Search

International audience; Doping of transition metals within a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) has a high impact on the optical and magnetic properties of the QD. In this study, we report the synthesis of Mn 2+-doped Ag−In−Ga−Zn−S (Mn:AIGZS) QDs via thermolysis of a dithiocarbamate complex of Ag + , In 3+ , Ga 3+ , and Zn 2+ and of Mn(stearate) 2 in oleylamine. The influence of the Mn 2+ loading on the photoluminescence (PL) and magnetic properties of the dots are investigated. Mn:AIGZS QDs exhibit a diameter of ca. 2 nm, a high PL quantum yield (up to 41.3% for a 2.5% doping in Mn 2+), and robust photo-and colloidal stabilities. The optical properties of Mn:AIGZS QDs are preserved upon transfer into water using the glutathione tetramethylammonium ligand. At the same time, Mn:AIGZS QDs exhibit high relaxivity (r 1 = 0.15 mM −1 s −1 and r 2 = 0.57 mM −1 s −1 at 298 K and 2.34 T), which shows their potential applicability for bimodal PL/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes.

Direct and accurate radiocarbon dating of lipid residues preserved in ceramics is a recently established method that allows direct dating of specific food products and their inception in human subsistence strategies. The method targets individual fatty acids originating from animal fats such as ruminant dairy, ruminant adipose, non-ruminant adipose and aquatic fats. Horse lipid residues found in Central Asian pottery vessels are also directly dateable using this new method. Here we present the identification of equine lipid residues preserved in two pottery assemblages from the Neolithic and Eneolithic in Kazakhstan and their direct 14C dating. The site of Botai, previously radiocarbon-dated to the 4th millennium BC, was used as a reference to evaluate the dates obtained directly on horse lipids. The direct dating of equine products extracted from Botai potsherds are shown to be compatible with previous 14C dates at the site. The site of Bestamak, lacking previous14C measurements, had been relatively dated to the Neolithic based on pottery typologies. The direct dating of equine residues made it possible to anchor the pottery assemblage of Bestamak in the 6th millennium BC confirming their Neolithic attribution. These findings demonstrate the potential for dating horse products through a compound-specific approach, while highlighting challenges in 14C dating individual fatty acids from lipid extracts in which their abundances differ substantially.

Asthma is a severe and chronic disabling disease affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Although in the past few drugs for the treatment of asthma were available, new treatment options are currently emerging, which appear to be highly effective in certain subgroups of patients. Accordingly, there is a need for biomarkers that allow selection of patients for refined and personalized treatment strategies. Recently, serological chip tests based on microarrayed allergen molecules and peptides derived from the most common rhinovirus strains have been developed, which may discriminate 2 of the most common forms of asthma, that is, allergen- and virus-triggered asthma. In this perspective, we argue that classification of patients with asthma according to these common trigger factors may open new possibilities for personalized management of asthma., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas

Amphiphilic gradient copolymers represent a promising alternative to extensively used block copolymers due to their facile one-step synthesis by statistical copolymerization of monomers of different reactivity. Herein, an in-depth analysis is provided of micelles based on amphiphilic gradient poly(2-oxazoline)s with different chain lengths to evaluate their potential for micellar drug delivery systems and compare them to the analogous diblock copolymer micelles. Size, morphology, and stability of self-assembled nanoparticles, loading of hydrophobic drug curcumin, as well as cytotoxicities of the prepared nanoformulations are examined using copoly(2-oxazoline)s with varying chain lengths and comonomer ratios. In addition to several interesting differences between the two copolymer architecture classes, such as more compact self-assembled structures with faster exchange dynamics for the gradient copolymers, it is concluded that gradient copolymers provide stable curcumin nanoformulations with comparable drug loadings to block copolymer systems and benefit from more straightforward copolymer synthesis. The study demonstrates the potential of amphiphilic gradient copolymers as a versatile platform for the synthesis of new polymer therapeutics. acceptedVersion

International audience; La croissance rapide du cheptel mondial de dromadaires et de chameaux vise notamment à répondre à une demande croissante en lait de chamelle. Nous analysons ces mutations en étudiant le commerce en ligne, apparu récemment, de produits issus de lait de chamelle. Cette étude souligne l’émergence d’acteurs investis dans la production intensive de lait de chamelle, mais aussi dans le commerce de lait en poudre, de lait fermenté et de fromages. Ces nouveaux entrepreneurs du lait de chamelle sont implantés pour une bonne partie dans des pays dépourvus d’élevages camelins, notamment en Europe, aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et dans plusieurs pays émergents. Les prix du lait vendu par internet sont extrêmement variables, soulignant que ce marché est en cours de construction. L’émergence de ce commerce reflète une dynamique d’innovation duale. A cette économie laitière entrepreneuriale basée sur des échanges entre des fermes d’élevage intensif et des consommateurs éloignés s’oppose en effet une économie laitière de proximité basée sur le commerce périurbain de lait frais fortement corrélé aux systèmes pastoraux. Nous concluons sur des pistes de recherche et de développement pour rendre le commerce numérique de lait de chamelle plus inclusif.

We present results on the photothermal (PT) and heat conductive properties of nanogranular silicon (Si) films synthesized by evaporation of colloidal droplets (drop-casting) of 100 ± 50 nm-sized crystalline Si nanoparticles (NP) deposited on glass substrates. Simulations of the absorbed light intensity and photo-induced temperature distribution across the Si NP films were carried out by using the Finite difference time domain (FDTD) and finite element mesh (FEM) modeling and the obtained data were compared with the local temperatures measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy and then was used for determining the heat conductivities k in the films of various thicknesses. The cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition in Si NP films caused by laser-induced heating was found to be heavily influenced by the film thickness and heat-conductive properties of glass substrate, on which the films were deposited. The k values in drop-casted Si nanogranular films were found to be in the range of lowest k of other types of nanostructurely voided Si films due to enhanced phonon scattering across inherently voided topology, weak NP-NP and NP-substrate interface bonding within nanogranular Si films.

