse impacts on the environment, health, and economy. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) can potentially convert manure into protein-rich biomass and nutrient-rich frass effectively. In this study, BSFL were reared on three different waste streams - quail manure (QM), chicken manure (CM), and pig manure (PM). Manure mass was significantly reduced by larvae, of which QM had the highest overall degradation of 62.49% and waste reduction index of 10.42% (p-value < 0.05) of dry matter (DM). The larvae reared in QM also had the highest bioconversion rate (26.41%) and individual larval weight (~ 0.22 g/larva) (p < 0.05) with DM protein and fat contents of 54.77 and 13.79%, respectively, being a potentially high protein and high energy animal feed. Meanwhile, larvae reared in CM produced the lowest larval biomass (~ 0.07 g/larva) but had the most frass (252.10 g) (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the frass composition (organic matter, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) from the three substrates (p > 0.05). Therefore, BSFL presents a promising solution for efficient manure management by converting it into valuable frass and larval biomass with potential applications as plant fertilizer and animal feed ingredient, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry are monogastric animals that share a fat tissue structure that is strikingly comparable to the fat in animal feed. This indicates that the kind and source of fat in animal diets can significantly impact the accumulation and composition of fatty tissue in the resulting carcass. Hence, feeding (or dietary) manipulation is one of the best and commonly employed management strategies to improve of gut health and function in broiler production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are fatty acids with six to twelve carbon atoms that are prevalent in coconut and palm kernel oils. Much research is being conducted on nutritional approaches to enhance gut health and lower the usage of antibiotics in poultry farming. The use of MCFAs as an antibiotic substitute has been shown to have significant positive effects on broilers' health and performance due mainly to their short pathways of absorption and oxidation. However, the fatty acid makeup of these feed additions may vary, and the results are sometimes inconsistent. Although supplementing hen diets with MCFAs can lower intermuscular and abdominal fat, the precise mechanics are not entirely understood. The distinct metabolic roles of fatty acids in chickens are linked to both the degree of saturation and the length of the chain. Detailed information on the effect of MCFAs on the growth performance, antimicrobial properties, and fat deposition in broiler chickens are summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multicenter observational study was conducted on early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261) from 32 herds from 3 regions (Australia, AU; California, CA; and Canada, CAN) to characterize their risk of acidosis into 3 groups (high, medium, or low) using a discriminant analysis model previously developed. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to total mixed ration (nonfiber carbohydrates = 17 to 47 and neutral detergent fiber = 27 to 58% of dry matter). Rumen fluid samples were collected

Two strains of Lactobacillus combined with Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) used as probiotics were evaluated to replace antibiotics in poultry flocks by reducing ammonia emissions in manure of broilers without comprising performance or health. One-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (600) were fed starter, grower, and finisher diets as control (CON); probiotic S. cerevisiae, inclusion rate at 4.26 × 106 CFU/kg of feed (SCY); probiotic L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus, inclusion rate at 4.35 × 108 CFU/kg of feed (LPR) for each; and a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus at 4.35 × 108 CFU/kg of feed for each plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 4.26 × 106 CFU/kg of feed (SWL). The 4 treatments had 5 replicates (pens), each with 30 broilers. Performance was measured weekly as feed consumption, weight gain, BW, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) over a 6-wk grow-out period. Accompanying biochemical analyses included lipase activity of the pancreas, liver weight, and uric acid (UA) concentration in liver. Albumin, total protein, UA, ammonia, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured in serum. Ammonium (NH4+) in manure and apparent ileal digestibility from digesta were also measured. Significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that biochemical analyses had no significant treatment effect; however, there were significant temporal changes in performance measures for individual treatments. Feed consumption increased over time for all treatments (P = 2.00 × 10-16). CON had lower weight gain in wk 2 (P = 0.013) compared to all treatment and the lowest BW in wk 5 (P = 0.0008) and wk 6 (P = 0.0124) compared to SWL. Specific probiotic strains, with well-defined inclusion rates, and surrounding environmental analyses of present microbes are needed to ascertain effects of probiotics. Other important areas for investigation include 1) confirmation of probiotics present in the digesta/ceca and how they alter the microbiota within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and 2) the serum heterophil:lymphocyte ratio to further examine potential immune responses to the probiotics.

The objective of this study was to assess the biochemical potential of Rhizopus oligosporus as a starter culture to enhance the nutritional value of palm kernel cake (PKC) for animal feed formulation using appropriate standard methods. Among the experimental groups, the batch of birds fed with solid-state fermented PKC as a 50% maize replacement showed a noteworthy weight gain (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group, while the other experimental groups exhibited a weight loss. Serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and blood urea did not show a notable difference from the reference group and those on the experimental diets. These findings collectively suggest that the pre-treatment of PKC using R. oligosporus holds the potential to elevate its nutritional quality for utilization in animal feed applications.

