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Background: The 24-h urine protein (24-hUP) excretion is the gold standard for evaluating proteinuria. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of protein/creatinine ratio (PCR) for estimating 24-hUP at various levels of renal function and proteinuria levels., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2021 and December 2023 in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil, as an extension of previously published data from the TUNARI study. The study included 217 samples from 152 patients with various levels of renal function and proteinuria. PCR in isolated samples and 24-hUP were determined conventionally within a 24-h timeframe. Patients were classified into three groups according to the level of renal function (Group 1 = 10 to < 30 mL/min, Group 2 = 30-60 mL/min, and Group 3 = > 60 mL/min) and level of proteinuria (< 0.3 g/day, 0.3-3.5 g/day, and > 3.5 g/day). The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation (r s ), coefficient of determination (r 2 ), Bland-Altman plots and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Likelihood ratios, positive (LR +), and negative (LR-) were derived from the sensitivity and specificity of PCR., Results: Mean age was 41.5 ± 15.7 years, 61.8% were women, 36.8% Black and 52% Mixed-race. Glomerulopathies constituted 80.3%; 46.1% with lupus nephritis. Of the total urine samples, we observed a high correlation between PCR in the total sample of 24-hUP sample (r s  = 0.86, p < 0.001) across different levels of renal function. However, agreement between PCR and 24-hUP was reduced at higher levels of proteinuria. The ROC analysis showed an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI = 0.92, 0.98), sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 86.5% (LR + 6.7; LR- 0.1), with an optimal cut-off of 0.77. These results were similar across renal function levels. Proteinuria ≤ 0.3 g/day showed a high sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 90%, with an area under (AUC) of 0.85 (95% CI = 0.71; 0.94). In the 24-hUP range > 0.3-3.5 g/day, the sensitivity was 64.1%, the specificity was 84.6%, and the AUC was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.67; 0.84), PCR detected all cases > 3.5 g/day., Conclusions: PCR is a suitable measure to be used as an indicator of 24-hUP at different levels of renal function, but may have limitations at higher levels of proteinuria. Analysis of PCR by proteinuria level found that agreement as well as sensitivity decreases at higher levels, but it maintains good specificity and is able to identify nephrotic range proteinuria., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Research Ethics Committee of HUPES at the Federal University of Bahia approved the study protocol, with Certificate of Presentation of Ethical Appreciation (CAAE): 64362522.7.0000.0049 and case number 5.909.208. All patients gave their informed consent to participate. The present investigation was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association. Consent for publication: This study has the informed consent form duly applied and signed by the participants in accordance with the ethical standards for the publication of their clinical and/or imaging data. This study included obtaining and signing informed consent from participants, in compliance with ethical standards for the publication of their clinical data and images. The anonymity and confidentiality of the information provided was strictly guaranteed. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To describe the differences in clinical presentation and relative disease burden of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)-associated microcephaly at 2 large hospitals in Salvador, Brazil that serve patients of different socioeconomic status (SES)., Methods: Clinical and serologic data were collected prospectively from pregnant women and their infants, who delivered at 2 study centers during the 2015-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Salvador, Brazil., Results: Pregnant women from Salvador, Brazil delivering in a low SES hospital had 3 times higher ZIKV exposure rate than women at a high SES hospital. However, different SES hospitals had similar prevalence of infants with CZS-associated microcephaly (10% vs 6%, p = 0.16) after controlling for ZIKV exposure in their mothers., Conclusions: Our study supports the positive association between low SES, high maternal ZIKV exposure, and high rates of CZS-associated microcephaly., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to describe the sociodemographic determinants associated with exposure to Zika Virus (ZIKV) in pregnant women during the 2015-2016 epidemic in Salvador, Brazil., Methods: We recruited women who gave birth between October 2015 and January 2016 to a cross-sectional study at a referral maternity hospital in Salvador, Brazil. We collected information on their demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics, and evaluated their ZIKV exposure using a plaque reduction neutralization test. Logistic regression was then used to assess the relationship between these social determinants and ZIKV exposure status., Results: We included 469 pregnant women, of whom 61% had a positive ZIKV result. Multivariate analysis found that lower education (adjusted Prevalence Rate [aPR] 1.21; 95%CI 1.04-1.35) and food insecurity (aPR 1.17; 95%CI 1.01-1.30) were positively associated with ZIKV exposure. Additionally, age was negatively associated with the infection risk (aPR 0.99; 95%CI 0.97-0.998)., Conclusion: Eve after controlling for age, differences in key social determinants, as education and food security, were associated with the risk of ZIKV infection among pregnant women in Brazil. Our findings elucidate risk factors that can be targeted by future interventions to reduce the impact of ZIKV infection in this vulnerable population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly. However, rates vary widely, and the contributing risk factors remain unclear. We examined the serum antibody response to ZIKV and other flaviviruses in Brazilian women giving birth during the 2015-2016 outbreak. Infected pregnancies with intermediate or higher ZIKV antibody enhancement titers were at increased risk to give birth to microcephalic infants compared with those with lower titers (P < 0.0001). Similarly, analysis of ZIKV-infected pregnant macaques revealed that fetal brain damage was more frequent in mothers with higher enhancement titers. Thus, features of the maternal antibodies are associated with and may contribute to the genesis of ZIKV-associated microcephaly., (© 2019 Robbiani et al.)

Antibodies to Zika virus (ZIKV) can be protective. To examine the antibody response in individuals who develop high titers of anti-ZIKV antibodies, we screened cohorts in Brazil and Mexico for ZIKV envelope domain III (ZEDIII) binding and neutralization. We find that serologic reactivity to dengue 1 virus (DENV1) EDIII before ZIKV exposure is associated with increased ZIKV neutralizing titers after exposure. Antibody cloning shows that donors with high ZIKV neutralizing antibody titers have expanded clones of memory B cells that express the same immunoglobulin VH3-23/VK1-5 genes. These recurring antibodies cross-react with DENV1, but not other flaviviruses, neutralize both DENV1 and ZIKV, and protect mice against ZIKV challenge. Structural analyses reveal the mechanism of recognition of the ZEDIII lateral ridge by VH3-23/VK1-5 antibodies. Serologic testing shows that antibodies to this region correlate with serum neutralizing activity to ZIKV. Thus, high neutralizing responses to ZIKV are associated with pre-existing reactivity to DENV1 in humans., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)