International audience; The environmental situation concerning pollution by (eco)toxic and persistent trace elements in Kazakhstan has been investigated by analytical reviews of scientific studies published over the past 20 years reporting concentrations of 10 toxic trace elements (TTE) observed in soil, sediments or surface water. A database of 62 articles published in Kazakh, Russian or English covered the majority of the territory of the country for soil and water samples but to a lesser extent for sediments. Reported concentrations were summarized using statistical parameters, then spatialized and finally classified in contamination classes according to local legislation. This analysis revealed some hotspots of TTE in surface waters (Cd and Pb), soil (As) and sediments (Cd and As). Hotspots of less toxic Cu, Zn and Mn were also detected. Spatialization of results allowed localization of these hotspots close to industrial sites, such as smelters or mining and metallurgic combines. Others have been shown to be close to disused mining sites or landfills with municipal waste. Methodological improvements for further studies have been suggested, such as to integrate more West Kazakhstan or remote areas in sampling campaigns, but also to describe more exhaustively the used analytical methods and to be more attentive to the speciation of the analyzed form of the element. Finally, a management strategy to strengthen a sustainable food policy has been proposed: to reduce emissions by modernization of industrial facilities and better waste management, to organize land use depending on the contamination levels and to reduce the bioavailability of the toxic elements.

International audience; Cet article étudie le rôle de la femme dans les proverbes kazakhs. Les proverbes sont le reflet de la mentalité d’une société et s’inspirent de la vie tout en touchant différents aspects de la culture, des traditions et coutumes d’un peuple. Les proverbes consacrés à la femme mettent en évidence son intelligence, sa loyauté, sa capacité de résoudre les conflits et son rôle dans l’éducation des enfants. Ces aspects sont présentés comme des caractéristiques propres aux femmes et déterminent les rôles occupés par celles-ci dans la société kazakhe.

International audience; La capacité de distinguer les couleurs est un élément essentiel de la perception visuelle d’une personne. La représentation des couleurs fixe les liens qui existent entre la langue et la réalité, la psychologie, la société et la culture. En effet, notre perception de la couleur fait appel non seulement à la réalité, mais également à nos sentiments, à nos émotions et à nos valeurs morales. En kazakh et en français, les lexèmes principaux transmettant les couleurs ont de nombreuses significations. Le but de cet article est d’examiner la structure sémantique des adjectifs kazakhs désignant les couleurs de base et de la comparer à la structure sémantique des mêmes adjectifs français, en se basant sur leurs sens dénotatifs et connotatifs.

Simple Summary The camel milk market was limited for a long time by its almost exclusive self-consumption use in nomadic camps. Significant development has been observed for the past two or three decades, including internationally, boosted by its reputation regarding its health effects for regular consumers. Such emergence has led the stakeholders in the sector to offer diversified products corresponding to the tastes of increasingly urbanized consumers, more sensitive to “modern” products. Thus, traditionally drunk in raw or naturally fermented form, camel milk has undergone unprecedented transformations such as pasteurization, directed fermentation, cheese or yoghurt processing, and manufacture of milk powder for the export market. However, the specific characteristics of this milk (composition, physical properties) mean that the technologies applied (copied from technologies used for cow milk) must be adapted. In this review, some technological innovations are presented, enabling stakeholders of the camel milk sector to satisfy the demand of manufacturers and consumers. Abstract Camel milk is a newcomer to domestic markets and especially to the international milk market. This recent emergence has been accompanied by a diversification of processed products, based on the technologies developed for milk from other dairy species. However, technical innovations had to be adapted to a product with specific behavior and composition. The transformation of camel milk into pasteurized milk, fermented milk, cheese, powder, or other products was supported, under the pressure of commercial development, by technological innovations made possible by a basic and applied research set. Some of these innovations regarding one of the less studied milk sources are presented here, as well as their limitations. Technical investigations for an optimal pasteurization, development of controlled fermentation at industrial scale, control of cheese technology suitable for standardized production, and improvements in processes for the supply of a high-quality milk powder are among the challenges of research regarding camel milk.

International audience; Chemical alterations in DNA induced by genotoxic factors can have a complex nature such as bulky DNA adducts, interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs), and clustered DNA lesions (including double-strand breaks, DSB). Complex DNA damage (CDD) has a complex character/structure as compared to singular lesions like randomly distributed abasic sites, deaminated, alkylated, and oxidized DNA bases. CDD is thought to be critical since they are more challenging to repair than singular lesions. Although CDD naturally constitutes a relatively minor fraction of the overall DNA damage induced by free radicals, DNA cross-linking agents, and ionizing radiation, if left unrepaired, these lesions cause a number of serious consequences, such as gross chromosomal rearrangements and genome instability. If not tightly controlled, the repair of ICLs and clustered bi-stranded oxidized bases via DNA excision repair will either inhibit initial steps of repair or produce persistent chromosomal breaks and consequently be lethal for the cells. Biochemical and genetic evidences indicate that the removal of CDD requires concurrent involvement of a number of distinct DNA repair pathways including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-mediated DNA strand break repair, base excision repair (BER), nucleotide incision repair (NIR), global genome and transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER and TC-NER, respectively), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) pathways. In this review, we describe the role of DNA glycosylase-mediated BER pathway in the removal of complex DNA lesions.

International audience; Background and Objective: Adulteration of dairy products by substitution of milk fat by vegetable oil is common in the Eurasian Economic Union. The objective of the paper is to investigate the potential adulteration of the fat and to test the more convenient methods of detection, i.e., determination of fatty acids or sterols profiles in commercial butter and cream. Materials and Methods: Ten samples of commercial butter and 8 samples of commercial sour cream were collected on the national market of Kazakhstan. The analyses involved the original sour cream and butter without any modification (deep-freezing) and were achieved within the shelf-life period. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by GS-FID and Sterol fractions were analyzed by GS-MS. Statistical analysis was achieved by principal components analysis (PCA), Pearson types, Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Sixty percent of the butter samples contained traces of phytosterols and one sample contained up to 78% $-sitosterol. In sour cream samples, only three contained 100% cholesterol while two contained more than 60% sitosterol. The detection of fat adulteration by analyzing the fatty acids patterns is convenient in case of massive substitution of milk fat, but a discrete substitution does not modify the fatty acids profiles leading to misinterpretation. Conclusion: The results exhort to give preference to sterol profile determination as an official method to detect fat adulteration in dairy products. This is even more important as the current standard used in Central Asia based on some fatty acids ratios can lead to incorrect conclusions.