As the world’s population increases, the growing demand for food intensifies the generation of agricultural waste, leading to several environmental issues. Intensive research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) larvae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) as efficient converters of organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass suitable for animal feed. Using a structured questionnaire and volunteer farmers (N = 595), we investigated the potential for adoption of BSF larvae composting technology for sustainable agricultural waste management in Greater Ahafo-Ano. Almost all surveyed farmers declared they generated a significant amount of biowaste on their farms and were willing to learn how to use the BSF-based technology to transform it into value-added products. The waste generated was mainly disposed of in pits at Ahafo-Ano South-East (56.2%), by composting at Ahafo-Ano South-West (34.9%) and by sale at Ahafo-Ano North (34.4%). Across the three districts, awareness of the BSF was very low – 14.5% in Ahafo-Ano South-East, 14.1% in Ahafo-Ano South-West and 0.5% in Ahafo-Ano North. However, high acceptance of the technology was recorded. It was found that about 8% of farmers surveyed in Ahafo-Ano South-East had already tried BSF farming on a small scale. Indicating this district as a good entry point to introduce the technology into Greater Ahafo-Ano.

Insects can represent a valuable and cost effective source of animal feed in Africa. Recently, the interest in incorporating black-soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in animal feed has increased tremendously. However, many factors, including food neophobia and social and cultural context may affect consumers' perception of insect-technologies-derived food products. This study shed light on consumers' perception of the usage of BSFL as animal feed and consumption, buying, and commercialization of food from animals fed on BSFL in DR Congo, Mali, and Niger. We used data from 1560 consumers that were analyzed applying parametric and non-parametric tests and the generalized ordered logit model. Our findings show that about 87 % of respondents consider that consuming food from animals fed on BSFL is acceptable and 34 % accept buying eggs, fish, and meat from animals fed on BSFL. However, about 40 % of consumers recommend the label differentiation of BSF-technologies-derived food products and they also expect a lower price than conventional animal feed products. The analysis of factors driving consumers' readiness to buy BSF-derived food products have revealed that effective market penetration of BSF-technologies-derived food products could be achieved with great awareness creation, targeting farming households, married and literate heads. Furthermore, strategic communication and intensive sensitization through farmers' associations will be crucial. Finally, credit access and income diversification are also necessary to support consumers’ choices toward sustainable food habits built on bio-circular economy.

Phytate content in feed ingredients can negatively impact digestibility and palatability. To address this issue, it is necessary to study microbes capable of breaking down phytate content. This study aimed to isolate and characterize phytase-producing bacteria from decaying materials rich in phytic acid. The research was conducted in several stages. The first stage involved isolating phytase-producing bacteria from the acidification of Tithonia diversifolia using growth media containing Na-phytate. Bacterial isolates that produced clear zones were then tested for their activity and ability to produce several enzymes, specifically phytase, cellulase, and protease. The next step was to test the morphological characteristics of the bacterial isolate. The final stage of bacterial identification consisted of DNA isolation, followed by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, DNA sequence homology analysis, and construction of a phylogenetic tree. Based on research, three isolates were found to produce clear phytase zones: isolates R5 (20.3 mm), R7 (16.1 mm) and R8 (31.7 mm). All isolates were able to produce the enzymes phytase (5.45–6.54 U/ml), cellulase (2.60–2.92 U/ml), and protease (22.2–23.4 U/ml). Metagenomic testing identified isolate R7 and R8 as Alcaligenes faecalis and isolate R5 as Achromobacter xylosoxidans. The isolation and characterization of phytase-producing bacteria from Tithonia diversifolia acidification resulted in the identification of two promising candidates that can be applied as sources of phytase producers. Phytase-producing bacteria can be utilized to improve digestibility and palatability in animal feed.

Ruminants, particularly dairy and beef cattle, contribute to climate change through mostly enteric methane emissions. Several mitigating options have been proposed, including the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). The objectives of this study were to explain the variability in the mitigating effect of 3-NOP and to investigate the interaction between diet composition and 3-NOP dose, using meta-analytical approaches. Data from 13 articles (14 experiments) met the selection criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, and 48 treatment means were used for the analysis. Mean differences were calculated as 3-NOP treatment mean minus control treatment mean and then expressed as a percentage of the control mean. Three types of models were developed: (1) one including 3-NOP dose, overall mean, and individual covariate; (2) a combination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 3-NOP dose, and overall mean; and (3) one selected model from all combinations of up to 5 covariates, which were compared using a leave-one-out cross validation method. Models including only 3-NOP dose resulted in a significant reduction of 32.7%, 30.9%, and 32.6% for CH4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg dry matter intake), and intensity (g/kg energy-corrected milk), respectively, at an average 3-NOP dose of 70.5 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The greater the NDF content in the diet, the lower the reduction efficiency for a given 3-NOP dose. For 10 g/kg DM increase in NDF content from its mean (329 g of NDF/kg of DM) the 3-NOP effect on CH4 production was impaired by 0.633%, the 3-NOP effect on CH4 yield by 0.647%, and the 3-NOP effect on CH4 intensity by 0.723%. The analysis based on leave-one-out cross validation showed an increase in NDF and crude fat content reduces efficacy of 3-NOP and an increase in 3-NOP dose increases efficacy. A 1% (10 g/kg) DM decrease in dietary NDF content from its mean may increase the efficacy of 3-NOP in reducing CH4 production by 0.915%. A 1% (10 g/kg DM) decrease in dietary crude fat content from its mean enhances the efficacy of 3-NOP on CH4 production by 3.080% at a given dose and NDF level. For CH4 yield, next to 3-NOP dose, dietary NDF content and dietary crude fat content were included in the selected model, but also dietary starch content with an opposite direction to NDF and crude fat. The effect of 3-NOP dose on CH4 intensity was similar to its effect on CH4 production, whereas the effect of dietary NDF content was slightly lower. Expanding the previously published models with the newly available data published from trials since then improved model performance, hence demonstrating the value of regularly updating meta-analyses if a wider range of data becomes available.

