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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, diabetes, and mental health disorders pose a significant global health challenge, accounting for the majority of fatalities and disability-adjusted life years worldwide. These diseases arise from the complex interactions between genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, necessitating a thorough understanding of these dynamics to identify effective diagnostic strategies and interventions. Although recent advances in multi-omics technologies have greatly enhanced our ability to explore these interactions, several challenges remain. These challenges include the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of multi-omic datasets, limitations in analytical approaches, and severe underrepresentation of non-European genetic ancestries in most omics datasets, which restricts the generalizability of findings and exacerbates health disparities. This scoping review evaluates the global landscape of multi-omics data related to NCDs from 2000 to 2024, focusing on recent advancements in multi-omics data integration, translational applications, and equity considerations. We highlight the need for standardized protocols, harmonized data-sharing policies, and advanced approaches such as artificial intelligence/machine learning to integrate multi-omics data and study gene-environment interactions. We also explore challenges and opportunities in translating insights from gene-environment (GxE) research into precision medicine strategies. We underscore the potential of global multi-omics research in advancing our understanding of NCDs and enhancing patient outcomes across diverse and underserved populations, emphasizing the need for equity and fairness-centered research and strategic investments to build local capacities in underrepresented populations and regions.

Because of environmental and personal factors, EFL teachers are often exposed to job burnout. However, the problem and factors that form causal associations seem ignored in the context of the study. This study, thus, aims to investigate EFL teachers' burnout and its associated factors among public primary schools in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. A mixed methods research design was used for the study. Cluster sampling and judgmental sampling techniques were employed to select 100 EFL teachers, and a questionnaire and an interview were utilized to collect data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The finding shows that the majority of EFL teachers underwent a high level of burnout, and all the hypothesized factors had a significant association with burnout and its dimensions. The major finding is that job burnout negatively affected EFL teachers' work engagement. Considering this finding, the provision of training on coping strategies is recommended. The pedagogical implication of the finding is to incorporate content on emotional intelligence and stress-coping mechanisms in EFL teaching methodology courses. Finally, further study is recommended to be undertaken on a large scale to understand the magnitude of expansion of the problem in the region and nationwide as the sample is small to generalize to these contexts.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a major disease burden in Ethiopia. Migration can influence malaria transmission dynamics, with individuals relocating from malaria-free highland regions to malarious lowlands potentially facing elevated risks of contracting malaria. Migrants may find it difficult to protect themselves against malaria and have limited access to diagnosis or treatment. Settlers in gold mining sites are one type of migrant and are often neglected in malaria research yet may have particularly high malaria risk. This study was a malaria prevalence survey among settlers in a new gold mining settlement in the highly malarious Gambella Region, Ethiopia. METHODS: n = 590 people were surveyed for demographic information and their knowledge and practices of malaria. Participants were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy. Using logistic regressions, the influence of demographic characteristics on malaria infections and bed net access were analysed. A sub-sample of participants was interviewed to comprehend settlement living conditions and healthcare accessibility. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum was 37.5% (CI 32.4-42.3%). Young children were most likely to have malaria, with individuals aged 15-24 having 67% lower odds (aOR: 0.33; CI 0.13-0.86) of infection compared to those aged 1-4 years old. Meanwhile, those age 25-plus had 75% decreased odds of malaria infection (aOR 0.25; CI 0.10-0.65). Individuals with bed nets had ~ 50% decreased odds of testing positive for falciparum malaria than those reporting having no bed net (aOR: 0.47; CI 0.22-0.97). Individuals who relocated from low elevation with high malaria test positivity rate areas were more prone to testing positive for malaria, as were those residing in densely populated households with multiple malaria cases. Conversely, individuals from higher elevations with low malaria test positivity rates, and those living in households with 5-10 occupants and

Abstract Background Gastroesophageal varices are portosystemic collaterals formed due to portal hypertension. The primary consequence and leading cause of death in cases of gastroesophageal varices is bleeding. Although variceal hemorrhage mortality has decreased due to early diagnosis of gastroesophageal varices, prophylaxis, and therapy, these procedures are still difficult to perform in many underdeveloped nations. When the dose of nonselective b-blockers is optimized to the highest acceptable dosage to reach the therapeutic goal, the benefit of reducing the risk of variceal bleeding is greatest. B-blocker optimization is unknown in our nation and Africa. Objective To assess the optimization rate of non-selective B-blockers and associated factors among esophageal varices patients following at the University of Gondar referral hospital. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar referral hospital GI clinic, North West Ethiopia. A total of 150 patients were taken with consecutive sampling and the target populations of the study were all adult esophageal varices patients who were on non-selective B-blockers at the GI follow-up clinic. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire and both descriptive and analytical data analysis was performed. Frequency, tables, and graphs were used to represent the data. Results A total of 150 patients were included in the study. From these 30.7% of patients took optimal doses of non-selective B -blockers. Patients with poor drug adherence (AOR = 4.293, [95% CI = 1.191–15.484], p-value = 0.026) and hospital admission in the last 01 year (AOR = 2.915, [95%CI = 1.076–7.893], P-value = 0.035) were significantly associated with sub-optimization of non-selective B- blockers. Conclusion Only one-third of patients received the optimal dose of non-selective B-blockers. Poor drug adherence and previous admission in the last year were significantly associated with sub-optimal dosing of non-selective B-blockers.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly expanded, providing significant benefits across various fields. However, the complexity of IoT networks, with their resource-constrained devices, presents substantial security challenges, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Integrating Software Defined Networking (SDN) with IoT has emerged as a promising solution to enhance security. Despite this, DDoS attacks through IoT botnets remain a significant threat. Existing studies on DDoS detection in SDN-IoT networks often suffer from inefficient detection accuracy due to poor algorithm design and latency issues arising from deploying models in the control plane. This study aims to improve DDoS detection accuracy by training a robust Machine Learning (ML) model using effective hyper-parameter tuning and Cross-Validation (CV) techniques. To mitigate latency issues, we deploy the model at the edge of the SDN-IoT network, enforcing mitigation rules through the SDN controller. We evaluated four popular classifiers (K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and FeedForward Neural Network (FFNN)) on benchmark datasets CICIDS2017 and Edge-IIoTset, conducting both binary and multi-class classifications. Our implementation using the Mininet-WiFi emulation tool revealed that XGBoost outperformed others in binary DDoS detection, achieving accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score all above 99.997%, with a testing time of 3.559 seconds on the Edge-IIoTset dataset. Compared to recent studies, the proposed approach demonstrates XGBoost’s clear superiority. Consequently, XGBoost was deployed at the edge of the SDN-IoT for live traffic classification, showing improved performance by classifying live traffic within 3.946 ms and using only 8.80% of memory with a 0.5-second window size.