Cytotoxicity of fluorescent carbon fluoroxide (CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) was studied in a label-free manner on several cancer and non-cancer cell lines. A direct cytotoxic effect of the CFO NPs was clearly observed by a suppression of cell proliferation. The real-time measurement of cell activities allowed to quantify the impact of the uptaken NPs on cell proliferation and after washout of the NPs from the cell culture medium. The results show more toxic effects of the CFO NPs on cancer than on non-cancer cell lines. The notion of NPs biocompatibility must be related to a maximum concentration value of the NPs acceptable for a given cell type. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effects of NPs should be studied not only during their direct exposure to cells but also after their washout from the culture medium., Nanoletters, 11 (12), ISSN:2079-4991

Patients with heart failure (HF) who contract SARS-CoV-2 infection are at a higher risk of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Regardless of therapeutic attempts in COVID-19, vaccination remains the most promising global approach at present for controlling this disease. There are several concerns and misconceptions regarding the clinical indications, optimal mode of delivery, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines for patients with HF. This document provides guidance to all healthcare professionals regarding the implementation of a COVID-19 vaccination scheme in patients with HF. COVID-19 vaccination is indicated in all patients with HF, including those who are immunocompromised (e.g. after heart transplantation receiving immunosuppressive therapy) and with frailty syndrome. It is preferable to vaccinate against COVID-19 patients with HF in an optimal clinical state, which would include clinical stability, adequate hydration and nutrition, optimized treatment of HF and other comorbidities (including iron deficiency), but corrective measures should not be allowed to delay vaccination. Patients with HF who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 need to continue precautionary measures, including the use of facemasks, hand hygiene and social distancing. Knowledge on strategies preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (including the COVID-19 vaccination) should be included in the comprehensive educational programmes delivered to patients with HF. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. [Abstract copyright: This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.]

International audience; A novel sensing system was designed for pH measurements based on the enhanced and quenched photoluminescence (PL) and UV–Vis absorption of the diluted water solutions of F-, O-, and N-containing carbon nanoparticles (FON-CNPs). These FON-CNPs were solvothermally synthesized, dissolved, ultra-filtrated, and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The total fluorine content in them was found to be 1.2–1.5 mmol per gram. Their TGA showed a total weight loss of 52.7% because of the thermal decomposition and detachment of the surface groups and the partial burning of the functionalized shell on the carbon core at temperatures below 1200 °C. TEM and Raman data confirmed the presence of graphitic structures in the carbon core. From the results of ATR FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopies, we showed that a carbon shell incorporates different functional groups covering the carbon core. The surface groups of the carbon shell include carboxyl, phenolic, and carbonyl groups. Heterocyclic N-containing and amino groups and trifluoromethyl groups supporting the hydrophobicity were also found. We suggested the possible reasons for the pH responses obtained with the sensing system considering them dependent on the de-protonation of functional groups with pH change.

HIV-1 infects T cells, but the most frequent AIDS-related lymphomas are of B-cell origin. Molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced oncogenic transformation of B cells remain largely unknown. HIV-1 Tat protein may participate in this process by penetrating and regulating gene expression in B cells. Both immune and cancer cells can reprogram communications between extracellular signals and intracellular signaling pathways via the Akt/mTORC1 pathway, which plays a key role in the cellular response to various stimuli including viral infection. Here, we investigated the role of HIV-1 Tat on the modulation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway in B cells. We found that HIV-1 Tat activated the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway, this leads to aberrant activation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) due to inhibition of the AICDA transcriptional repressors c-Myb and E2F8. These perturbations may ultimately lead to an increased genomic instability and proliferation that might cause B cell malignancies.

International audience

Proteins from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, such as PARP1 and PARP2, use NAD+as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of polymeric chains consisting of ADP-ribose units covalently attached to an acceptor molecule. PARP1 and PARP2 are viewed as DNA damage sensors that, upon binding to strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate themselves and nuclear acceptor proteins. The flowering plantArabidopsis thalianacontains three genes encoding homologs of mammalian PARPs:atPARP1,atPARP2, andatPARP3. Both atPARP1 and atPARP2 contain poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating activity; however, it is unknown whether they could covalently modify DNA by ADP-ribosylating the strand break termini. Here, we report that similar to their mammalian counterparts, the plant atPARP1 and atPARP2 proteins ADP-ribosylate 5′-terminal phosphate residues in duplex DNA oligonucleotides and plasmid containing at least two closely spaced DNA strand breaks. AtPARP1 preferentially catalyzes covalent attachment of ADP-ribose units to the ends of recessed DNA duplexes containing 5′-phosphate, whereas atPARP2 preferentially ADP-ribosylates the nicked and gapped DNA duplexes containing the terminal 5′-phosphate. Similar to their mammalian counterparts, the plant PARP-catalyzed DNA ADP-ribosylation is particularly sensitive to the distance that separates two strand breaks in the same DNA molecule, 1.5 and 1 or 2 turns of helix for atPARP1 and atPARP2, respectively. PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) restored native DNA structure by hydrolyzing the PAR–DNA adducts generated by atPARPs. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses of the PAR–DNA adducts showed that atPARPs utilize phosphorylated DNA termini as an alternative to protein acceptor residues to catalyze PAR chain synthesisviaphosphodiester bond formation between C1′ of ADP-ribose and a phosphate residue of the terminal nucleotide in DNA fragment. Taken together, these data establish the presence of a new type of DNA-modifying activity inArabidopsisPARPs, suggesting a possible role of DNA ADP-ribosylation in DNA damage signaling and repair of terrestrial plants.

International audience; The transfer of POPs in food of animal origin has been studied by a meta-analysis of 28 peer-reviewed articles using transfer rate (TR) for milk and eggs and bioconcentration factors (BCF) for eligible tissues after establishing an adapted methodology. TRs of the most toxic PCDD/Fs into milk were generally elevated and even higher into eggs. BCFs in excreting adult animals varied widely between studies complicating to hierarchize tissues or congeners, even if liver and fat seemed to bioconcentrate more than lean tissues. Short time studies have clearly shown low BCFs contrarily to field studies showing the highest BCFs. The BCFs of PCDD/Fs in growing animals were higher in liver than in fat or muscle. In contrast to easily bioconcentrating hexachlorinated congeners, octa- and heptachlorinated congeners barely bioconcentrate. PCB transfer into milk and eggs was systematically high for very lipophilic congeners. Highly ortho-chlorinated PCBs were transferred >50% into milk and eggs and even >70% for congeners 123 and 167 into eggs. BCFs of the most toxic PCBs 126 and 169 were significantly higher than for less toxic congeners. BCFs seem generally low in PBDEs except congeners 47, 153 and 154. DDT and its metabolites showed high bioconcentration. Differences between tissues appeared but were masked by a study effect. In addition to some methodologic recommendations, this analysis showed the high transfer of POPs into eggs, milk and liver when animals were exposed justifying a strong monitoring in areas with POP exposure.

