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Situ Patengan is standing water located at the foot of Mount Patuha, Patengan Village, Rancabali District, Bandung Regency, West Java. Situ Patengan is also used for various activities including as a tourist area, fishing, and tea plantations as well as plantation business rights. The number of activities around Situ Patengan can potentially affect the quality of the waters and the organisms in it, including macrozoobenthos organisms. The presence of macrozoobenthos can also be used as a bioindicator of water quality because it is very sensitive to environmental changes. This study aims to determine the diversity, abundance, and influence of environmental factors on macrozoobenthos and to determine the water quality of Situ Patengan. The research was conducted using the purposive sampling method. Three stations are determined based on environmental factors and land use in the inlet area, forest edge, and tourism area. Based on the results of the study found 3 macrozoobenthos phyla, namely Molluscs (Pomacea canaliculata, Filopaludina javanica), Annelida (Lumbriculus sp.), and Arthropoda (Macrobracium rosenbergii, Enallagma sp., Pelocoris femoratus). Macrozoobenthos diversity ranged from 0.13-1.12 with low to moderate categories while abundance ranged from 11-91 ind/m2 and the Dominance Index in Situ Patengan ranged from 0.003-0.453 with the dominant species being Pomacea canaliculata. The Family Biotic Index shows results from 5.94 to 6.50 with the criteria that the waters at each station are not in good condition. The water quality of Situ Patengan based on macrozoobenthos bioindicators is moderate to heavily polluted. Environmental factors in this study such as depth, brightness, temperature, pH, salinity, and DO have a very low correlation to the family biotic index. Keyword: Bioindicator, diversity, water quality, macrozoobenthos, situ patengan

The essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra L. leaves has been widely used as a perfume and traditional remedy, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products ingredient since many years ago. The common technology to recover the oil is hydro-distillation and steam-distillation. However, all oil can not be fully extracted from the leaves by this method due to the recalcitrant structure of leaves that hindrance the access of the solvent. Adding a submerged fermentation as a pre-treatment step prior to the extraction process helped to loosen the lignocellulose structure and enhance oil release in the extraction process. In this study, the raw materials were collected from the natural forest in Buru Island, Maluku, Indonesia. The biological agents applied in these processes were Phanerochaete chrysosporium ITBCC136 and Trichoderma viride ITBCC143. The oil extraction process was conducted by method of steam-distillation, the oil was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the lignocellulose content in the biomass was measured by the fractionation method. The treatment using T.viride provided the highest increase in yield percentage up to 3.47% as compared with control of 1.45%, with the lowest percentages of the remained cellulose, while the fermentation with the presence of P.chrysosporium did not affect the oil yield even the lignin content was decrease as much as 21%. The percentages of 1, 8-cineole in the oil were almost unchanged, which was about 20% of the oil.

Papaya is a familiar fruit in Indonesia. During this time, papaya fruit is consumed by direct eating and sold at low prices. Young papaya can be processed into a form of creative food products such as abon. The manufacturing process includes preparation of material tools, stripping, steaming for 40 minutes, thin slicing, addition of complementary spices, drying, frying, and serving. The implementation of PKM activities included the dissemination of material and the practice of making abon papaya. Based on the results of the activity, it was obtained information that the participants in the activity didn’t know much about the nutrients contained in papaya fruit, even the participants had never known that papaya fruit could be processed into shredded fruit. The community service activities on the topic of making shredded papaya fruit can increase awareness, knowledge, skills, and also the motivation of the business of Pamagersari Hamlet Community in Tanjungsari Village, Sumedang.

Widiana A, Ukit, Thahirah A, Paijiah E. 2019. Diversity of endophytic fungi in cajuput leaf waste (Melaleuca cajuputi). Biodiversitas 20: 562-569. Cajuput Oil Factory at Jatimunggul, Indramayu of Forest Management Unit of Perum Perhutani (State Forest Enterprises) produces cajuput leaf waste during distillation process. This waste is difficult to decompose due to the presence of lignin in the secondary cell wall. Therefore, fungi are needed to produce some enzymes for speeding up the degrading process. This research was aimed at finding out the diversity of fungi growing in the cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) leaf waste of zero, two and four months old. The result indicated that a total of 14 species of fungi belonging to four genera namely Aspergillus, Arthrinium, Rhizopus, and one unidentified genus are produced by cajuput leaf waste. Ten different types of endophytic fungi were isolated from two-month-old waste, seven Rhizopus and types of fungi were found in the zero-month-old waste, and only five types of isolates are found in the four-month-old waste. Three species of isolated fungi were also tested for their cellulase enzyme activity.