Abstract We examined the influence of mangrove encroachment into salt marsh areas along the northern Gulf of Mexico (USA) on waterfront property owners' perceptions of coastal health and preferences for shoreline management. Using mail‐in and online surveys, we targeted over 3000 waterfront property owners across four jurisdictions experiencing or anticipating mangrove encroachment. Our findings revealed a nuanced perception of coastal health, with many respondents recognizing the potentially environmental impacts of mangrove encroachment but favouring low‐cost management strategies, such as maintaining current shoreline or passive monitoring. This reluctance to engage in active management highlights a perception‐behaviour gap, likely influenced by the gradual nature of mangrove transitions, which diminishes urgency for active intervention. Socio‐demographic factors such as age, gender, income, residency and reliance on coastal resources significantly shaped preferences for shoreline management and regional responses. These preferences varied across jurisdictions, reflecting the importance of incorporating localized community values into management decisions. Our findings highlight the need for a balanced approach to shoreline management that integrates ecological insights with the socio‐cultural priorities of local communities. By aligning adaptation strategies with regional perceptions and values, it is possible to protect individual properties while enhancing the long‐term resilience of coastal ecosystems under climate change pressures. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

This study investigates the chloride penetration resistance and electrochemical behavior of self-healing engineered cementitious composites (ECC). The experimental program involved exposing cracked ECC samples to NaCl solution, while monitoring chloride penetration and self-healing using water-permeability tests. Electrochemical measurements, including open circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were used to evaluate reinforcement corrosion over a 91-day period. Results show that water-tightness does not guarantee protection against chloride ingress, as cracks with widths exceeding 0.15 mm allowed chloride penetration despite self-healing. Reinforcement depassivation occurred within 1–3 days of chloride exposure, but self-healing reduced the corrosion current back to pre-crack levels within 1–2 months, highlighting its role in delaying corrosion propagation. These findings emphasize the importance of crack width control in achieving effective self-healing and suggest that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a useful technique for monitoring the self-healing process in reinforced ECC structures.

This study examined factors that drive exclusion-induced conflict and displacement in the Metekel zone. Data was collected from a sample of 435 respondents, i.e., 359 households’ surveys, 60 focus group discussants, and 16 key informant interviews. Evidence suggested that exclusion has been deep, and the scale of conflict, violence, and displacement was pervasive. Ethnicity was the main factor in excluding households from exercising rights to access resources. Light skin color (“qey” in Amharic) also served as a marker of otherness (non-indigenous). During times of conflict, the so-called qey were indiscriminately attacked. A case in point was what happened to the Shinasha, whose light skin color had a more devastating effect than their ethnicity. Legal frameworks, administrative and executive institutions were fused with ethnicity as facilitators of exclusion and inclusion. BGNRS’s constitution defined some ethnic groups as “indigenous” and the remaining as “others” or “non-indigenous”. During exclusion-induced conflict incidents of 2018 to 2021, households from Amhara, Agew, Oromo, and Shinasha were targeted based on their ethnicity and skin color, resulting in discrimination, restricted access to services and rights of mobility. The study concluded that political exclusion engendered by ethnic federalism has induced conflicts with devastating effects on economic, social, and political dimensions causing large-scale displacements, violent attacks, loss of lives and community divisions. In reconciliation engagements, displaced households were not made part of the peace-making process. The study recommends revisiting controversial articles of BGNRS’s Constitution that define some ethnic groups as indigenous (owner nationalities) giving them exclusive rights over others.

Abstract Background Thrombocytopenia is a common haematological abnormality in malaria patients that is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Given the endemic nature of malaria in Ethiopia, it is crucial to comprehend the prevalence of thrombocytopenia in this setting to enhance clinical care. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence of thrombocytopenia among malaria patients in Ethiopia. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed studies on thrombocytopenia prevalence in malaria patients, using databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, African Journals online database, and Hinary. STATA version 17 software was used for statistical analysis. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Galbraith, Cochran’s Q test, and I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test. Results Of the 154 studies identified, 31 that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included in the meta-analysis consisting of 1173 study participants and 823 thrombocytopenic cases. The pooled prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 70% (95% CI: 63, 77) with significant heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis showed the highest pooled prevalence of thrombocytopenia in the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ region (78.34%) followed by the Amhara region (69.7%), whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in the Gambella Region (63.4%). The sample size was responsible for the observed heterogeneity among the studies, as indicated by the statistically significant result in the meta-regression analysis (p = 0.001). Conclusion Thrombocytopenia is a frequent abnormality finding among malaria patients in Ethiopia, affecting a substantial percentage of individuals. The high frequency found in this research emphasizes the significance of regular platelet monitoring in the treatment of malaria patients. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical implications of thrombocytopenia in malaria patients.

Abstract The nonlinear Telegraph equation appears in a variety of engineering and science problems. This paper presents a deep learning algorithm termed physics-informed neural networks to resolve a hyperbolic nonlinear telegraph equation with Dirichlet, Neumann, and Periodic boundary conditions. To include physical information about the issue, a multi-objective loss function consisting of the residual of the governing partial differential equation and initial conditions and boundary conditions is defined. Using multiple densely connected neural networks, termed feedforward deep neural networks, the proposed scheme has been trained to minimize the total loss results from the multi-objective loss function. Three computational examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy and applications of our suggested method. Using a Python software package, we conducted several tests for various model optimizations, activation functions, neural network architectures, and hidden layers to choose the best hyper-parameters representing the problem’s physics-informed neural network model with the optimal solution. Furthermore, using graphs and tables, the results of the suggested approach are contrasted with the analytical solution in literature based on various relative error analyses and statistical performance measure analyses. According to the results, the suggested computational method is effective in resolving difficult non-linear physical issues with various boundary conditions.