All-solid-state batteries were fabricated by assembling a layer of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes grown on as anode, a thin-film of polymer as an electrolyte and separator, and a layer of composite LiFePO4 as a cathode. The synthesis of self-organized TiO2 NTs from Ti-6Al-4V alloy was carried out via one-step electrochemical anodization in a fluoride ethylene glycol containing electrolytes. The electrodeposition of the polymer electrolyte onto anatase TiO2 NTs was performed by cyclic voltammetry. The anodized Ti-6Al-4V alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical properties of the anodized Ti-6Al-4V alloys were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry techniques. The full-cell shows a high first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of 96.8% with a capacity retention of 97.4% after 50 cycles and delivers a stable discharge capacity of 63 μAh cm−2 μm−1 (119 mAh g−1) at a kinetic rate of C/10.

The group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are particularly dangerous for the environment and by consequence for human health because of the risk to be transmitted in the food chain. Among them, the urgent problem of obsolete and forbidden organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) needs a rigorous management in many countries, including Kazakhstan. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of pesticides content in food products on the genetic status and health of the population living on the contaminated areas near destroyed warehouses for OCPs (4 villages of Talgar district and 1 control site, Almaty region). The food products sampled in Taukaraturyk (control site), and in 4 villages where non-utilized obsolete pesticides were discovered: Beskainar, Kyzylkairat, Amangeldy, and Belbulak. The contents of 24 pesticides in food products from plant (apples, pears, tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers) and animal (beef meat, cow milk, honey) origin, that grown in places of localization of non-utilized OCPs, were determined, sometimes in high and unacceptably high concentrations (before 2500 times over MRL). In pears, the pesticides content (especially DDT, γ-HCH, β-HCH, endosulfan, and aldrin pesticide group), was higher than in other fruits. Among vegetables, the highest levels of all groups of pesticide were found in cucumbers. Beef meat samples demonstrated increased contents of β-HCH, γ-HCH, endrin and dieldrin. In cow milk samples only the high concentration of dieldrin was found. The content of pesticides in meat was 4–5 times higher than in milk. The medical examinations, carried out among the cohorts living around the polluted by pesticides territories and control cohort from ecologically favorable village, showed that there were more individuals with high and middle levels of somatic health in the control group than in groups exposed to OCPs. The long-term effect of the pesticide contamination of the environment on genetic status of the population was assessed by chromosomal aberration (CA) frequencies. The highest level of chromosomal aberrations was identified for the examined residents of Kyzylkairat (41%) and Belbulak (38%), a high level in Amangeldy (12%), and middle level in Beskainar (6.5%). The association between the CA frequency, health status and the pesticides contents in food were assessed by a Spearman rank correlation. The low indicators of somatic health status were strictly associated with high levels of CA, and good health status indicates that the CA rates did not exceed the spontaneous level of mutagenesis. The strongest correlation was shown between high levels of chromosomal aberrations and the content of different pesticides in pears (Cr = 0.979–0.467), tomatoes (Cr = 0.877–0.476), cucumbers (Cr = 0.975–0.553) and meat (Cr = 0.839–0.368). The obtained results highlight the need to improve health protection by increasing the public awareness to the security of the storage of obsolete OCPs in order to strengthen food safety by efficient control services.

Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are the most variable-sized mammalian species on Earth displaying a 40-fold size difference between breeds(1). Although dogs of variable size are found in the archeological record(2–4), the most dramatic shifts in body size are the result of selection over the last two centuries, as dog breeders selected and propagated phenotypic extremes within closed breeding populations(5). Analyses of over 200 domestic breeds have identified approximately 20 body size genes regulating insulin processing, fatty acid metabolism, TGFβ signaling and skeletal formation(6–10). Of these, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) predominates, controlling approximately 15% of body size variation between breeds(8). The identification of a functional mutation associated with IGF1 has thus far proven elusive(6,10,11). Here, to identify and elucidate the role of an ancestral IGF1 allele in the propagation of modern canids, we analyzed 1,431 genome sequences from 13 species, including both ancient and modern canids, thus allowing us to define the evolutionary history of both ancestral and derived alleles at this locus. We identified a single variant in an antisense long non-coding RNA (IGF1-AS) that interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) gene creating a duplex. While the derived mutation predominates in both modern grey wolves and large domestic breeds, the ancestral allele, which predisposes to small size, was common in small-sized breeds and smaller wild canids. Our analyses demonstrate that this major regulator of canid body size nearly vanished in Pleistocene wolves, before its recent resurgence resulting from human-imposed selection for small-sized breed dogs.

At world level, the current official number of large camelids cannot be determined exactly (it is estimated to be more than 35 million heads), and the role of camels in the livestock economy is highly variable. The only reliable statistics are provided by FAO since 1961. According to these data, five different patterns of demographic changes have been observed. In countries marked by a regular or drastic decline of their camelid population, a tendency to re-increase has been in force since the beginning of the century, except in India. Generally, countries marked by a sharp recent increase in their large camelid population have implemented a census and readjusted their data. Many inconsistencies occur in available data, most notably cases arising from changes occurring in state status (for example secession of Eritrea, Soviet Union collapse). Moreover, large camelid stocks in Australia, in countries of new camel establishment (Western countries) and those related to the expansion of camel farming, notably in Africa, are not recorded in the international database. In addition, there is no distinction between dromedary and Bactrian data. The present large camelid population in the world is probably more than 40 million and could reach 60 million after 25 years from now if the current demographic trend is maintained.

Germination is a process of seed sprouting that facilitates embryo growth. The breakdown of reserved starch in the endosperm into simple sugars is essential for seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. At the early stage of germination, gibberellic acid (GA) activates transcription factor GAMYB to promote de novo synthesis of isoforms of α-amylase in the aleurone layer and scutellar epithelium of the embryo. Here, we demonstrate that wheat germination is regulated by plant target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. TOR is a central component of the essential-nutrient–dependent pathway controlling cell growth in all eukaryotes. It is known that rapamycin, a highly specific allosteric inhibitor of TOR, is effective in yeast and animal cells but ineffective in most of higher plants likely owing to structural differences in ubiquitous rapamycin receptor FKBP12. The action of rapamycin on wheat growth has not been studied. Our data show that rapamycin inhibits germination of wheat seeds and of their isolated embryos in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of Triticum aestivum TOR (TaTOR) in wheat germination was consistent with the suppression of wheat embryo growth by specific inhibitors of the TOR kinase: pp242 or torin1. Rapamycin or torin1 interfered with GA function in germination because of a potent inhibitory effect on α-amylase and GAMYB gene expression. The TOR inhibitors selectively targeted the GA-dependent gene expression, whereas expression of the abscisic acid-dependent ABI5 gene was not affected by either rapamycin or torin1. To determine whether the TaTOR kinase activation takes place during wheat germination, we examined phosphorylation of a ribosomal protein, T. aestivum S6 kinase 1 (TaS6K1; a substrate of TOR). The phosphorylation of serine 467 (S467) in a hydrophobic motif on TaS6K1 was induced in a process of germination triggered by GA. Moreover, the germination-induced phosphorylation of TaS6K1 on S467 was dependent on TaTOR and was inhibited by rapamycin or torin1. Besides, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor (paclobutrazol; PBZ) blocked not only α-amylase gene expression but also TaS6K1 phosphorylation in wheat embryos. Thus, a hormonal action of GA turns on the synthesis of α-amylase in wheat germination via activation of the TaTOR–S6K1 signaling pathway.