A multistate experiment involving universities in IL, IN, KY, and MN was conducted as a part of the research efforts by the North-Central Coordinating Committee-42 on swine nutrition. The null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) among different sources of bakery meal was tested. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from swine-producing states in the United States and each source was included in one diet as the sole source of AA. A N-free diet was prepared as well. Diets were prepared in one batch and divided into four sub-batches that were subsequently distributed to the four participating universities. At each university, diets were fed to 12 pigs that had a T- cannula installed in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to incomplete Latin square designs with 12 pigs and 4, 5, or 6 periods for a total of 21 replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 7 d with ileal digesta being collected from the cannulas on days 6 and 7. Samples were analyzed for AA and the SID of each AA was calculated. Results indicated that there were differences (P < 0.001) in the SID of all AA except Pro among the 11 sources of bakery meal. The differences in SID of AA observed in this experiment were greater than what is usually observed among sources of the same ingredient, indicating that there is more variability among sources of bakery meal than among different sources of other ingredients. This is likely a consequence of different raw materials being used in the production of different sources of bakery meal. Regardless of source of bakery meal, the AA with the least SID was Lys indicating that some of the raw materials in the product streams used to generate the bakery meals may have been overheated. Additionally, the Lys:crude protein ratio in each source of bakery meal was not a good predictor of the SID of Lys, which likely reflects the different raw materials being included in the different meals. In conclusion, the SID of AA varies among different sources of bakery meal and the SID of Lys is less than the SID of all other indispensable AA.

Animal feed ingredients, especially those abundant in high quality protein, are the most expensive component of livestock production. Sustainable alternative feedstocks may be sourced from abundant, low value agricultural byproducts. California almond production generates nearly 3 Mtons of biomass per year with about 50% in the form of hulls. Almond hulls are a low-value byproduct currently used primarily for animal feed for dairy cattle. However, the protein and essential amino acid content are low, at ~30% d.b.. The purpose of this study was to improve the protein content and quality using yeast. To achieve this, the almond hulls were liquefied to liberate soluble and structural sugars. A multi-phase screening approach was used to identify yeasts that can consume a large proportion of the sugars in almond hulls while accumulating high concentrations of amino acids essential for livestock feed. Compositional analysis showed that almond hulls are rich in polygalacturonic acid (pectin) and soluble sucrose. A pectinase-assisted process was optimized to liquefy and release soluble sugars from almond hulls. The resulting almond hull slurry containing solubilized sugars was subsequently used to grow high-protein yeasts that could consume nutrients in almond hulls while accumulating high concentrations of high-quality protein rich in essential amino acids needed for livestock feed, yielding a process that would produce 72 mg protein/g almond hull. Further work is needed to achieve conversion of galacturonic acid to yeast cell biomass.

Animals raised in environments that prevent natural foraging opportunities may have difficulty adapting to novelty, such as feeding and management changes. Our objective was to evaluate how early provision and presentation of forage in dairy calves affected response to novel TMR (total mixed ration; grain and alfalfa) at weaning. Holstein heifer calves were housed individually in a covered outdoor hutch with an attached uncovered wire-fenced pen on sand bedding. Calves were fed a diet of starter grain and milk replacer (5.7-8.4L/d step-up) via a bottle (Control, n = 9) or given additional access to mountaingrass hay presented either in a bucket (Bucket, n = 9), or PVC pipe feeder (Pipe, n = 9). Treatments were applied from birth through 50 d of age, when step-down weaning began. All calves had 3 buckets and a pipe feeder provided in their uncovered pen area. On d 50, each calf was briefly blocked inside their hutch. TMR was put in the 3rd bucket that previously contained hay (Bucket) or was empty (Control, Pipe). The calf was released from the hutch and video-recorded for 30 min. Neophobia towards TMR was affected by prior experience with presentation: Bucket calves began eating TMR faster than Pipe and Control (P≤0.012) and showed the fewest number of startle responses (P = 0.004). Intake was similar across groups (P = 0.978), suggesting this apparent neophobia was transient, but Control calves took longer to eat than Bucket (P

Abstract The filamentous Thermoascus aurantiacus fungus characterized by its thermophilic nature, is recognized as an exceptional producer of various enzymes with biotechnological applications. This study aimed to explore biotechnological applications using polygalacturonase (PG) derived from the Thermoascus aurantiacus PI3S3 strain. PG production was achieved through submerged fermentation and subsequent purification via ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration methods. The crude extract exhibited a diverse spectrum of enzymatic activities including amylase, cellulase, invertase, pectinase, and xylanase. Notably, it demonstrated the ability to hydrolyze sugarcane bagasse biomass, corn residue, and animal feed. The purified PG had a molecular mass of 36 kDa, with optimal activity observed at pH 4.5 and 70 °C. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated as 0.513 kJ mol−1, highlighting activation in the presence of Ca2+. Additionally, it displayed apparent K m, V max, and K cat values of at 0.19 mg mL−1, 273.10 U mL−1, and 168.52 s−1, respectively, for hydrolyzing polygalacturonic acid. This multifunctional PG exhibited activities such as denim biopolishing, apple juice clarification, and demonstrated both endo- and exo-polygalacturonase activities. Furthermore, it displayed versatility by hydrolyzing polygalacturonic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, and xylan. The T. aurantiacus PI3S3 multifunctional polygalacturonase showed heightened activity under acidic pH, elevated temperatures, and in the presence of calcium. Its multifunctional nature distinguished it from other PGs, significantly expanding its potential for diverse biotechnological applications.