Abstract Background Seasonal migrant workers are at increased risk of malaria and can play a substantial role in transmitting the disease to receptive areas. Assessments conducted among these workers showed a high prevalence of malaria. This qualitative study aimed to explore the contributing factors and challenges to the high malaria prevalence among seasonal migrant workers in agricultural farm areas. The study also sought to identify potential solutions. Methods A descriptive phenomenological approach was employed to investigate the perceived causes, challenges, and solutions related to malaria prevalence among seasonal migrant workers in the development corridors of southwest Ethiopia. This approach emphasizes describing experiences as they are, without researcher interpretation. Data were gathered from 24 individuals purposefully selected for their close involvement with seasonal migrant workers and their experience with malaria issues in agricultural farm areas. Open-ended questions were used, and interviews were conducted in safe, quiet settings. Data management was performed using Open Code software version 4.03, and thematic analysis was applied to the contents. Results The study findings identified origin from highland areas, low health-seeking behaviour, working at night, and lack of use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as the perceived causes of high malaria prevalence among seasonal migrant workers by the study participants. Limited collaboration among stakeholders, a lack of migrant-friendly malaria prevention strategies, and inconsistent support for medical supplies were challenges highlighted by the key informants. Therefore, seasonal migrant workers were faced with high risk of malaria due to factors such as lack of immunity, delayed treatment, exposure to mosquitoes, and limited prevention efforts. Addressing these challenges is crucial for reducing malaria prevalence among this vulnerable population. Conclusion The study findings highlighted the need for targeted interventions to address the specific factors contributing to high malaria prevalence among seasonal migrant workers and to overcome the challenges in implementing effective malaria prevention strategies in this vulnerable population. Further study should be conducted to include the views and positions of seasonal migrant workers, owners of the farm areas, host communities, and political leaders.

Abstract The research focused on examining the addition of various organic acids and their concentrations on the shelf life and overall quality of injera, a traditional Ethiopian flatbread. In this study, the injera batter was prepared by the standard procedures, and the organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid) at different concentrations (1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%) before baking. The baked/prepared injera quality and shelf life were determined according to the standard procedures. The analysis of the prepared injera revealed protein content ranging from 9.32% to 12.84%, crude fat from 0.40% to 2.04%, crude fiber between 1.03% and 7.64%, total ash within 1.27% to 2.16%, and carbohydrates spanning 73% to 80.64%. The energy content ranged from 350.66 to 372.31 kcal/100 g. The PH and Titrable acidity of injera range from 2.85–3.29 to 2.30–4.88 respectively. Furthermore, calcium content varied between 15.44 and 46.35 mg/100 g, iron from 30.75 to 75.89 mg/100 g, and zinc from 6.29 to 10.49 mg/100 g. Notably, Injera prepared with all concentrations of organic acids received positive sensory acceptance. However, Injera made with lactic acid stood out as the most preferred among the sensory evaluations. The study concludes that the utilization of 3% lactic acid is recommended for enhancing the shelf life of Injera while maintaining high sensory acceptability.

Abstract Background Thyroid diseases are the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. Thyroid hormones are essential for lipid synthesis, metabolism, and mobilization. Lipid levels in the blood may be altered when there is thyroid dysfunction. Lipid changes are linked to hyperthyroidism and primarily involve total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The serum lipid profile is negatively impacted by hypothyroidism, which may increase the risk of atherosclerotic disease development. Thus, hypothyroidism constitutes a significant cause of secondary dyslipidemia. However, the results obtained from different studies are inconsistent, and there are few data regarding lipid profiles in thyroid dysfunction patients in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the lipid profile of thyroid dysfunction patients at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from May 1 to June 15, 2021. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 participants (100 thyroid dysfunction patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls). Socio-demographic and related data were collected from the study participants via a pretested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Independent sample T tests and Mann‒Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. P

Abstract Background Obsessive–compulsive symptoms are mental health conditions marked by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Even though significant portion people with schizophrenia are reportedly affected by obsessive–compulsive symptoms, there is scarce of information related to this topic in Africa, and particularly in study area. Objective This study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of obsessive‒compulsive symptoms among people with schizophrenia attending services at referral hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from February 15 to March 15, 2024. Methods An institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with schizophrenia. Systematic sampling was used to select 422 study participants. The Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale was used to assess obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Data entry and analysis were performed by EpiData 4.6 and STATA 14, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed, and variables with p values

Abstract Background The cesarean section was associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain. Uncertain differences exist between parturient who undergo a primary cesarean section and a repeat cesarean section in terms of post-operative pain. Objective To compare the degree of postoperative pain in patients who had primary and repeat cesarean sections. Method An institutional-based prospective cohort study was conducted on 336 patients who fulfilled eligibility criteria and underwent caesarian section under spinal anesthesia. Study participants were selected by a systematic random sampling technique. An independent sample t test and a Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare symmetric and asymmetric data, respectively. Time to first analgesic request was analyzed using log rank Kaplan–Meier survival curves and cox-regression for covariates. Comparisons of categorical variables between groups were done using the chi-square test. The significance was determined at a P value of

Abstract Introduction Accessing quality and equitable contraceptive services is significant for reaching the recently announced Sustainable Development Goals. In Ethiopia, women with disabilities continue to confront several barriers to accessing adequate contraceptive services. Nevertheless, little is known about contraceptive uptake and associated factors among pregnant women with disabilities in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the contraceptive uptake and associated factors among pregnant women with disabilities in the Central Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted, with 562 study participants recruited using a multistage random sampling procedure. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Kobo Toolbox. A bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify variables associated with contraceptive uptake. At p

Abstract Background The Non-pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG) serve as a crucial first-aid device designed to apply pressure to the lower body. This device can save women’s lives through reducing blood loss and stabilizing the women until definitive treatment is available. Between 2013 and 2015, health institutions in Ethiopia that implemented the NASG reported reduction of 80% in maternal deaths from haemorrhagic shock.So far, a number of studies have been carried out across various regions of Ethiopia to evaluate the extent of Non-pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment. However, the findings have yielded inconsistent conclusions, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. The aim of this study is, therefore, to assess the pooled prevalence of non-pneumatic anti-shock garment utilization and associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist was employed in this study. Relevant articles, written in English, were searched in electronic databases like Medline, Embase, Hinari, AJOL, the Web of Science, Google Scholar and SienceDirect. All observational studies completed or published up to May 31, 2023 and reporting on magnitude of non-pneumatic anti-shock garment utilization and its associated factors were included. The first author name, year of publication, region, town, study design, population, sample size, response rate, total cases and prevalence were all extracted using data extraction format. Data were analyzed using STATA V.15 statistical software. We estimated the pooled odds ratio (OR) along with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results In this review, we included eight published papers comprising 2690 study participants. The estimated pooled utilization of non-pneumatic anti-shock garment was 43.2% (95% CI: 35.88, 50.52; I2 = 93.5%; P-value