Part 4: Security and Privacy Issues; International audience; The article substantiates the need of the use of intelligent computer technologies in order to automate the process of analysis of emergency situations on the railway transport. There were considered the analysis variants with automatic generation of recommendations for managers for ES elimination in order to reduce time to develop and to make an informed decision. It is shown that during the analysis of emergencies on the railway transport a particular importance has the development of methods for creating decision support systems (DSS) based on the modeling of transient technogenic emergencies as a complex dynamic process taking into account cause and effect relationships. There is substantiated the necessity of the implementation of a modular software product for the intellectual analysis of emergency situations and the development of operational recommendations for managers on their liquidation. There was made the tasks detalization performed after the receipt of information on the development of the situation. On the basis of detailed tasks, there was created a conceptual model of the decision-making process. Developed a new formalized description of the model for the task of recognizing the situation and making primary decisions. The model differs from the known ones in that it takes into account the information dependencies of the situation parameters that are available to the decision maker. This makes it possible to formalize the decision-making process for recognizing and predicting a situation.

International audience; Self-organized Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes grown on Ti grid acting as anode for Li-ion microbatteries were prepared via an electrochemical anodization. By tuning the anodization time, the morphology and length of the nanotubes were investigated by scanning electron microscope. When the anodization time reached 1.5 h, the TiO2nts/Ti grid anode showed a well-defined nanotubes, which are stable, well-adherent ~90 nm with a length of 1.9 ± 0.1 μm. Due to their high surface utilization, surface area, and material loading per unit area, TiO2nts/Ti grid anode using polymer electrolyte exhibited a high areal capacity of 376 μAh cm−2 at C/10 rate and a stable discharge plateau at 1.8 V without using a polymer binder and conductive additive. The storage capacity of the TiO2nts/Ti grid after 10 cycles is 15 times higher compared to previous reports using planar Ti foils.

International audience; This paper presents new radiocarbon dates and the results of the first archaeobotanical investigations at Eneolithic Botai site, for the first time aiming to explore the plant food component in the diet of Botai population and if the inhabitants of the Botai were a part of an early crop food exchange network. Our excavation of a hut circle and associated radiocarbon dating placed its occupation within a date range commencing around 3550 and 3030 cal BC and ending between 3080 and 2670 cal BC. A separate feature (likely a stove or kiln), excavated in test trench E, would seem to be younger, around 2000 cal BC. The dating of the site thus also indicates a previously unknown later occupation at Botai, opening further discussions on human subsistence and interaction as well as horse management in northern Eurasia from the Eneolithic to the Bronze Age. The archaeobotanical results, derived from systematic sampling and analysis of macrobotanical remains, plant phytoliths, and molecular biomarker analysis show that the Botai populations were not part of any wider crop network. The relatively small seed count would indicate that plant foods did not constitute a substantial component of economic life. On the other hand, the presence of miliacin could suggest possible millet cultivation or consumption in this region at some point in the past, possibly after the main occupation period of Botai.

International audience; Поступило в Редакцию 17 января 2019 г. В окончательной редакции 17 января 2019 г. Принято к публикации 24 апреля 2019 г. Проведено исследование взаимодействия пространственного сверхзвукового турбулентного потока газа с вдуваемой перпендикулярно со стенки звуковой струей, направленное на выявление и углубленное пони-мание механизмов образования вихрей за вдуваемой звуковой струей в сверхзвуковом натекающем потоке в зависимости от (отношение давления в струе к давлению в потоке). Решение трехмерных осредненных по Фавру уравнений Навье−Стокса, замкнутых k−ω моделью турбулентности, осуществляется с помощью алгоритма, построенного на основе ENO-схемы высокого порядка аппроксимации. Показано присутствие известных из ряда теоретических работ вихревых структур. Определены параметры нерасчетности, при которых появляется дополнительная пара вихрей, где одна пара возникает в результате взаимодействия замедленного потока струи за диском Маха и высокоскоростного восходящего внешнего потока струи, а вторая обусловлена взаимодействием потока над струей с бочкообразной структурой. В результате сравнительного анализа выявлены условия, при которых наблюдается четкая картина дополнительных роговых вихрей вблизи стенки в области за струей. Получена зависимость угла наклона головного скачка уплотнения от параметра нерасчетности. Установлено удовлетворительное согласие распределения давления на стенке перед струей в плоскости симметрии с экспериментальными данными. Ключевые слова: численное моделирование, сверхзвуковое течение, совершенный газ, пограничный слой, уравнения Навье−Стокса, параметр нерасчетности, ударная волна. Введение Течения высокоскоростных струй в поперечном по-токе обеспечивают эффективное смешивание топли-ва и окислителя, имеющего решающее значение для сверхзвукового горения. На данный момент известно большое количество экспериментальных [1-5] и теоре-тических [6-14] исследований, в которых достаточно хорошо изучен механизм образования ударно-волновой структуры струйного взаимодействия для умеренных параметров нерасчетности n (отношение давления в струе к давлению в потоке). Общую картину течения схематически можно представить следующим образом (рис. 1, a-пространственная картина, b-на линии симметрии): линия 1-головной скачок уплотнения, возникающий вследствие торможения набегающего по-тока перед струей, линии 2, 3-косой и замыкающий скачки уплотнения соответственно. Головной, косой и замыкающий скачки уплотнения, пересекаясь в одной точке, образуют λ-образную структуру. Буквами D и B обозначены диск Маха и бочкообразная структура в струе соответственно. Линиями 4 и 5 изображены хоро-шо известные два противоположно вращающихся вихря перед струей, появляющихся из-за большого градиен-та давления, создаваемого на стенке перед вдуваемой струей и, как следствие, отрыва пограничного слоя. На рис. 1, c схематически иллюстрируется вихревая структура за струей, которая, как известно, вносит существенный вклад в смешение топлива и окислите-ля. Здесь линией 6 представлен вихревой след, 8-это общеизвестная противоположно-вращающаяся пара вихрей в самой струе, образованная прогибом струи и конвекцией поперечного потока, также здесь приведен подковообразный вихрь 7. Однако в работе [9] в результате численного модели-рования течения с параметром нерасчетности n = 282 и в расчетах [13], проведенных с параметрами нерас-четности в диапазоне 10 ≤ n ≤ 50, выявлено наличие дополнительных пар вихрей за струей, которая схемати-чески также иллюстрируется на рис. 1, c. В этой картине новыми являются вихревые структуры 9 и 10, где пара вихрей 9 возникает за счет взаимодействия струи, прохо-1513