Waste of cajuput leaves (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) has the potential to be used as an alternative cattle feed because it has a fairly high nutritional content. The nutritional content of cajuput leaf waste needs to be improved before being used as an alternative feed. The fermentation process can increase nutrient content in cajuput leaf waste and increase the digestibility of organic matter (OMD), dry matter digestibility (DMD), Ammonia (NH3), and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). This study aimed to determine the improvement of cajuput leaf waste nutrition with the help of yeast as well as the effect of fermented cajuput leaf waste along with a mixture of concentrates and field grass on digestibility, NH3, and VFA which were carried out in vitro test. The results showed the nutritional content of cajuput leaf waste fermented by yeast of Aspergillus chevalieri had the best value of protein 16.03%, fiber 16.92%, and fat 5.93%. The treatment R4 (50% cajuput leaf waste + 25% concentrate + 25% field grass) had the best digestibility (DMD=46.12%; DMO=32.08%), NH3 (8.37mM) and VFA (168.5mM) production.

Surili ( Presbytis comata ) is one of endemic primates of West Java whose existence is protected. The purpose of the research was to determine the estimated home range and the preferences of food plant of P. comata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve, West Java. The home range was determined by the minimum convex polygon method by connecting the coordinates of the outermost entire outer area groups. Focal animal sampling and Ad-libitum methods were applied to obtain data of food preferences in details. The result showed that home range of several P. comata groupsat Situ Patengan Nature Reserve were varied. The home range of group A, B, C, and D were covering 3.52 Ha, 4.43 Ha, 3.76 Ha, and 3.14 Ha respectively, while the solitary individual has a home range covering 2.64 Ha. There were 27 species from 16 families of plants that was directly consumed by P. comata. P. comata more often consumed Castanopsis javanica (10.07%), C. argentea (9.35%), C. tungurut (7.91%), Sloneasigun (7.91%), and Quercus sp (7.19%). This data can be useful as a reference in P. Comata population and habitat management especially in the area of Situ Patengan.

Surili ( Presbytis comata ) merupakan primata endemik Jawa dengan status konservasi Endangered (terancam punah). Perubahan yang terjadi pada habitat surili seperti konversi lahan meningkatkan keterancaman terhadap populasi dan persebaran surili di habitatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat area persebaran dan estimasi populasi surili di kawasan Kamojang, Kabupaten Garut sebagai salah satu habitat surili yang cukup besar. Survey persebaran surili dilakukan dengan cara eksplorasi yaitu menyusuri lokasi keberadaan surili berdasarkan informasi petugas BKSDA dan masyarakat sekitar. Titik koordinat tempat perjumpaan dengan surili diambil dengan menggunakan GPS dan diaplikasikan ke dalam Peta Kawasan Kamojang dengan menggunakan Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimasi/ perkiraan jumlah surili dilakukan dengan Metode Direct census, yaitu menghitung lansung jumlah surili yang ditemui. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan terdapat satu titik perjumpaan dengan surili berjumlah empat individu di CA Blok Ciharus. Di TWA Blok Kawah Kamojang, surili ditemukan di tujuh titik dengan jumlah total 21 individu, dan di TWA Blok Cibeureum yang ditemukan di tiga titik dengan total tujuh individu. Surili masih banyak ditemukan dan tersebar di kawasan yang tingkat gangguan manusianya masih rendah sehingga untuk dapat mempertahankan populasi maupun persebaran surili di suatu kawasan perlu ditingkatkan pengaturan aktivitas manusia di dalamnya. Abstract Surili (Presbytis comata) is the Javan endemic primate with conservation state of Endangered. Habitat changes of surili due to land conversion was increased the threatening the distribution and population of surili in their habitat. This study aimed to know the distribution area and population estimates of surili at Region Kamojang, Garut. Survey the distribution of surili conducted by exploration method and took the coordinates of surili found by GPS and applied to the region map of Kamojang using Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimation the number of surili, conducted by the direct census method by counting the number of surili directly. The study showed that there was a point area of surili consists of four individuals in Block Ciharus, Kamojang Nature Reserve. At Block Kawah Kamojang Nature Park, surili were found at seven points area by the total number of 21 individuals and at Block Cibeureum found at three points with a total of nine individuals. Surili is still widely found and spread in areas where the level of human disturbance is still low so as to be able to maintain the population and distribution of surili in an area, it is necessary to increase the regulation of human activities in it.