AbstractNanotechnology is the science and engineering that involves designing, synthesizing, characterizing, and applying materials in devices and systems for nanometer-scale matter control. This review explores the application of nanotechnology in animal nutrition. Its applications in this field encompass the administration of nutrients, probiotics, and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases through drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be classified into inorganic (nano-minerals), organic (proteins, fat, and sugar nanomolecules), emulsions, dispersions, and nanoclays nanopolymers. The feeding of nanoparticles has demonstrated improvements in digestive efficiency, immunity, milk, meat, and egg quality. Nano-minerals offer low dose usage and improved bioavailability, making them an effective antibiotic alternative and can also be incorporated into natural feed ingredients. Enzyme nanoparticles are protein aggregates that show their unique properties (optical, electrical). Nanotechnology is utilized in feed processing to deliver nutrients to target organs through methods like encapsulation, chelating, packing, and nanotubes without altering taste or color. Nanoparticles could be prepared using nanotools in nanotechnique such as precipitation, emulsion cross-linking, spray-drying, emulsion-droplet coalescence, etc. Nanoparticle synthesis is performed by physical (high-energy ball milling, vapor deposition), chemical methods (forming colloids), and biological methods. Despite nanotechnology applications having potential contributions to simplify life and enhance the animal industry in feed, health, and production, the challenges in human, animal, and environmental issues are also stated as the side effects of the technology.

Botanicals exhibit promising impacts on intestinal health, immune-regulation, and growth promotion in weaned pigs. However, these benefits may vary depending on major active components in the final feed additive products. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate two types of botanical blends (BB) that were comprised of 0.3% capsicum oleoresin and 12% garlic extracts from different sources on performance, diarrhea, and health of weaned piglets experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli F18. Sixty weanling pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg body weight (BW)) blocked by weight and gender were assigned to one of five dietary treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), or dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg of BB1, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of BB2. This study lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation (day 0). All pigs, except negative control, were orally inoculated with 1010 cfu E. coli F18/3-mL dose for 3 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected periodically to analyze systemic immunity. Intestinal tissues and mucosa were collected on days 5 and 21 PI for analyzing histology and gene expression. All data, except for frequency of diarrhea, were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. Escherichia coli infection reduced (P < 0.05) growth rate and feed intake and increased (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea of weaned pigs throughout the experiment. Supplementation of 100 mg/kg BB1 or BB2 alleviated (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea of E. coli challenged pigs during the entire experiment. Escherichia coli infection also enhanced (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α and haptoglobin concentrations on day 4 post-inoculation (PI) but reduced (P < 0.05) duodenal villi height and area on day 5 PI, while pigs supplemented with 100 mg/kg BB1 or BB2 had lower (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α than pigs in PC on day 4 PI. Pigs fed with 100 mg/kg BB2 had higher (P < 0.05) jejunal villi height than pigs in PC on day 5 PI. Pigs fed with 100 mg/kg BB2 had reduced (P < 0.05) gene expression of IL1B, PTGS2, and TNFA in ileal mucosa than pigs in PC on day 21 PI. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanical blends at 100 mg/kg could enhance disease resistance of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18 by enhancing intestinal morphology and regulating local and systemic immunity of pigs.