Mn-Doped quantum dots (QDs) are of high interest for numerous applications like solar cells, optoelectronics, optosensing, or bioimaging. Here, we report the preparation of quaternary (AgInS2)x(MnS)y(ZnS)1−x−y QDs, thereafter noted Mn : AIZS via a thermally induced decomposition of Ag, In, Zn and Mn precursors in the presence of oleylamine and dodecanethiol. The Mn : AIZS QDs have an average diameter of 3.5 nm and their XRD patterns can be indexed with the orthorhombic phase of AgInS2. The incorporation of Mn2+ ions in the AIZS crystal lattice results in a red-shift of the photoluminescence (PL) emission maximum depending on the Mn2+ content. The PL quantum yields decrease upon loading with Mn2+ but remained high (53–31%) until 50% theoretical loading in Mn2+. Steady state, PL excitation and time-resolved PL measurements suggest that Mn2+-dependent trap states are involved in the PL emission. Mn : AIZS QDs exhibit also magnetic properties. In addition, Mn : AIZS QDs can easily be transferred to the aqueous phase using the PMAO amphiphilic polymer without alteration of their optical properties (PL quantum yield up to 51%), revealing their high potential for biological applications.

International audience; In this paper, the electrochemical reduction of indium on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in a chloride electrolyte in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBACh) was studied using the rotating disk electrode method, chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the addition of TBACh inhibits the electroreduction of indium by increasing the activation energy of the process by 17 kJ mol-1 , and also shows leveling action at its low concentrations. The diffusion coefficient of indium (III) ions found from Levich equation at 25°C, was 4.93× 10-6 cm 2 s-1. The In 3+ diffusion coefficient determined using the Levich equation are consistent with the values determined by the Cottrell law and universal Stokes-Einstein equation. The addition of 10-4 M TBACh to the electrolyte reduces the diffusion coefficient to 2.13× 10-6 cm 2 s-1. Manuscript_9f996fd397815e746fb670bc4bfea5eb 2 The type of crystallization corresponding to the progressive 3D nucleation with diffusion control has been established. Using the Scharifker-Hills, Scharifker-Mostany and Mirkin-Nilov-Heerman-Tarallo models nucleation parameters were calculated, which correlate well with the results of scanning electron microscopy. Addition of TBACh increases the nucleation rate at-0.90 V from 9.19× 10 6 cm-2 s-1 to 48.09× 10 6 cm-2 s-1 and reduces the average radius of grains of indium coatings from 18.0 μm to 6.8 μm.

International audience; PremiseGladiolus palustris (Iridaceae) is an endangered European perennial tetraploid herb with special conservation interest in the European Union. Microsatellite markers can serve as effective tools for the conservation genetics of this species.Methods and ResultsWe utilized a 454 pyrosequencing approach to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) regions in a microsatellite‐enriched library. Of all SSR regions, 46 were screened for specific PCR amplification, and 15 were found to be applicable in the target species. We found 1.62–3.08 alleles per population (effective alleles: 1.58–2.08) that indicated moderate to high genetic diversity values (0.28–0.44) in three pilot populations. Cross‐species amplification was less effective in G. imbricatus and G. tenuis.ConclusionsThe primers reported here can be used for the population genetic characterization of G. palustris. They will help us to better understand the conservation genetics of this highly endangered species.

Hydrogen generation rate is one of the most important parameters which must be considered for the development of engineering solutions in the field of hydrogen energy applications. In this paper, the kinetics of hydrogen generation from oxidation of hydrogenated porous silicon nanopowders in water are analyzed in detail. The splitting of the Si-H bonds of the nanopowders and water molecules during the oxidation reaction results in powerful hydrogen generation. The described technology is shown to be perfectly tunable and allows us to manage the kinetics by: (i) varying size distribution and porosity of silicon nanoparticles, (ii) chemical composition of oxidizing solutions, (iii) ambient temperature. In particular, hydrogen release below 0 &deg, C is one of the significant advantages of such a technological way of performing hydrogen generation.

International audience; We report the electrodeposition of polymer electrolyte (PMMA-PEG) in porous lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) cathode layer by cyclic voltammetry. The cathode-electrolyte interface of the polymer-coated LNMO electrode has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical measurements consisting of galvanostatic cycling tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a significant improvement of the capacity values and the increase of the operating voltage. These effects are attributed to the total filling of pores by the electrodeposited polymer that contributes to improve the reversible insertion of Li+. A complete all-solid-state microbattery consisting of electropolymerized LNMO as the cathode, a thin polymer layer as the electrolyte, and TiO2 nanotubes as the anode has been successfully fabricated and tested.

International audience; Background: DNA repair is essential to counteract damage to DNA induced by endo-and exogenous factors, to maintain genome stability. However, challenges to the faithful discrimination between damaged and non-damaged DNA strands do exist, such as mismatched pairs between two regular bases resulting from spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine or DNA polymerase errors during replication. To counteract these mutagenic threats to genome stability, cells evolved the mismatch-specific DNA glycosylases that can recognize and remove regular DNA bases in the mismatched DNA duplexes. The Escherichia coli adenine-DNA glycosylase (MutY/MicA) protects cells against oxidative stress-induced mutagenesis by removing adenine which is mispaired with 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) in the base excision repair pathway. However, MutY does not discriminate between template and newly synthesized DNA strands. Therefore the ability to remove A from 8oxoG•A mispair, which is generated via misincorporation of an 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-triphosphate precursor during DNA replication and in which A is the template base, can induce A•T/C•G transversions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that human MUTYH, homologous to the bacterial MutY, might be involved in the aberrant processing of ultraviolet (UV) induced DNA damage. Methods: Here, we investigated the role of MutY in UV-induced mutagenesis in E. coli. MutY was probed on DNA duplexes containing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproduct (6-4PP). UV irradiation of E. coli induces Save Our Souls (SOS) response characterized by increased production of DNA repair enzymes and mutagenesis. To study the role of MutY in vivo, the mutation frequencies to rifampicin-resistant (RifR) after UV irradiation of wild type and mutant E. coli strains were measured. Results: We demonstrated that MutY does not excise Adenine when it is paired with CPD and 6–4PP adducts in duplex DNA. At the same time, MutY excises Adenine in A•G and A•8oxoG mispairs. Interestingly, E. coli mutY strains, which have elevated spontaneous mutation rate, exhibited low mutational induction after UV exposure as compared to MutY-proficient strains. However, sequence analysis of RifR mutants revealed that the frequencies of C/T transitions dramatically increased after UV irradiation in both MutY-proficient and -deficient E. coli strains. Discussion: These findings indicate that the bacterial MutY is not involved in the aberrant DNA repair of UV-induced DNA damage

