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2. Survival improvements of marine mammals in zoological institutions mirror historical advances in human longevity

Author

Tidière, Morgane, primary, Colchero, Fernando, additional, Staerk, Johanna, additional, Adkesson, Michael J., additional, Andersen, Ditte H., additional, Bland, Lucie, additional, Böye, Martin, additional, Brando, Sabrina, additional, Clegg, Isabella, additional, Cubaynes, Sarah, additional, Cutting, Amy, additional, De Man, Danny, additional, Derocher, Andrew E., additional, Dorsey, Candice, additional, Elgar, William, additional, Gaglione, Eric, additional, Anderson Hansen, Kirstin, additional, Jungheim, Allison, additional, Kok, José, additional, Laule, Gail, additional, Goya, Agustín Lopez, additional, Miller, Lance, additional, Monreal-Pawlowsky, Tania, additional, Mucha, Katelyn, additional, Owen, Megan A., additional, Petersen, Stephen D., additional, Pilfold, Nicholas, additional, Richardson, Douglas, additional, Richardson, Evan S., additional, Sabo, Devon, additional, Sato, Nobutaka, additional, Shellabarger, Wynona, additional, Skovlund, Cecilie R., additional, Tomisawa, Kanako, additional, Trautwein, Sandra E., additional, Bonn, William Van, additional, Elk, Cornelis Van, additional, Von Fersen, Lorenzo, additional, Wahlberg, Magnus, additional, Zhang, Peijun, additional, Zhang, Xianfeng, additional, and Conde, Dalia A., additional

Published
2023
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4. Survival improvements of marine mammals in zoological institutions mirror historical advances in human longevity

Author

Tidière, Morgane, Colchero, Fernando, Staerk, Johanna, Adkesson, Michael J., Andersen, Ditte H., Bland, Lucie, Böye, Martin, Brando, Sabrina, Clegg, Isabella, Cubaynes, Sarah, Cutting, Amy, De Man, Danny, Derocher, Andrew E., Dorsey, Candice, Elgar, William, Gaglione, Eric, Anderson Hansen, Kirstin, Jungheim, Allison, Kok, José, Laule, Gail, Goya, Agustín Lopez, Miller, Lance, Monreal-Pawlowsky, Tania, Mucha, Katelyn, Owen, Megan A., Petersen, Stephen D., Pilfold, Nicholas, Richardson, Douglas, Richardson, Evan. S, Sabo, Devon, Sato, Nobutaka, Shellabarger, Wynona, Skovlund, Cecilie R., Tomisawa, Kanako, Trautwein, Sandra E., Bonn, William Van, Elk, Cornelis Van, Von Fersen, Lorenzo, Wahlberg, Magnus, Zhang, Peijun, Zhang, Xianfeng, Conde, Dalia A., Tidière, Morgane, Colchero, Fernando, Staerk, Johanna, Adkesson, Michael J., Andersen, Ditte H., Bland, Lucie, Böye, Martin, Brando, Sabrina, Clegg, Isabella, Cubaynes, Sarah, Cutting, Amy, De Man, Danny, Derocher, Andrew E., Dorsey, Candice, Elgar, William, Gaglione, Eric, Anderson Hansen, Kirstin, Jungheim, Allison, Kok, José, Laule, Gail, Goya, Agustín Lopez, Miller, Lance, Monreal-Pawlowsky, Tania, Mucha, Katelyn, Owen, Megan A., Petersen, Stephen D., Pilfold, Nicholas, Richardson, Douglas, Richardson, Evan. S, Sabo, Devon, Sato, Nobutaka, Shellabarger, Wynona, Skovlund, Cecilie R., Tomisawa, Kanako, Trautwein, Sandra E., Bonn, William Van, Elk, Cornelis Van, Von Fersen, Lorenzo, Wahlberg, Magnus, Zhang, Peijun, Zhang, Xianfeng, and Conde, Dalia A.