Simple Summary: Algae, rich in proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, stand out as valuable feed ingredients in animal nutrition. Recognizing their nutritional benefits and environmental potential, this study investigates the impact of poultry exhaust air and culture conditions on the amino acid profiles of various microalgae species. The research aims to reduce pollutant gases from poultry operations by producing algal animal feed. Results show that Synechococcaceae cultivated with BBM and DI water achieved the highest protein content, while Scenedesmus sp. cultivated with DI water exhibited the highest carbohydrate content. Synechococcaceae grown with DI water had the highest essential and nonessential amino acids, except for glutamic acid and glycine. These findings contribute to evaluating microalgae as a sustainable protein and amino acid source, emphasizing environmental and economic considerations in animal nutrition. Algae provide a rich source of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, making them valuable feed ingredients in animal nutrition. Beyond their nutritional benefits, algae have been recognized for their potential to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of poultry production. Poultry production is crucial for the global food supply but contributes to environmental concerns, particularly in terms of ammonia and carbon dioxide gas emissions. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gas and ammonia production in poultry operations by utilizing algae species suitable for animal consumption, highlighting the need for sustainable feed sources. This study investigated the effects of poultry exhaust air and culture conditions on the amino acid profiles of three microalgae species, namely, Scenedesmus sp. (AQUAMEB-60), Ankistrodesmus sp. (AQUAMEB-33), and Synechococcaceae (AQUAMEB 32). The experiments were conducted in a commercial broiler farm in Bursa, Turkey, focusing on reducing pollutant gas emissions and utilizing poultry exhaust air in algae cultivation. The highest protein content of 50.4% was observed in the biomass of Synechococcaceae with BBM and DI water. Scenedesmus sp. had the highest carbohydrate content of 33.4% cultivated with DI water. The algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae growth with DI water was found to have the highest content of essential and nonessential amino acids, except for glutamic acid and glycine. The arsenic, cadmium, and mercury content showed variations within the following respective ranges: 1.076–3.500 mg/kg, 0.0127–0.1210 mg/kg, and 0.1330–0.0124 mg/kg. The overall operating costs for producing 1.0 g L−1 d−1 of dry algal biomass with the existing PBR system were $0.12–0.35 L−1 d−1, $0.10–0.26 L−1 d−1, and $0.11–0.24 L−1 d−1 for Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., and Synechococcaceae, respectively. The operating cost of producing 1.0 g L−1 d−1 of protein was in the range of $0.25–0.88 L−1 d−1 for the three algae species. The results provide insights into the potential of algae as a sustainable feed ingredient in animal diets, emphasizing both environmental and economic considerations. The results demonstrated a considerable reduction in the production costs of dry biomass and protein when utilizing poultry house exhaust air, highlighting the economic viability and nutritional benefits of this cultivation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in edible insects as a component in animal feed and human food has caught the attention of researchers from various fields, resulting in a multidisciplinary approach. This emerging value chain positions itself as a sustainable and innovative alternative when compared to traditional protein chains. In this scenario, the objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review to investigate and present research on the consumption of insects by humans and their use as animal feed in an eco-innovation context. Our investigations indicate that research on the value chain of edible insects is present on almost all continents, revealing a growing interest, especially in developing countries. In these regions, insect consumption not only addresses issues of food security but also contributes to income generation. The increase in research on alternative protein sources, such as edible insects, seems to align with a broader trend toward sustainability in food production, underscoring the relevance of the topic in the search for environmentally friendly solutions. Noteworthy results include global recognition and collaborative efforts in edible insect research, highlighting a collective approach to addressing challenges and exploring opportunities. This global cooperation underscores the significance of the topic and the necessity for innovative solutions in addressing environmental and food security challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria is a global health problem at the human, animal, and environmental interfaces, which necessitates the "One Health" approach. AMR of bacteria in animal feed are a potential cause of the prevalence in livestock; however, the role remains unclear. To date, there is limited research on AMR of bacteria in animal feed in Japan. In this study, a total of 57 complete feed samples and 275 feed ingredient samples were collected between 2018 and 2020. Enterococcus spp. were present in 82.5% of complete feed (47/57 samples), 76.5% of soybean meal (62/81), 49.6% of fish meal (55/111), 33.3% of poultry meal (22/66), and 47.1% of meat and bone meal (8/17) samples. Of 295 isolates, E. faecium (33.2% of total isolates) was the dominant Enterococcus spp., followed by E. faecalis (14.2%), E. hirae (6.4%), E. durans (2.7%), E. casseliflavus (2.4%), and E. gallinarum (1.0%). Of 134 isolates which were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to kanamycin was the highest (26.1%), followed by erythromycin (24.6%), tetracycline (6.0%), lincomycin (2.2%), tylosin (1.5%), gentamicin (0.8%), and ciprofloxacin (0.8%). All Enterococcus spp. exhibited susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. Of 33 erythromycin-resistant isolates, only two showed a high minimum inhibitory concentration value (>128 µg/mL) and possessed ermB. These results revealed that overall resistance to antimicrobials is relatively low; however, animal feed is a source of Enterococcus spp. It is essential to elucidate the causative factors related to the prevalence of AMR in animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea has made remarkable progress in food waste recycling through efficient policies. Around 30% of total waste is food waste, with over 90% of it effectively separated and collected. Challenges remain in optimizing biogas production and utilizing food waste for animal feed. The Volume-Based Waste Fee system, initiated in 1995, reduced waste and promoted recycling. In 2005, the ban on direct food waste landfilling further encouraged separation and proper disposal. The Master Plan for Reducing Food Wastes, launched in 2010, led to the nationwide implementation of the Weight-Based Food Waste Fee (WBFWF) system in 2013. Drawing inspiration from Japan's policies and strengthening them with the WBFWF system, South Korea has evolved its food waste management. It also adapted European policies to enhance its regulations. This review provides a valuable waste management framework for countries seeking to improve their recycling and resource utilization initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to analyse the levels of toxic heavy metals (Mercury, Lead and Cadmium) and a toxic metalloid (Arsenic) in fish feed and animal feed from Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period from 2013 to 2018. Data from the National Veterinary Inspection Sector were provided for this study (n=438). The mean levels of As, Hg, Pb and Cd in all fish feed samples were 0.90±0.50 mg/kg, 0.02±0.05 mg/kg, 0.42±0.70 mg/kg and 0.16±0.11 mg/kg, respectively. During 2013-2018, the mean levels of As, Hg, Pb and Cd in animal feed (other complete feed) were 0.42±1.22 mg/kg, 0.01±0.02 mg/kg, 0.75±2.18 mg/kg and 0.10±0.12 mg/kg, respectively. In animal feeds sampled between 2013-2018, mean annual Pb levels increased the most among the four elements studied. In contrast, mean annual As, Hg and Cd levels in animal feeds continuously decreased during the study period. The mean annual Pb level in fish feed decreased, but continuous increases were observed in mean annual Hg and Cd levels during the study. The results show that the levels of toxic elements in fish feed and animal feed require attention and deserve a high priority monitoring program, as most feeds complied with the regulated maximum allowed concentrations of As, Hg, Pb and Cd in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the European Union, but some did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound, limits the use of cottonseed cake (CSC) in animal feed. Different approaches have been employed to detoxify gossypol and improve the nutritive properties of feed. Microbial fermentation improves the nutritive quality of CSC by increasing lysine content and reducing free and bound gossypol. In this study, microbial fermentation was scaled up under batch conditions using a prototype device at the capacity of 40 kg per day. The mixed fungal culture C. tropicalis + S. cerevisiae was used for fermentation. An industrial trial was taken to ascertain the gossypol detoxification efficiency. The fermented CSC obtained under scale-up process had 60 to 80% and 40 to 60% reduction of free and bound gossypol, respectively, compared with raw CSC. The fermented CSC demonstrated an increase in crude protein (4 to 12%) and lysine (0.3 to 0.4%) and decrease in crude fibre (3 to 11%). The fermented CSC met the standards of US Food and Drug Administration in terms of its nutritional property. Thus, the simple method described in this study could be adopted for the production of detoxified CSC for use in the animal feed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conserved forages are important feed for livestock and equines all over the world. However, contamination with mycotoxins may occur, leading to health issues to the animals and to humans that consume products of animal origin. As information on the occurrence of mycotoxins in conserved grass and legume forages is scarce, a review of the literature published between January 1992 and July 2022 was performed to assess the worldwide occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in hay, haylage, and silage. Zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and aflatoxins (AFs) were the most common mycotoxins found in conserved forage in North America, Africa, and the Middle East, with ZEN and AFs in levels above the maximum levels determined in European Union (EU) regulations for animal feed. Ochratoxin a (OTA) was detected in high levels in conserved forages in Europe. Although other mycotoxins were found, they were detected in lower frequencies and levels. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was identified in more than half of the studies analyzed. There were few studies carried out in Asia, Middle East, Oceania, and no information was available on Central and South America, reinforcing the need of studies on the issue in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of spineless cactus of the genus Nopalea, F-21 (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck), IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck) and Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), in different phenophases. There was no effect (P < 0.05) of the phenological phases of spineless cactus on DM, ash, OM, EE, and CP. Varieties F-21 and Miúda presented higher values of DM and OM, whereas the CP was higher for IPA-Sertânia. The contents of NDF, ADF, and ADL, as well as the fractions of carbohydrates B2 and C were higher in the mature stage, irrespective of the variety. The Miúda variety showed higher levels of NFC and fractions A + B1 and the lower levels of pectin compared to the F-21 and IPA-Sertânia varieties, but not differ of TC to F-21. The volume of gas produced via the degradation of NFC was higher for young phenological phases. The young and intermediate stages showed a higher in vitro digestibility of DM. Based on the results, varieties IPA-Sertânia and Miúda have a high potential for use in animal feed because of their high nutritional quality. Mature cladodes showed a higher fibrous fraction and lower digestibility in all varieties.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a popular livestock feed as well as a good accumulator of toxic elements. Considering the potential for toxic elements to transfer from animal feed to human body through the food chain, along with the carcinogenic characteristics of these elements, the current study aims to evaluate the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in 141 samples of Maize collected from Tehran, Iran.The concentrations of potentially toxic elements were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The mean levels of toxic elements including Cd, Pb, As, and Hg in maize samples were 0.009±0.007 ppm, 0.090±0.034 ppm, 0.013±0.006 ppm, and 0.009±0.002 ppm, respectively.Our findings indicate that the mean concentrations of toxic elements in all samples were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower than the recommended levels set by Iranian standard organization (ISO). Therefore, maize consumed, as an animal staple feedstuff, is safe in terms of toxic element concentrations. Considering the novelty of this study, as the number of the studies in this field is limited in Iran and the significance of this research, is highlighted by the wide distribution of toxic elements in the surrounding environment and their inevitable entrance to feedstuffs as well as their accumulative behavior, continuous monitoring is highly recommended to ensure consumer safety.