Abstract In many developing countries, fuelwood is the main energy source because it’s cheap for cooking, lighting, and heating. A review of 72 papers published after the year 2000 were used to examined fuelwood and other energy sources for cooking and lighting, and identified firewood and charcoal plant species in Ethiopia. The review thoroughly searched in Google Scholar, Research4life, Scopus/Elsevier, Research Gate, EMBASE, and PubMed using various keywords. The records noted each paper’s title, abstract, keywords, authors, year, location, fuel type, energy use, plant species, and fuel consumption by biogas users and non-users. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, R studio and Excel 2019. Electricity is the most preferred lighting source in Ethiopia, followed by kerosene, dry cells, and candles. Fuel consumption for lighting differed significantly between fuel types, but there was no significant difference in fuel source preferences for lighting between rural and urban areas. Firewood is the most popular fuel for cooking in Ethiopia, followed by charcoal, animal dung, and electricity. The study found that fuel consumption for cooking varies significantly between different fuel types, but there was no significant difference in fuel source preferences for cooking between rural and urban areas. The review compared fuel consumption between households using biogas and those not using biogas. Non-biogas users consumed significantly more firewood and charcoal per household than biogas users. Significant differences in fuel consumption were observed for both biogas users and non-biogas users. A wide variety of plant species are used for firewood and charcoal production across Ethiopia, with the central region exhibiting the highest diversity. The study found that electricity is the preferred lighting source in Ethiopia, while firewood remains the dominant fuel for cooking. To mitigate the negative environmental, economic, and health impacts associated with traditional fuel sources, the study recommends promoting modern and environmentally friendly alternatives, such as electricity and biogas.

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, hepatitis B virus infections are prevalent and highly endemic. Additionally, there has been a significant increase in hospital admissions, morbidity, and mortality associated with hepatitis B virus infections. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among adult intrafamilial household contacts of pregnant women index cases attending antenatal care clinics in the central Ethiopian region. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October 1, 2023, and March 1, 2024. Three hundred eighty-five adult intrafamilial household contacts were randomly selected via lottery methods. A 3 ml venous blood sample was taken from adult intrafamilial household contacts and checked for hepatitis B virus infection through hepatitis B surface antigen. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. A logistic regression model predicted the relationship between predictor and outcome variables. A p-value of

Abstract Background Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) have high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence. Currently, the incidence of DM is increasing in low and middle-income countries including Ethiopia where TB is also endemic, which may complicate TB prevention and control efforts. In this context, the prevalence and associated factors of TB among DM patients are not well understood in Ethiopia. This study assessed the prevalence of TB and associated factors among DM patients attending public health facilities in Ethiopia. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was employed from January to December 2023 among DM patients attending selected public health facilities in five regions of Ethiopia. The consecutive DM patients ≥ 15 years of age were screened for TB and those with signs and symptoms suggestive of TB were enrolled. Patient-related socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected. Morning sputum and urine specimens were collected from each participant. Smear microscopy, culture, and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay were conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive summary measures were computed to characterize the study variables. A logistic regression model was conducted to assess the statistical association between variables. Results In total,14,119 DM patients were screened for TB. Of them, 652 (4.62%) were found to have presumptive TB and were enrolled in the study. The mean age of enrolled participants was 55.47 years and 88.3% (576) had type II DM. Among them, 73 (11.2%, 95%CI = 8.7–13.5%) had TB which yielded a point prevalence of 517/100,000 among all screened DM patients. Bacteriological confirmation of TB occurred in 56 cases (8.6%, 95%CI = 6.4–10.6%). The independently associated factors were being younger age group (15–24 years; aOR; 10.98, 95%CI = 1.90-63.56, 25–34 years; aOR; 4.74, 95%CI = 1.12–20.13, 35–44 years; aOR; 5.70, 95%CI = 2.09–15.55, and 45–54 years; aOR; 2.68, 95%CI = 1.22–5.92), cough lasting ≥ two weeks (aOR; 2.73, 95%CI = 1.25–5.60), cigarette smoking (aOR; 7.50, 95%CI = 2.54–22.19), contact with a known TB case (aOR; 9.16, 95%CI = 2.83–29.70), HIV seropositivity (aOR; 4.40, 95%CI = 1.36–14.46), more than 10 years of DM follow-up (aOR; 4.87, 95%CI = 2.06–11.52), insulin medication (aOR; 3.00, 95%CI = 1.16–7.81), and FBS level > 126 mg/dl (aOR; 2.72, 95%CI = 1.26–5.89). Conclusion Diabetic patients attending public health facilities in Ethiopia had high TB prevalence. The prevalence of TB was higher among certain DM groups which implies the need for regular TB screening among those groups. The authors recommend the integration of TB screening practice into routine diabetic care.

Abstract Mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), is a major postharvest disease that significantly impacts mango production and consumption globally. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of plant extracts and hot water treatments on the development of anthracnose and the preservation of postharvest quality in mangoes. In vitro tests using the food poisoning technique assessed the efficacy of acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol extracts from nine different medicinal plant species against C. gloeosporioides. Among the tested extracts, Ruta chalepensis demonstrated the most pronounced effect, inhibiting mycelial growth by more than 85%. Extracts from Allium sativum also reduced mycelial growth by 80%. Furthermore, aqueous extracts from three effective plant species identified from the in vitro tests were combined with hot water treatments (HWT) to evaluate their impact on managing postharvest anthracnose. The combined treatments significantly (p

Abstract A justified cesarean delivery plays a major role in reducing maternal and neonatal death in Ethiopia. However, inequalities exist in access to cesarean delivery within the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the geographic variations and predictors of cesarean delivery hotspots in Ethiopia using geographically weighted regression analysis. For this study, data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey were utilized. Moran’s I and Getis-OrdGi* statistics were used to assess the geographical disparities in the occurrence of cesarean deliveries. Subsequently, spatial regression was performed using ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression to predict hotspot areas of cesarean delivery. The prevalence of cesarean delivery in Ethiopia was 6.07% (95% CI: 5.602, 6.538). In this study, Dire Dawa, Hareri, and the southeastern region of Somali were the hotspot areas for cesarean delivery. A higher level of education, multiple births, five or more antenatal care visits, and delivery in private health institutions were statistically significant predictors of cesarean delivery hotspots in Ethiopia. Cesarean delivery in Ethiopia is still underutilized, despite the presence of hotspot areas. Region-specific interventions are necessary, particularly in hotspot areas. Ensuring accessible and equitable cesarean delivery services is crucial, especially in cold spot areas.