Abstract

An intense public debate has fuelled governmental bans on marine mammals held in zoological institutions. The debate rests on the assumption that survival in zoological institutions has been and remains lower than in the wild, albeit the scientific evidence in support of this notion is equivocal. Here, we used statistical methods previously applied to assess historical improvements in human lifespan and data on 8864 individuals of four marine mammal species (harbour seal, Phoca vitulina; California sea lion, Zalophus californianus; polar bear, Ursus maritimus; common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus) held in zoos from 1829 to 2020. We found that life expectancy increased up to 3.40 times, and first-year mortality declined up to 31%, during the last century in zoos. Moreover, the life expectancy of animals in zoos is currently 1.65-3.55 times longer than their wild counterparts. Like humans, these improvements have occurred concurrently with advances in management practices, crucial for population welfare. Science-based decisions will help effective legislative changes and ensure better implementation of animal care.

Published
2023

8. Decrease Stress; Train Your Animals: The Effect of Handling Methods on Cortisol Levels in Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Under Human Care

Author

Desportes, Geneviève, Buholzer, Lisette, Anderson-Hansen, Kirstin, Blanchet, Marie-Anne, Acquarone, Mario, Shephard, Gwyneth, Brando, Sabrina, Vossen, Arndt, and Siebert, Ursula

Subjects
voluntary husbandry behaviours, human care, handling methods, Harbour porpoise, North Sea, cortisol levels, Phocoena phocoena
Abstract

Circulating cortisol levels are accepted as a sensitive indicator of acute stress in marine mammals, particularly in relation with capture and handling. The present study provides the first long-term monitoring of cortisol levels in four harbour porpoises held in human care—an adult male and adult female and two juvenile females. It also compares levels in blood obtained after removing the animal from the water (OWR sampling) with levels in blood obtained at poolside under voluntary husbandry behaviours (VHB sampling). Cortisol levels differed significantly between the four porpoises, although they all exhibited quite high variations in cortisol levels, with averages of 64.9 and 70.5 μg/l in the adult male and female, respectively, and 90.7 and 51.4 μg/l in the juvenile females. OWR sampling induced significantly higher cortisol levels than VHB sampling, with a dramatic threefold decrease in circulating cortisol levels obtained under VHB sampling compared to levels obtained under OWR sampling (16.6 and 20.2 μg/l compared with 64.9 and 70.5 μg/l in the adult male and female respectively). Even if the porpoises showed some habituation to handling, regular and frequent handling over several years did not suppress a significant stress response in the porpoises when they were removed from the water, pointing to the advantage of using VHB for limiting stress in husbandry practices.

Published
2007

9. Survival improvements of marine mammals in zoological institutions mirror historical advances in human longevity.

Author

Tidière M, Colchero F, Staerk J, Adkesson MJ, Andersen DH, Bland L, Böye M, Brando S, Clegg I, Cubaynes S, Cutting A, De Man D, Derocher AE, Dorsey C, Elgar W, Gaglione E, Anderson Hansen K, Jungheim A, Kok J, Laule G, Goya AL, Miller L, Monreal-Pawlowsky T, Mucha K, Owen MA, Petersen SD, Pilfold N, Richardson D, Richardson ES, Sabo D, Sato N, Shellabarger W, Skovlund CR, Tomisawa K, Trautwein SE, Bonn WV, Elk CV, Von Fersen L, Wahlberg M, Zhang P, Zhang X, and Conde DA

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Longevity, Cetacea, Caniformia, Sea Lions, Ursidae, Phoca, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin
Abstract

An intense public debate has fuelled governmental bans on marine mammals held in zoological institutions. The debate rests on the assumption that survival in zoological institutions has been and remains lower than in the wild, albeit the scientific evidence in support of this notion is equivocal. Here, we used statistical methods previously applied to assess historical improvements in human lifespan and data on 8864 individuals of four marine mammal species (harbour seal, Phoca vitulina ; California sea lion, Zalophus californianus ; polar bear, Ursus maritimus ; common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus ) held in zoos from 1829 to 2020. We found that life expectancy increased up to 3.40 times, and first-year mortality declined up to 31%, during the last century in zoos. Moreover, the life expectancy of animals in zoos is currently 1.65-3.55 times longer than their wild counterparts. Like humans, these improvements have occurred concurrently with advances in management practices, crucial for population welfare. Science-based decisions will help effective legislative changes and ensure better implementation of animal care.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

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