The government of Nepal has endorsed several policy documents related to agriculture and livestock in the past few decades. However, there is a lack of comprehensive review, especially in the dairy sector. Therefore, this study aims to i) make a systematic review of current dairy policies, ii) assess their operational status, and iii) identify issues and gaps to recommend potential policy solutions. The study is based on a qualitative approach by reviewing 26 national and provincial policy documents of the agriculture and livestock sector and interviewing 10 key experts and three private dairy farmers. The study conducted a thematic analysis using the framework method. The study critically analyzed the key policy provisions and their effectiveness under six major themes: commercial milk production, breed improvement, animal feed and feeding, animal health and nutrition, safety, quality and welfare, and post-production. The findings state that dairy policies provide various provisions of support and services. It has impacted the farm level with a gradual increase in milk production and enhanced access to inputs and services for milk producers. However, there are still some constraints in implementing the policies. The provisions and services stated in the policy documents are inadequate to address the needs of farmers. The high cost of milk production, low adoption of productive breeds, and nutritious fodder are further constraints. Strict regulations for milk quality, milk marketing, and control of epidemic diseases need to be imposed through policy provisions. Thus, the policies should be adjusted to increase access to extension services, human resource mobilization, and value-addition opportunities. Further, this study serves as a useful guide to formulating and adjusting policies for dairy sector development to address the production gaps.