Abstract Introduction Undernutrition, particularly stunting, and deficiency of micronutrients are prevalent nutrition-related problems in adolescent girls residing in low- and middle-income countries. The coexistence of both kinds of malnutrition typically impacts the most vulnerable people, such as women of reproductive age, and it has a detrimental impact on maternal and child health. Besides, malnutrition and inequality form a vicious cycle that is hard to break without all-encompassing solutions that address every stage of the life cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the presence of socioeconomic inequality in the co-occurrence of anemia and stunting and its contributors in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods A total of 39,712 weighted adolescent girl samples from DHS data SSA countries were included in the study. Erreygers normalized concentration index and its concentration curve were used to assess socioeconomic-related inequality in the co-occurrence of anemia and stunting. Decomposition analysis was performed to identify factors contributing to socioeconomic-related inequality. Results The weighted Erreygers normalized concentration index for co-occurrence of anemia and stunting was − 0.046 with Standard error = 0.0043 (P value

Abstract Background Improving the quality of intrapartum and immediate postnatal care is critical for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review aimed to assess the extent of Person-Centred Maternity Care (PCMC) practices during childbirth in LMICs. Methods We retrieved studies from four databases, including PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Maternal and Infant Care, up to 30 May 2023 and updated 26 April 2024. Additionally, manual searching was performed to identify additional studies. Our study included studies that examined PCMC using PCMC scale. The included studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for quality appraisal. Findings Twelve articles out of 888 were retained in the review. Among these, nine studies specifically examined various elements of PCMC, such as dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and supportive care. The lowest and highest levels of the mean (± SD-standard deviation) PCMC were 46.5 (6.9) and 60.2 (12.3) out of 90 total scores in Ghana and urban Kenya, respectively. The lowest score was reported in the communication and autonomy subscale domain of PCMC at a mean (± SD) score of 8.3 (3.3). Women who were wealthier and educated, and those who received ANC and birthing care by the same health care providers were found to have a higher level of PCMC during childbirth. Whereas those women who did not have ANC follow-up, visited health facilities for ANC in the second or third trimester, stayed at health facilities after birth for 2–7 days, had complications, and received care from auxiliary midwives, nurses, or assisted by unskillled attendants were associated with a lower level of PCMC during childbirth. Conclusions Our findings indicated that the communication and autonomy components of PCMC are notably low, affecting the rapport between healthcare providers and women, as well as decision-making and the execution of procedures. To enhance PCMC, continuity of care through antenatal and intrapartum care provided by the same healthcare providers, along with fostering a supportive environment for both women and healthcare providers during childbirth is imperative. PROSPERO ID CRD42023426638.

Abstract Obstetric fistula is a major maternal health challenge in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Misperceptions about obstetric fistula delay seeking and accessing healthcare. Understanding community attitudes is crucial for prevention, early detection, and support for affected women. A community-based study was conducted from February 1 to April 26, 2024, among 640 women and men to assess attitudes and influencing factors. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, with a p-value

Abstract Background Wild edible plants (WEPs) are vital to enhance food security and generate income. Despite Ethiopia’s vast area and cultural diversity, there remains a need for further investigation of WEPs. Therefore, this study aimed to document WEPs, and the indigenous knowledge associated with them in the Metema and Quara districts of north-western Ethiopia. Methods Data on WEPs were collected through semi-structured interviews with 396 informants, guided field walks, focus group discussions, and market surveys. The data were analyzed using preference ranking, priority ranking, direct matrix ranking, and Jaccard’s index. Results We documented 51 WEPs that were distributed among 26 families and 39 genera. Fabaceae was the most represented family with eight species. Trees accounted for 49% of WEPs and were primarily consumed by their fruits (57%). Local communities usually consume these plants raw as a supplementary food, although some require processing. Of the recorded WEPs, 94.1% had multipurpose uses, in addition to nutrition. The main threats to WEPs availability were agricultural land expansion, fuelwood harvest, and construction use. Conclusions WEPs play a crucial role in enhancing food security, nutrition, and income generation for local communities. However, they are facing increasing threats from human activity. Therefore, sustainable utilization, conservation efforts, and collaboration among stakeholders are necessary for the future use of WEPs. Furthermore, a nutritional composition assessment is recommended for the most promising WEPs.

Abstract Introduction To prevent malaria starting from 2005 more than 2 billion insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have been distributed globally. Even though Ethiopia has been doing nationwide ITN distribution starting from 2016 with 64% ITN coverage, there is a significant gap in its utilization in different settings. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of ITN and associated factors among households in SWEPRS, 2023. Methods Community-based mixed study designs were applied in the present study. Firstly, the malaria area was selected purposively and the study participants were reached by using multi-stage stratified sampling techniques. Data was collected by using structured and pre-tested tools through an electronic data collection software, Kobo tool kit was analyzed by using STATA version 14. The multicollenearity between independent variables and model fitness were checked by using the variable inflation factor (VIF) and Hosmer Lemeshow model fitness test, respectively. A binary Logistic Regression model was fitted to identify the associated factors. In the multivariable analysis, an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the strength of the association and the statistically significant association was declared at a P-value less than 5%. Focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) were employed for the qualitative study and analyzed using Quirkos. The findings of qualitative data were presented in thematic analysis. Results In this study, a total of 1,552 households participated. In all households, the ownership of at least one mosquito net per household was found to be 89% (95%: CI: 87.62–90.72%) whereas the proper use of ITNs was found to be 20.38% (95%: CI: 18.25–22.50%) in the region. From the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the urban residents, NGO employees, having a corrugated iron sheet house type, having good knowledge toward malaria, having good knowledge toward ITNs, having a favorable attitude towards malaria and having a favorable attitude towards ITNs had higher odds of the proper utilization of ITNs as compared to their counterparts. In addition to these, misconceptions about ITNs, unfair distribution of ITNs, lack of health education from health extention workers (HEWs), community resistance, improper use (use for other purposes) of ITNs and shortage of HEWs were explored barriers to ITNs use from the qualitative data. Conclusions This study showed relatively a high coverage of ITNS, but low proper ITN utilization among the households. Therefore, behavioral change communications (BCC) interventions and education and communication (IEC), interventions should be done in the region.

Summary: Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of microcytic hypochromic anemia, which predominantly affects pregnant women globally. Even though it is a public health problem, there is limited information on the pooled burden. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of iron deficiency among pregnant women and its variation with different gestational ages. Methods: To conduct this study, we followed the criteria on guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analysis. We registered the study protocol on PROSPERO with the reference number CRD42024499368 and Relevant information was found by searching scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Web of Science, Wiley online library, Google Scholar, scientific information database, biomedical journal database, and the global medical article library. All population-based studies and national surveys with data on the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women globally that were published up to June 28, 2023, were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were applied to all relevant articles. STATA software (Ver. 11.1) was used to analyze the data using a random effect model. I2 test statistics were employed to ascertain the degree of heterogeneity. The Egger-weighted regression test and funnel plot analysis were employed to identify publication bias. Results: The thirty-nine articles with a sample size of 33869 were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women was 18.98% (CI: 95%; 18.15–19.81%) with highest magnitude in North Africa region (36.68% (95% CI 35.76, 37.60). The burden was highest during the second trimester (27.8%) followed by the third (5.44%) and the first trimesters (2.34%). Conclusions and recommendation: Iron deficiency anemia is a public health problem among pregnant women especially North African region, even though its magnitude is decreased years after 2015. As a result, every stakeholder should implement preventative measures, and intervention strategies like iron supplementation and nutritional support, particularly during the second trimester.