Cajuput plant (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) and its waste is one of the plants that can produce atsiri oils. Cajuput plant essential oil has the largest compound component, 1.8 cineol which has the ability as an antibacterial to kill pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of cajuput leaf waste extract against pathogenic bacteria and find out the category of inhibition zones formed from extracts of cajuput leaf waste. This study used a completely randomized design method. Cajuput leaf waste used has a shelf life of 0, 2 and 4 months old. The pathogenic bacteria used consisted of 17 isolates, each treatment was repeated twice. The results showed that cajuput leaf extract had antibacterial activity known by the formation of inhibitory zones. The inhibitory zone in the extract of the 0-month leaf waste was greater than in the leaf extract of leaf of 2 months and 4 months. The diameter of the inhibition zone is at most 13 mm and at least 1 mm. With these results, it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of cajuput leaf waste belongs to the category of low to strong.

Utilization of Cajuput leaf waste as a sheep feed, especially protein content (10.65%) has not met the SNI standard (> 15%). The addition of concentrate with high protein content is expected to increase the protein content in feed and improving the quality of feed (especially ammonia (NH3) production in rumen). The purpose of this research was to know the effect of addition of concentrate in increasing the protein content and also the potential of Cajuput leaves waste mixture with field grass as a sheep feedby in vitro test. The experiment used a complete randomized design with three treatments (R1 = 50% field grass + 50% concentrate; R2 = 25% Cajuput leaves waste + 25% field grass + 50% concentrate; R3 = 50% Cajuput leaves waste + 50% concentrate) with four repetitions. Statistics test with Anova followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the addition of concentrate to mixtured of waste Cajuput leaves, field grass, and concentrrate can increased the protein content in feed and affected to the production of NH3, VFA, and the digestibility of feed. From various aspects, treatment of R2 most likely to be used for sheep feed.

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is a management exploitation that aims to maximize the catch but still maintain its sustainability. In this article, the authors try to build a model which have been modified from basic Lotka-Volterra model with addition logistic function to prey population and Holling Type II functional response to predator population as well as harvesting of both population. The equilibrium points and the stabilityvare done here through the linearization. Dynamical simulations are shown to illustrate the dynamics of the two populations. Based on the results of analysis and dynamical simulation, the MSY value can be achieved when the harvesting efforts does not exceed or equal the MSY value.

Kinasih I, Cahyanto T, Widiana A, Kurnia DNI, Julita C, Putra RE. 2016. Soil invertebrate diversity in coffee-pine agroforestry system at Sumedang, West Java. Biodiversitas 17: 473-478. In order to maintain natural habitat while provide economic benefit for community near forest, some agroforestry systems were developed. This system depends on service provided by ecosystem such as nutrient cycling by soil invertebrates. One of important factors of healthy ecosystem services at particular agroecosystem is local biodiversity of the area. In this study we carried out biodiversity survey of soil invertebrates at local coffee - pine agroforestry system at Rancakalong Sub-district, Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Soil invertebrates were collected from coffee plantation, coffee and pine (Pinus merkusii) plantation and pine plantation by 40 pitfall trap per location. Results showed the highest abundance was recorded at coffee plantation (2477 individuals) and the lowest was at pine plantation (1372 individuals). All collected soil invertebrates grouped into 3 classes (Arachnida, Chilopoda and Insecta), 16 orders, 47 families, and 124 morphospecies. Soil invertebrates were dominated by Formicidae, Scarabaeidae, Blattidae, Forficulidae, and Phalangiidae. The average diversity index of soil invertebrates was 2.25 (coffee plantation), 2.64 (coffee and pine plantation) and 1.85 (pine plantation). The evenness value was 0.30 (coffee plantation), 0.49 (coffee and pine plantation) and 0.39 (pine plantation). This study showed agroforestry may improve soil invertebrate abundance and diversity of monoculture pine forest through creation of additional and alternative nutrition and microhabitats.

This study aims to determine the distribution of brittle star (Ophiuroidea) in the waters of Rancabuaya coasts, Garut, West Java. The study was conducted in January-April 2016. The method used purposive sampling technique. The results showed that there were eight species (Gymnolophus obscura, Ophiomastix venosa, Clarkcoma canaliculata, Ophiocoma alexandri, Ophiocoma echinata, Ophiocoma valenciae, Ophiocoma erinaceus and Ophiocoma scolopendrina) into 4 genera and 2 families. Rancabuaya coastal has habitat characteristics with three types of substrate (rock, rocky and coral reef substrate) and the water conditions based on the substrate types (DO, pH, temperature, salinity) are in normal condition and suitable for the life of the Ophiurodea. The species of Ophiocoma scolopendrine has the widest distribution compared to other species because the substrate is in accordance with habitat its species. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for future coastal waters management.