Manure N from cattle contributes to nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide, and ammonia emissions. Measurement of manure N outputs on commercial beef cattle operations is laborious, expensive, and impractical; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were to 1) collate an international dataset of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual observations from beef cattle; 2) determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and 3) develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual observation from beef cattle consuming various diets. A meta-analysis based on individual beef data from different experiments was carried out from a raw dataset including 1,004 observations from 33 experiments collected from 5 research institutes in Europe (n = 3), North America (n = 1), and South America (n = 1). A sequential approach was taken in developing models of increasing complexity by incrementally adding significant variables that affected fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models with experiment as a random effect. Simple models including dry matter intake (DMI) were better at predicting fecal N excretion than those using only dietary nutrient composition or body weight (BW). Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI. A model including DMI and dietary component concentrations led to the most robust prediction of fecal and urinary N excretion, generating root mean square prediction errors as a percentage of the observed mean values of 25.0% for feces and 25.6% for urine. Complex total manure N excretion models based on BW and dietary component concentrations led to the lowest prediction errors of about 14.6%. In conclusion, several models to predict N excretion already exist, but the ones developed in this study are based on individual observations encompassing larger variability than the previous developed models. In addition, models that include information on DMI or N intake are required for accurate prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In the absence of intake data, equations have poor performance as compared with equations based on intake and dietary component concentrations.

Variation in nutrition is a key determinant of growth, body composition, and the ability of animals to perform to their genetic potential. Depending on the quality of feed available, animals may be able to overcome negative effects of prior nutritional restriction, increasing intake and rates of tissue gain, but full compensation may not occur. A 2 × 3 × 4 factorial serial slaughter study was conducted to examine the effects of prior nutritional restriction, dietary energy density, and supplemental rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on intake, growth, and body composition of lambs. After an initial slaughter (n = 8), 124 4-mo-old Merino cross wethers (28.4 ± 1.8 kg) were assigned to either restricted (LO, 500 g/d) or unrestricted (HI, 1500 g/d) intake of lucerne and oat pellets. After 8 wk, eight lambs/group were slaughtered and tissue weights and chemical composition were measured. Remaining lambs were randomly assigned to a factorial combination of dietary energy density (7.8, 9.2, and 10.7 MJ/kg DM) and supplemental RUP (0, 30, 60, and 90 g/d) and fed ad libitum for a 12- to 13-wk experimental period before slaughter and analysis. By week 3 of the experimental period, lambs fed the same level of energy had similar DMI (g/d) and MEI (MJ/d) (P > 0.05), regardless of prior level of nutrition. Restricted-refed (LO) lambs had higher rates of fat and protein gain than HI lambs (P < 0.05) but had similar visceral masses (P > 0.05). However, LO lambs were lighter and leaner at slaughter, with proportionally larger rumens and livers (P < 0.05). Tissue masses increased with increasing dietary energy density, as did DMI, energy and nitrogen (N) retention (% intake), and rates of protein and fat gain (P < 0.05). The liver increased proportionally with increasing dietary energy density and RUP (P < 0.05), but rumen size decreased relative to the empty body as dietary energy density increased (P < 0.05) and did not respond to RUP (P > 0.05). Fat deposition was greatest in lambs fed 60 g/d supplemental RUP (P < 0.05). However, lambs fed 90 g/d were as lean as lambs that did not receive supplement (P0, P > 0.05), with poorer nitrogen retention and proportionally heavier livers than P0 lambs (P < 0.05). In general, visceral protein was the first tissue to respond to increased intake during refeeding, followed by non-visceral protein and fat, highlighting the influence of differences in tissue response over time on animal performance and body composition.

Gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound, limits the use of cottonseed cake (CSC) in animal feed. Different approaches have been employed to detoxify gossypol and improve the nutritive properties of feed. Microbial fermentation improves the nutritive quality of CSC by increasing lysine content and reducing free and bound gossypol. In this study, microbial fermentation was scaled up under batch conditions using a prototype device at the capacity of 40 kg per day. The mixed fungal culture C. tropicalis + S. cerevisiae was used for fermentation. An industrial trial was taken to ascertain the gossypol detoxification efficiency. The fermented CSC obtained under scale-up process had 60 to 80% and 40 to 60% reduction of free and bound gossypol, respectively, compared with raw CSC. The fermented CSC demonstrated an increase in crude protein (4 to 12%) and lysine (0.3 to 0.4%) and decrease in crude fibre (3 to 11%). The fermented CSC met the standards of US Food and Drug Administration in terms of its nutritional property. Thus, the simple method described in this study could be adopted for the production of detoxified CSC for use in the animal feed industry.