Abstract Background Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, associated with diarrhea, poses a global health risk. In Ethiopia, where diarrhea is common, there is limited knowledge about these resistant strains and a lack of data on Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production. Understanding the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes associated with ESBL and carbapenems is crucial for addressing diarrheal disease. This study aimed to investigate the genetic profile of ESBL and carbapenemase coding gene carriage in E. coli O157:H7 from clinical stool samples and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods A total of twenty-nine bacterial isolates obtained from diarrheal patients were subjected to conventional culture and phenotypic (Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method) testing for antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, screening for the production of ESBL (combined disk method) and carbapenemase (modified carbapenem inactivation method) was conducted. Isolates that tested positive for ESBL and carbapenemase production were further analyzed, targeting five genes (bla NDM, bla KPC, bla CTX−M, bla TEM, and bla SHV) associated with ESBL and carbapenemase production. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0, employing logistic regression and descriptive statistics. Results We analyzed a total of 27 isolates that were ESBL-positive and 12 isolates that were found to produce carbapenemase phenotypically. These isolates were obtained from clinical stool samples and (9/27) 33.3% of the isolates were from under five years children, predominantly from urban areas, and those that have contact with domestic animals. Genes coding ESBL were found in (19/27) 70.4% of the isolates, the most predominant being bla CTX−M and bla TEM. Eight isolates carried bla KPC, but none had bla NDM, while five isolates carried both bla CTX−M and bla TEM genes. bla SHV-carrying isolates showed phenotypic resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins, while bla KPC-carrying isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin, carbapenems, and tetracycline. Conclusion This study identifies a significant prevalence of multidrug resistance in E. coli O157:H7, which can be attributed to the presence of resistance genes coding for ESBL and carbapenem production. Key factors contributing to this resistance, such as urban environments, children under the age of five, and domestic animal ownership, have been emphasized. Additionally, this research underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions to address this pressing public health concern.

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among neonates in developing countries. It can cause severe morbidities and sequelae, even though patients survive. Prolonged recovery time of neonatal sepsis leads to hospitalization, increased cost of treatments, antimicrobial resistance, disseminated intravascular coagulation, respiratory failure, septic shock, brain lesions, renal failure, and cardiovascular dysfunction, and eventually death. Thus, this study aimed to identify the time-to-recovery of neonatal sepsis and its predictors among newborns admitted to public hospitals in the North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 508 septic neonates admitted to selected public hospitals in the North Shoa Zone between March 1, 2021, and March 1, 2023. A systematic random sampling method was used to select eligible medical records. The data were collected through the open data kit (ODK) Collect Android app and consequently exported to STATA version 17 for analysis. The data were analyzed using both univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was employed. Results Of all septic neonates, 441 were recovered. The predictors of time-to-recovery of neonatal sepsis were premature rupture of membrane (PROM) (AHR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.63), intrapartum fever (AHR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.75), chest-indrawing (AHR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.68), fifth-minute appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar) score less than seven (AHR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.77), gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks (AHR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.70), septic shock (AHR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.85). Conclusion The median time to recovery from neonatal sepsis in this study was comparable to the previous studies. Premature rupture of membranes, intrapartum fever, term gestational age, low fifth minute Apgar score, chest indrawing, and septic shock were the predictors of time-to recovery of neonatal sepsis. Therefore, birth attendants are advised to closely adhere to the obstetrics management protocols when providing care for women who have intrapartum fever and premature rupture of membranes, as this will help to minimize neonatal sepsis and the subsequent delay in recovery.

Abstract Background Cultural weaving is a crucial component of the cotton industry, linking rural and urban households through traditional handcrafts and providing income for women, thereby enhancing family livelihoods. The demand for hand-woven garments is on the rise, although a study from 2003 to 2009 revealed a decrease in skill-based wage premiums and a slight wage penalty for women in the garment sector. Traditionally, men and women have collaborated in fabric production, with men handling weaving and women focusing on decoration. Ethiopia is highlighted as a prominent African country for its rich cultural clothing and diverse ethnic heritage. Method The study employed a qualitative research method with a case study design. Participants were selected through purposive and availability sampling for semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. After reaching saturation with fourteen weavers and key informants, data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Result The study highlights that women weavers of cultural clothes face numerous challenges, including socio-cultural issues, psychological problems, and economic difficulties such as material shortages and outdated technology. Despite these obstacles, there are opportunities for improvement through institutional support, training programs, and social networking. Ultimately, these women benefit from income generation, work flexibility, skill development, and enhanced social satisfaction, positively impacting their lives and their families' livelihoods. Conclusion The study suggests that the Women, Children, and Social Affairs Office of Keeble should systematically address the challenges faced by women weavers, particularly regarding access to essential services and materials. Additionally, it calls for a shift in community attitudes to recognize weaving as a valuable profession that can improve lives rather than being viewed negatively.

Abstract Background Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Five Plasmodium species infect humans: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory condition that can lead to paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, respiratory failure, and sensory symptoms. GBS typically follows an infection with Campylobacter bacteria, commonly found in undercooked poultry, but is rarely associated with malaria. Clinical presentation A 16-year-old female patient presented to our emergency department with a 1-day history of altered mentation. She had experienced a severe global headache and fever for 3 days prior to presentation. The patient tested positive for falciparum malaria and was admitted to the ward, where she received IV artesunate and other supportive management. After 3 days of admission, she noticed weakness and numbness in her lower extremities. Subsequently, the weakness progressed upward to involve her upper extremities. After extensive workup, the patient was managed with consideration of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), and she made a complete recovery after 12 weeks. Discussion Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute paralytic illness often triggered by infections, particularly viral ones. It is the leading cause of sudden muscle weakness, typically following respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most common cause. This patient’s neurological symptoms pointed to paralysis of the lower motor neurons. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is also suggested by elevated protein levels and a lack of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. This clinical picture emerged following a Plasmodium falciparum infection. Although the specific subtype (demyelinating or axonal) was not determined in this case due to the absence of a nerve conduction study, demyelinating subtypes have been found in GBS following Plasmodium infection. Conclusion In conclusion, while malaria is an exceptionally rare cause of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), it should be considered in patients with recent malaria infection who present with symptoms of lower motor neuron lesions.