International audience; miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding with mRNAs of many genes. Studying their effects on genes involved in oncogenesis is important in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. The RNAHybrid 2.1 program was used to predict the strong miRNA binding sites (p < 0.0005) in target mRNAs. The program Finder 2.2 was created to verify 784 intergenic miRNAs (ig-miRNA) origin. Among 54 considered oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, 47 genes are the best targets for ig-miRNAs. Accordingly, these genes are strongly regulated by 111 ig-miRNAs. Some miRNAs bind several mRNAs, and some mRNAs have several binding sites for miRNAs. Of the 54 mRNAs, 21.8%, 43.0%, and 35.2% of the miRNA binding sites are present in the 5'UTRs, CDSes, and 3'UTRs, respectively. The average density of the binding sites for miRNAs in the 5'UTR was 4.4 times and 4.1 times greater than in the CDS and the 3'UTR, respectively. Three types of interactions between miRNAs and mRNAs were identified, which differ according to the region of the miRNA bound to the mRNA: 1) binding occurs predominantly via the 3'-region of the miRNA; 2) binding occurs predominantly through the central region of the miRNA; and 3) binding occurs predominantly via the 5'-region of the miRNA. Several miRNAs effectively regulate only one gene, and this information could be useful in molecular medicine to modulate translation of the target mRNA. We recommend described new sites for validation by experimental investigation.; miRNAs regulent l'expression des genes par fixation avec le mRNAs de nombreux gènes. L'étude de leur effet sur les gènes impliqués dans l'oncogénèse est importante pour le diagnostic du cancer et sa thérapeutique. Le programme RNAHybrid 2.1 a été utilisé pour prédire des sites de fixation forts de miRNA (p < 0.0005) dans des mRNAs cibles. Le program Finder 2.2 a été écrit pour vérifier l'origine 784 miRNAs intergeniques (ig-miRNA) . Plusieurs miRNAs ne reegulent effectivement qu'un seul gène et cette information pourrait être utile en médecine moléculaire pour modérer la traduction du mRNA cible.

International audience; This work describes the performance of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymer and modified poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA-M) as pour point reducer. Commercially available EVA copolymer modified with sodium hydroxide in methanol. Partially hydrolyzed EVA was obtained and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) analysis of the modified EVA was recorded. The modified and unmodified EVA was used to crude oil of South Turgai, Kazakhstan, in order to improve the flowability of the crude oil. According to the rheological behavior of oils in the South Turgai, the findings showed that modified EVA lowered the dynamic viscosity greater compared to unmodified EVA and heat treatment. Dynamic viscosities and yield points of different oils with various temperatures with using EVA and EVA-M were studied systematically. Finally microphotograph of crystal structures two oils with using EVA and EVA-M, under same conditions, were compared and discussed.

We present a new concept for a two-pole superconducting synchronous machine. This electrical motor is composed of a classical stator yoke, and an original superconducting inductor. The inductor is composed of two coaxial circular superconducting coils separated by superconducting bulks. Both solenoids are fed by a direct current and each of them produces a magnetic field in the same direction. An inclined superconducting bulk is placed between the two solenoids. It is used as superconducting magnetic barrier. The diamagnetic behavior of a superconducting bulk cooled under zero-field is used to obtain a variation of the magnetic flux density in the air-gap. The inductor is made of low-temperature superconducting wires for the coils, NbTi, and a high-temperature superconducting YBCO bulk, cooled down to 4.2K using liquid helium for the flux barrier. The armature is wound with copper wires as a classical one. We present design and tests of this superconducting motor. We made no load, short-circuit and full load tests.

Genomic selection is focused on prediction of breeding values of selection candidates by means of high density of markers. It relies on the assumption that all quantitative trait loci (QTLs) tend to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with at least one marker. In this context, we present theoretical results regarding the accuracy of genomic selection, i.e., the correlation between predicted and true breeding values. Typically, for individuals (so-called test individuals), breeding values are predicted by means of markers, using marker effects estimated by fitting a ridge regression model to a set of training individuals. We present a theoretical expression for the accuracy; this expression is suitable for any configurations of LD between QTLs and markers. We also introduce a new accuracy proxy that is free of the QTL parameters and easily computable; it outperforms the proxies suggested in the literature, in particular, those based on an estimated effective number of independent loci (Me ). The theoretical formula, the new proxy, and existing proxies were compared for simulated data, and the results point to the validity of our approach. The calculations were also illustrated on a new perennial ryegrass set (367 individuals) genotyped for 24,957 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this case, most of the proxies studied yielded similar results because of the lack of markers for coverage of the entire genome (2.7 Gb).

International audience; Oxidatively generated guanine radical cations in DNA can undergo various nucleophilic reactions including the formation of C8-guanine cross-links with adjacent or nearby N3-thymines in DNA in the presence of O$_2$. The G*[C8-N3]T* lesions have been identified in the DNA of human cells exposed to oxidative stress, and are most likely genotoxic if not removed by cellular defense mechanisms. It has been shown that the G*[C8-N3]T* lesions are substrates of nucleotide excision repair in human cell extracts. Cleavage at the sites of the lesions was also observed but not further investigated (Ding et al. (2012) $Nucleic$ $Acids$ $Res.$ 40, 2506-2517). Using a panel of eukaryotic and prokaryotic bifunctional DNA glycosylases/lyases (NEIL1, Nei, Fpg, Nth, and NTH1) and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases (Apn1, APE1, and Nfo), the analysis of cleavage fragments by PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS show that the G*[C8-N3]T* lesions in 17-mer duplexes are incised on either side of G*, that none of the recovered cleavage fragments contain G*, and that T* is converted to a normal T in the 3'-fragment cleavage products. The abilities of the DNA glycosylases to incise the DNA strand adjacent to G*, while this base is initially cross-linked with T*, is a surprising observation and an indication of the versatility of these base excision repair proteins.