Due to the shortage of water resources and frequent droughts, optimizing the use of food resources to provide feed for animal is an important issue. In this study, pistachio shells were collected and stored in open air environment to reduce their moisture content. Then, they were powdered using a grinder to produce pellets using a developed hydraulic pelletizer, and the mechanical properties of the produced pellets were measured using a biological material testing machine. An experimental design with four factors, including moisture levels of 15 and 20%, particle sizes of 0.6 and 1 mm, mold diameters of 8 and 10 mm, and compression pressures of 6,000, 8,000 and 11,000 kPa, was carried out in a completely randomized design. The density, fracture energy, and toughness of the produced pellets were measured. The results showed that the independent effects of moisture, mold diameter, and compression pressure were significant on all the above properties (P ≤ 0.05), and the effect of particle size was significant on the density and toughness of the pellets (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, some of their interactions had a significant effect on the density, fracture energy, and toughness of the pellets (P ≤ 0.05). The coefficient of variation and determination coefficient were 1.92% and R2= 0.83 for density, 25.42% and R2= 0.49 for fracture energy, and 66.23%, R2= 0.41 for pellet toughness, respectively. Therefore, producing pellets from pistachio shell waste can be a good option to reduce transportation costs, produce Animal feed, and reduce environmental pollution.

The goal of this project was to determine if standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine provided at 40% above estimated requirements, with the concomitant increase in protein intake, from days 90 to 110 of gestation would stimulate mammary development in gilts. From day 90 of gestation, Yorkshire × Landrace gilts were fed 2.65 kg of either a conventional diet (CTL, control, n = 19) providing 18.6 g/d of SID Lys or a diet providing 26.0 g/d of SID Lys via additional soybean meal (HILYS, n = 19). Both diets were isoenergetic. Jugular blood samples obtained on days 90 and 110 of gestation were used to measure concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), metabolites, and amino acids (AA). Gilts were necropsied on day 110 ± 1 of gestation to obtain mammary glands for compositional analyses, immunohistochemistry, and analysis of mRNA abundance for AA transporters and markers of cell proliferation and differentiation. The HILYS gilts gained more body weight (P < 0.01) during the experimental period compared with CTL gilts, and had greater fetal weights (1.29 vs. 1.21 ± 0.03 kg, P < 0.05). There was no difference in circulating IGF-1, glucose, or albumin (P > 0.10) between HILYS and CTL gilts on day 110 of gestation, whereas concentrations of urea and free fatty acids were greater (P < 0.01), and those of Trp and Ala were lower (P < 0.05), in HILYS than CTL gilts. The provision of lysine at 40% above estimated requirements increased total mammary parenchymal mass by 44%, as well as total parenchymal fat, protein, DNA, and RNA (P < 0.01). The mRNA abundance of ACACA was greater (P < 0.05) in HILYS than CTL gilts, while only the AA transporter SLC6A14 tended (P < 0.10) to be greater. Results demonstrate that providing dietary Lys above current National Research Council recommendations in late gestation increases mammary development in gilts. Results also indicate that Lys may have been limiting for protein retention. These data suggest that the use of a two-phase feeding strategy during gestation, whereby dietary Lys is increased from day 90, could benefit potential sow milk yield in the subsequent lactation.

Methionine (Met) is the first limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal-based diets (containing L-Met) in broiler chickens, which are often supplemented with synthetic DL-Met or DL-Hydroxy Met (OH-Met). Our objective was to quantitatively assess the efficacy of synthetic Met sources and determine differences in growth rate of broilers fed at or below requirements in response to Met intake. A systematic literature search resulted in building a database containing 480 treatment means from 39 articles published between 1985 and 2019 globally. The database was divided into starter, grower, and finisher subsets based on the age of the broilers. For each subset, linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models were fitted to determine Met or sulfur amino acid (SAA; Met + Cysteine) requirements using average daily gain as a response variable. For each phase, 4 new subsets were obtained by only retaining records with digestible Met or SAA intake at or below requirement by linear-plateau or quadratic-plateau models. Then, a linear model (without plateau) was fitted for all new subsets for each rearing phase using supplemental digestible synthetic Met or SAA intake (basal Met intake was subtracted from total Met intake) as independent variables. The basal diet was made of only raw materials without supplementation of any synthetic Met source. Finally, the models were extended to evaluate source of synthetic Met effects on the slope parameter. At all stages of model fitting, the inclusion of a random study effect was evaluated for each parameter. All models were fitted within a Bayesian framework, for which minimally informative priors were used. The best models, that is, the most accurate inclusion of random effects, were selected based on at least 10-point difference in leave-one-out cross-validation information criterion. Model selection criteria did not consistently favor either of the linear- and quadratic-plateau models to determine Met or SAA requirements across broiler growth phases. Extending models with covariates (e.g., dietary energy and amino acids) did not improve any model fit. Body weight gain response of broiler chickens to the 2 sources was not different when fed at or below Met requirements for any of the growth phases.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), foods marketed by age category (adult 1+ years and senior 7+ years) and foods intended for adult maintenance vs all life stages. METHODS: In total, 112 commercial non-therapeutic food products marketed for healthy adult and senior cats were purchased in the USA. Foods were analyzed for their proximate composition. Trace mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and described on a calculated metabolizable energy basis using standard modified Atwater values. RESULTS: Measured iron (median 58.4 mg/1000 kcal [range 15.7-379.0]), copper (median 5.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 0.8-13.3]) and zinc (median 47.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 7.6-128.1]) concentrations were highly variable among cat foods. When all food products - regardless of their nutritional adequacy substantiation method - were compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials regulatory minimums, 13/112 food products had a mineral deficiency, of which a majority (n = 11/13) were raw food products. Raw foods had significantly lower trace mineral concentrations compared with dry food products and, except for copper, canned food products. Cat foods marketed for senior cats had higher iron (P = 0.019) and zinc (P