Abstract Background The first trimester of pregnancy is critical for fetal development, making early antenatal care visits essential for timely check-ups and managing potential complications. However, delayed antenatal care initiation remains a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and provide up-to-date information on time to first antenatal care visit and its predictors among women in Kenya, using data from the most recent 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Methods This community-based cross-sectional study analyzed data from 19,530 birth histories in the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). The primary outcome was the timing of the first antenatal care (ANC) visit, classified as timely if it occurred in the first trimester. Shared frailty survival models were used to account for the hierarchical data structure and unobserved heterogeneity, with the Weibull gamma model identified as the best fit based on Information Criteria (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). Variables with p

Abstract Root system architecture (RSA) plays an important role in plant adaptation to drought stress. However, the genetic basis of RSA in sorghum has not been adequately elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the genetic bases of RSA traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and determine genomic prediction (GP) accuracy in sorghum landraces at the seedling stage. Phenotypic data for nodal root angle (NRA), number of nodal roots (NNR), nodal root length (NRL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), dry shoot weight (DSW), and leaf area (LA) were collected from 160 sorghum accessions grown in soil-based rhizotrons. The sorghum panel was genotyped with 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for use in the current GWAS and GP studies. A multi-locus model, Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU), was applied for GWAS analysis. For GP, ridge-regression best linear unbiased prediction (RR-BLUP) and five different Bayesian models were applied. A total of 17 SNP loci significantly associated with the studied traits were identified, of which nine are novel loci. Among the traits, the highest number of significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) was identified for nodal root angle on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7. The SNP loci that explain the highest proportion of phenotypic variance (PVE) include sbi32853830 (PVE = 18.2%), sbi29954292 (PVE = 18.1%), sbi24668980 (PVE = 10.8%), sbi3022983 (PVE = 7%), sbi29897704 (PVE = 6.4%) and sbi29897694 (PVE = 5.3%) for the traits NNR, LA, SDW, NRA, NRL and SFW, respectively. The genomic prediction accuracy estimated for the studied traits using five Bayesian models ranged from 0.30 to 0.63 while it ranged from 0.35 to 0.60 when the RR-BLUP model was used. The observed moderate to high prediction accuracy for each trait suggests that genomic selection could be a feasible approach to sorghum RSA-targeted selection and breeding. Overall, the present study provides insights into the genetic bases of RSA and offers an opportunity to speed up breeding for drought-tolerant sorghum varieties.

Abstract Introduction Kinesiophobia has a major health impact on patients with Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in their functional and physical activities, which leads to poor outcomes, loss of motivation, loss of mobility, and decreased quality of life. Despite the burden of kinesiophobia among MSDs, there is limited evidence about the burden of kinesiophobia in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and its associated factors of kinesiophobia among MSD patients attending physiotherapy outpatient clinics. Method An institutional multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2023 with a sample size of 424. A systematic random sampling technique and face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire and chart review were used. The collected data was entered into Epi-data version 4.6.0.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the potential candidates for multivariable logistic regression with a p-value less than 0.25. Finally, multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed and variables at p

Abstract Background The increased occurrence of malaria among Africa’s displaced communities poses a new humanitarian problem. Understanding malaria epidemiology among the displaced population in African refugee camps is a vital step for implementing effective malaria control and elimination measures. As a result, this study aimed to generate comprehensive and conclusive data from diverse investigations undertaken in Africa. Methods This review adhered to PRISMA standards, involving searches across electronic data bases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. In addition, grey literature was retrieved from several professional associations. The quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Data extraction was executed using Microsoft Excel, and the meta-analysis was performed with STATA 14 software. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of malaria. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to identify heterogeneity, while funnel plots and Egger’s statistical tests assessed the publication bias. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The overall random-effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (comprising symptomatic and asymptomatic cases) across all included studies was 35.93% (95% CI 24.71–47.15). This study showed a high level of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 97.1; P

Abstract Background Readiness of healthcare facilities is essential for delivering quality healthcare services. There is limited evidence on the antenatal care (ANC) readiness of healthcare facilities in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the readiness of ANC services and its influencing factors in Ethiopian healthcare facilities. Methods A secondary data analysis was performed using data from the Ethiopian Service Provision Assessment conducted from 11th August 2021 to 4th February 2022. A total of 905 healthcare facilities from nine regions and two city administrations in Ethiopia that provided ANC were included. Healthcare facilities’ ANC readiness was evaluated using 22 indicators across five domains: trained staff and ANC guidelines (3), basic medical equipment (4), medicines and commodities (4), infection prevention tools (6), and diagnostic tests (5). A higher score in each domain indicated greater readiness to deliver recommended ANC. A Generalized Poisson regression model identified factors influencing each domain of ANC readiness indicators. Data analysis was conducted using Stata software version 16. Results The total number of ANC readiness indicators in healthcare facilities ranged from two to seventeen. The mean score for each indicator of ANC readiness in healthcare facilities was as follows: trained staff and guidelines (1.36/3, SD = 0.96), basic medical equipment (3.20/4, SD = 0.99), medicines and commodities (1.95/4, SD = 1.36), infection prevention tools (4.33/6, SD = 1.51), and diagnostic tests (2.22/5, SD = 1.80), based on the included indicators in each domain. Regression results showed lower availability of medicines and commodities, infection prevention tools, and diagnostic tests in clinics and rural facilities. Trained staff and ANC guidelines were less available in private healthcare institutions, health posts, and clinics. Conversely, medicines and commodities were more available in healthcare facilities in the Afar, Amhara, and Somali regions. Conclusion Most healthcare facilities in Ethiopia lacked key ANC readiness indicators, which are crucial for comprehensive ANC and achieving maternal and child health Sustainable Development Goals. Strategic interventions are needed to ensure ANC readiness indicators are available in healthcare facilities and to address disparities by facility type, managing authority, location and region.