International audience; The article deals with one of the topical issues not only for Kazakhstan, but for the whole world problem of inter-religious dialogue. It implementsthe analysis of the causes of people leaving to the destructive organizations within Kazakhstan statehood. The author tried to reveal the featuresof Kazakhstan model of tolerance that has the further development especially during nowadays crisis. It is obviously that conflict between confessions is detrimental not only to the state, society, but to religion itself. Therefore religion to the eve of global development problems, acquired a chance to act as a moral spiritual force in the world today. The dialogue between religions, between society and religion, between state and religion is urgent.; В статье рассматривается одна из актуальных тем не только для Казахстана, но для всего мирапроблема межконфессиональногодиалога. В ней реализован анализ причин ухода людей в деструктивные организации в рамках казахстанской государственности. Авторстарался раскрыть особенности казахстанской модели толерантности, которая особенно при сегодняшнем кризисе должна получитьдальнейшее развитие. Сегодня, как ясный день, очевидно противоречие между конфессиями наносит ущерб не только государству, обществу, но и самой религии. Поэтому религия в преддверии проблем глобального развития приобрела шанс выступить в качестве нравственной духовной силы в современном мире. Диалог между религиями, между обществом и религией, между государством и религией все актуальнее.

International audience; In aerospace field the economic realization of a spacecraft is one of the main objectives which should be accomplished by conceiving the optimal propulsion system and best control programs. This article focuses on the implementation of uncertain control system theory and development of a robust control system of Spacecraft Motion Trajectory (SMT). The proposed strategy involves the nonlinear mathematical model of SMT expressed in the central field, which is linearized by the Taylor expansion, and model reference Adaptive Control Approach (ACA) with the second Lyapunov method to offer a high rate and unfailing performance in the functioning. The efficiencies of the linearization procedure and the control approach are theoretically investigated through some realistic simulations and tests under Matlab.

International audience; The interaction of 784 intergenic (ig-miRNA), 686 intronic (in-miRNA) and 49 exonic miRNAs (ex-miRNA) with mRNAs of 51 oncogenes coding in-miRNAs was investigated. Out of the studied genes, 44 were targets for 94 ig-miRNAs, 29 were targets for 44 in-miRNAs and 7 were targets for 7 ex-miRNAs. The density of miRNA binding sites was higher in 5'-untranslated regions than it was in coding sequences and 3'-untranslated regions. Three types of miRNA interaction with mRNA were revealed: 5'-dominant canonical, 3'-compensatory and complementary types. In-miRNAs do not interact with mRNAs of host genes (where in-miRNA is encoded). Linkage between some mRNAs of genes encodes in-miRNAs via other in-miRNAs was revealed. These data promote the understanding of interaction mechanism of miRNA with mRNA genes participating in gastrointestinal and breast cancers.; L'interaction de miRNAs avec des mRNAs de 51 incogènes a été étudiée, Trois types d'interaction ont été mis en évidence. Ces données améliorent la compréhension du mécanisme d'interaction des miRNAs avec des gènes mRNAs impliqués dans des cancers de l'intestin ou du sein.

Regulatory relationships of 686 intronic miRNA and 784 intergenic miRNAs with mRNAs of 51 intronic miRNA coding genes were established. Interaction features of studied miRNAs with 5'UTR, CDS and 3'UTR of mRNA of each gene were revealed. Functional regions of mRNA were shown to be significantly heterogenous according to the number of binding sites of miRNA and to the location density of these sites., World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (2011)

International audience; We define new profiles based on hydropathy properties and point out specific profiles for regions surrounding splice sites. We built a set T of flanking regions of genes with 1-3 introns from 21st and 22nd chromosomes. These genes contained 313 introns and 385 exons and were extracted from GenBank. They were used in order to define hydropathy profiles. Most human introns, around 99.66%, are likely to be U2- type introns. They have highly degenerate sequence motifs and many different sequences can function as U2-type splice sites. Our new profiles allow to identify regions which have conservative biochemical features that are essential for recognition by spliceosome. We have also found differences between hydropathy profiles for U2 or U12-types of introns on sets of spice sites extracted from SpliceRack database in order to distinguish GT-AG introns belonging to U2 and U12-types. Indeed, intron type cannot be simply determined by the dinucleotide termini. We show that there is a similarity of hydropathy profiles inside intron types. On the one hand, GT-AG and GC-AG introns belonging to U2-type have resembling hydropathy profiles as well as AT-AC and GT-AG introns belonging to U12-type. On the other hand, hydropathy profiles of U2 and U12-types GT-AG introns are completely different. Finally, we define and compute a pvalue; we compare our profiles with the profiles provided by a classical method, Pictogram.

The solid speciation of some radiologically important radioelements has been examined in soils sampled at the former Semipalatinsk (Nuclear) Test Site (STS) and at Kurdai, the site of a former major uranium mining operation - both situated in Kazakhstan. Specifically, the partitioning of radiostrontium, radiocaesium and plutonium has been examined using sequential extraction on selected soils from the test site, while the partitioning of radium and uranium has been evaluated in soils at Kurdai. The data show that at the STS, in general, little (if any) of the radiostrontium, radiocaesium and plutonium is in an exchangeable form, with the great bulk of the radiostrontium and radiocaesium in a strongly bound or refractory form. In the case of plutonium, the proportion in a strongly bound or refractory form varies from 40% to 95% depending on site and appears to be a function of the explosive yield involved. At the Kurdai ore deposit, less than 5% of the uranium and radium is in an exchangeable form, with some 35-60% of the uranium and the bulk of the radium in a strongly bound or residual form. © 2009 al-Farabi Kazakh National University.

International audience; The aim of this paper is to present a new concept of superconducting inductor for a synchronous machine. This inductor consists of two superconducting coils. These coils have the same axis and are fed by the same current. A superconducting bulk is placed between the two coils in order to obtain a variation of the flux density in the air-gap. This bulk is surrounded by a ferromagnetic material to improve the distribution of the air-gap magnetic field. With the proposed superconducting inductor, we obtain an electrical machine which presents two poles with a high value of the magnetic field in the air gap. In order to show the feasibility of this new superconducting inductor, a prototype has been built and experimental results are given in this paper.