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2. Contributing to Overall Life Satisfaction: Personality Traits Versus Life Satisfaction Variables Revisited—Is Replication Impossible?

Author

Lachmann, Bernd, primary, Sariyska, Rayna, additional, Kannen, Christopher, additional, Błaszkiewicz, Konrad, additional, Trendafilov, Boris, additional, Andone, Ionut, additional, Eibes, Mark, additional, Markowetz, Alexander, additional, Li, Mei, additional, Kendrick, Keith, additional, and Montag, Christian, additional

Published
2017
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4. Contributing to Overall Life Satisfaction: Personality Traits Versus Life Satisfaction Variables Revisited--Is Replication Impossible?

Author

Lachmann, Bernd, Sariyska, Rayna, Kannen, Christopher, Błaszkiewicz, Konrad, Trendafilov, Boris, Andone, Ionut, Eibes, Mark, Markowetz, Alexander, Li, Mei, Kendrick, Keith M., and Montag, Christian

Subjects
PERSONALITY, SATISFACTION, WELL-being, QUALITY of life, REGRESSION analysis
Abstract

Virtually everybody would agree that life satisfaction is of immense importance in everyday life. Thus, it is not surprising that a considerable amount of research using many different methodological approaches has investigated what the best predictors of life satisfaction are. In the present study, we have focused on several key potential influences on life satisfaction including bottom-up and top-down models, cross-cultural effects, and demographic variables. In four independent (large scale) surveys with sample sizes ranging from N = 488 to 40,297, we examined the associations between life satisfaction and various related variables. Our findings demonstrate that prediction of overall life satisfaction works best when including information about specific life satisfaction variables. From this perspective, satisfaction with leisure showed the highest impact on overall life satisfaction in our European samples. Personality was also robustly associated with life satisfaction, but only when life satisfaction variables were not included in the regression model. These findings could be replicated in all four independent samples, but it was also demonstrated that the relevance of life satisfaction variables changed under the influence of cross-cultural effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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7. Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp?

Author

Montag, Christian, Błaszkiewicz, Konrad, Sariyska, Rayna, Lachmann, Bernd, Andone, Ionut, Trendafilov, Boris, Eibes, Mark, and Markowetz, Alexander

Subjects
Adult, Male, Medicine(all), Internet, Text Messaging, Adolescent, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Communication, Whatsapp, Short Report, Gender, Mobile Applications, Education, Social Networking, Young Adult, Age, Conscientiousness, Humans, Female, Smartphone, Extraversion, Personality
Abstract

Background Mounting evidence shows that smartphone usage heavily disrupts our work life and social activities. Moreover, it is possible that overuse could resemble addictive tendencies. A key contributing factor to smartphone overuse seems to be usage of the messaging application WhatsApp. Although WhatsApp is one of the most commonly used communication applications on smartphones, research in this area is scarce. Given the huge societal debate on the impact of smartphone usage on our daily lives, the present study undertook a large-scale investigation in order to provide numbers on smartphone usage generally—and use of WhatsApp in particular, with the aim of providing a basis for a scientific debate. Methods In a large sample of N = 2,418 users, we recorded WhatsApp behaviour over a 4 week period. Results Our data show that use of WhatsApp accounted for 19.83% (= 32.11 min) of all smartphone behaviour (compare: Facebook only 9.38% = 15.19 min). The mean of general daily smartphone usage was 161.95 min. Females used WhatsApp for significantly longer periods of time than males and younger age was associated with longer duration of WhatsApp use. While the personality trait Extraversion was positively associated with daily WhatsApp use, Conscientiousness showed an inverse correlation with the length of daily WhatsApp use. Conclusions The numbers on smartphone usage in the present study show that the smartphone dominates our daily life. In particular WhatsApp is a driving force, here. Given the length of daily smartphone and WhatsApp usage, more studies need to be conducted to better understand smartphone usage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1280-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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