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Ethiopia and caused by Leishmania donovani. Although the disease manifests with significant clinical variability, a substantial number of individuals are asymptomatic. These individuals can serve as reservoirs, complicating control efforts. However, comprehensive data on asymptomatic L. donovani infections in Ethiopia are lacking, highlighting the need for a systematic review and meta-analysis to consolidate evidence and understand the distribution and determinants of this infection. Methods PRISMA guidelines followed and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024531454). Systematically searched electronic databases and grey literature sources up to April 13, 2024. Original research articles in English considered. Statistical analyses performed using STATA version 16. Publication bias evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression tests. Pooled estimate of asymptomatic L. donovani infection derived using a random effects model. Study heterogeneity assessed using Chi-square (χ²)-based Q test (p

The study area (Enfraz to Addis Zemen) is located in northwestern Ethiopia, which frequently experiences landslides, causing damage to farmland, engineering structures, infrastructures, and villages, as well as animal and human fatalities. To manage this catastrophic hazard, a comprehensive GIS-based frequency ratio model (FR) was applied to produce a landslide susceptibility map. In this study, 134 landslides were identified from detailed fieldwork and Google Earth imagery analysis, split into 70% to develop the model and 30% for model validation. The relationship between landslide probability with landslide factor classes of lithology, annual mean rainfall, slope, aspect, curvature, elevation, distance to the river, and land use-land cover was analyzed in a GIS environment. FR model assigns weights to each factor class based on observed frequencies. These weighted factors were summed using a raster calculator to produce landslide susceptibility indexes (LSIs), which were classified into very low, low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility classes using the natural break classification method. The model’s accuracy and performance were validated using the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC), which showed an AUC success rate of 92.2% and a predictive rate of 86.05%. These results confirm that the FR model is effective in landslide susceptibility modeling. The generated map can support decision-makers, urban planners, and researchers in land use planning, landslide mitigation strategies, and future research.

Abstract Despite growing utilization of family planning in Ethiopia, many pregnancies in rural areas are still unintended and unintended pregnancy remains a major global challenge in public and reproductive health, with devastating impact on women and child health, and the general public. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of unintended pregnancy in rural women of Ethiopia. This study used a 2016 Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey data. A total weighted samples of 974 reproductive-aged rural women were included in this analysis. Multilevel mixed logistic regression analysis was employed to consider the effect of hierarchal nature of EDHS data using Stata version 14 to determine individual and community level factors. Variables significantly associated with unintended pregnancy were declared at p-value

Abstract Recycled engine oil was produced from used engine oil (15W-40) using a combination of MEK and 1-butanol solvents with an activated carbon adsorbent through the adsorption process. The experimental design matrix was prepared using Box-Behnken design (BBD) package within RSM, and recycled engine oil is optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). By varying solvent-to-oil ratio, the temperature and contact duration optimal conditions were identified as a 5.5:1 MEK and 1-butanol solvent-to-oil ratio, 50 min of contact, 42.5 °C, and constant 1 g of activated carbon adsorbent, yielding (65.20%, 65.20%) numerically and experimentally, respectively. Process factors (solvent-to-oil ratio, the temperature, and contact duration) influencing the yield of recycled engine oil are indicated by both contour and surface plots. The characterization of recycled oil indicates that its physiochemical properties, such as density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, and total base number, met the ASTM standards. GC–MS analysis further identified the presence of natural base oil, additives (polymeric, metallic, and non-metallic), and oxidation compounds, indicating the efficacy of the recycling process in recovering valuable components from the used engine oil. Before and after adsorption, FTIR is used to analysis the effect of optimized engine oil adsorption on the activated carbon adsorbent. The recycling method that has been optimized indicates potential for sustainable resource consumption and conservation, which may help the vehicle industry practice environmental stewardship.

Abstract Background Complementary feeding is crucial for infant growth, but poor hygiene during this period increases the risk of malnutrition and illness. In Ethiopia, national data on hygiene practices during complementary feeding, particularly among mothers of children aged 6–24 months, is limited. This study aims to synthesize existing data through a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the status of hygiene practices and identify key influencing factors, informing public health strategies to improve child health outcomes. Methods The systematic review methods were defined following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search strategy was implemented using electronic databases (Medline, Global Health, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Psyc INFO) as well as grey literature. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17 software to compute pooled prevalence and odds ratios (OR) for the determinant factors, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The systematic review and meta-analysis included six studies with 2,565 mothers. The overall pooled prevalence of hygienic practices during complementary feeding was 42% (95% CI: 35%–48%). Subgroup analysis showed a prevalence of 41% in southern Ethiopia and 39% in northern Ethiopia. Significant factors associated with better hygiene practices included having hand washing facilities near toilets (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.04–8.31, p = 0.01) and a positive attitude towards hygiene (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.07–4.69, p

Abstract Background Salmonella and Shigella are major enteric pathogens that cause diarrhea in children worldwide. They are pathogenic microbes that cause significant diarrheal morbidity and mortality in under five children in resource limited countries. Thus, this systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species and their multidrug resistance patterns in pediatric populations in Ethiopia. Methods The articles were searched extensively in the electronic databases and grey literature using entry terms or phrases. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria were extracted in MS Excel and exported for statistical analysis into STATA version 14 software. The overall pooled prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was computed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics with corresponding p-values. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of individual studies on the pooled effect size. Result Of a total of 742 identified studies, 89 studies were eligible for full-text analysis. Of 89 studies, 21 were included for meta-analysis involving 5318 study participants. These eligible studies reported a total of 593 bacterial isolates. The overall pooled prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella among pediatrics in Ethiopia was 10.70% (95% CI: 8.96–12.45), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 82.1%, p

Abstract Background Otitis media is among the leading causes of illnesses responsible for causing hearing problems and adding significant costs to the public health system. Bacteria are the most common causative agents for otitis media. Currently, there is little information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogenic bacterial isolates from patients with otitis media in Ethiopia. Methodology A laboratory – based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2023 among 242 patients with otitis media referred to Nekemte Public Health Research and Referral Laboratory Center. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained by trained nurses and/or health officers in face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. Middle ear discharge samples were collected by Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) specialists (Otolaryngologist) following all aseptic techniques. Conventional culture, different biochemical tests and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed for all the isolated bacteria. Reference strains were used as a positive and negative controls. The data were checked for completeness and consistency, entered into EpiData version 4.6.06 and analyzed by SPSS version 25. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associated factors of otitis media. Adjusted odds ratio was used to determine strength of association. Statistical significance was obtained at p-value of below 0.05. The data were interpreted using graphs, tables, and results statements. Results A total of 242 middle ear discharge samples were collected and cultured from which 212 (87.6%) were culture positive. A total of 228 pathogenic bacterial isolates were recovered. The predominant bacterial isolates were S. aureus 92 (40.4%) followed by P. aeruginosa 33 (14.5%) and E. coli 24 (10.5%). One hundred and fifty-one (66.2%) bacterial pathogens were multidrug resistant. Piperacillin-tazobactam and tobramycin were relatively common drugs to which most of the isolates were susceptible while they were most resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Purulent discharge (p-value = 0.001), middle ear discharge ≥ 14 days (P-value = 0.000) and a history of active/passive smoking (P-value = 0.043) were significantly associated with otitis media. Conclusion The prevalence of bacterial pathogens, most of which were multidrug-resistant, was high among patients with otitis media. A significant association was observed with purulent ear discharge, chronic otitis media, and passive or active smoking. Choosing the proper antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infection is crucial.