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Baby chicks administered a fecal transplant from adult chickens are resistant to Salmonella colonization by competitive exclusion. A two-pronged approach was used to investigate the mechanism of this process. First, Salmonella response to an exclusive (Salmonella competitive exclusion product, Aviguard®) or permissive microbial community (chicken cecal contents from colonized birds containing 7.85 Log10Salmonella genomes/gram) was assessed ex vivo using a S. typhimurium reporter strain with fluorescent YFP and CFP gene fusions to rrn and hilA operon, respectively. Second, cecal transcriptome analysis was used to assess the cecal communities response to Salmonella in chickens with low (≤5.85 Log10 genomes/g) or high (≥6.00 Log10 genomes/g) Salmonella colonization. The ex vivo experiment revealed a reduction in Salmonella growth and hilA expression following co-culture with the exclusive community. The exclusive community also repressed Salmonellas SPI-1 virulence genes and LPS modification, while the anti-virulence/inflammatory gene avrA was upregulated. Salmonella transcriptome analysis revealed significant metabolic disparities in Salmonella grown with the two different communities. Propanediol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesis were central to Salmonella metabolism co-cultured with either community, and mutations in propanediol and vitamin B12 metabolism altered Salmonella growth in the exclusive community. There were significant differences in the cecal communitys stress response to Salmonella colonization. Cecal community transcripts indicated that antimicrobials were central to the type of stress response detected in the low Salmonella abundance community, suggesting antagonism involved in Salmonella exclusion. This study indicates complex community interactions that modulate Salmonella metabolism and pathogenic behavior and reduce growth through antagonism may be key to exclusion.

This study examined the factors influencing green accounting and reporting practices (GARPs) in Bangladesh's pharmaceutical and textile industries. Hence, it draws upon disclosure theory to disclose relevant information in the context of environmental accounting and encourages them to boost their environmental performance. It utilized content analysis from 13 pharmaceuticals and 22 textiles data from Dhaka stock exchange (DSE) listed companies of Bangladesh and applied quantitative methods for comparative analysis. The findings showed that GARPs are influenced by firm characteristics and external factors rather than organizational performance, and eleven environmental indicators (separately) have a lower mean of less than 0.50 in both industries. Firms' general characteristics (FFGC) are noteworthy factors that exhibit a negative coefficient for both the pharmaceutical and textile sectors but hold a robust impact on the GARPs, with P = 0.007 and 0.003, respectively. The statistical significance of environmental factors (EFs) applies to the textile sector p = 0.000. Implementing GARPs in the pharmaceutical industry proved more effective than in the textile sector, offering valuable support to managers in expediting environmental practices in Bangladesh's textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa) stands as a crucial staple food worldwide, especially in Bangladesh, where it ranks as the third-largest producer. However, intensified cultivation has made high-yielding rice varieties susceptible to various biotic stresses, notably sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, which inflicts significant yield losses annually. Traditional fungicides, though effective, pose environmental and health risks. To address this, nanotechnology emerges as a promising avenue, leveraging the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study explored the green synthesis of AgNPs using Ipomoea carnea leaf extract and silver nitrate (AgNO3), and also examined their efficacy against sheath blight disease in rice. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized through various analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size analyzer, Zeta potential, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) for confirming their successful production and crystalline nature of nanoparticles. The results of UV-visible spectrophotometers revealed an absorption peak ranging from 421 to 434 nm, validated the synthesis of AgNPs in the solution. XRD, DLS, and TEM estimated AgNPs sizes were ~45 nm, 66.2nm, and 46.38 to 73.81 nm, respectively. SEM and FESEM demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape. In vitro assays demonstrated the significant inhibitory effects of AgNPs on mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani, particularly at higher concentrations and pH levels. Further greenhouse and field experiments validated the antifungal efficacy of AgNPs against sheath blight disease in rice, exhibiting comparable effectiveness to commercial fungicides. The findings highlight the potential of AgNPs as a sustainable and effective alternative for managing rice sheath blight disease, offering a safer solution amidst environmental concerns associated with conventional fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal Escherichia coli from livestock at slaughter is widely employed to assess the potential for risk to humans. There is currently a limited understanding of AMR in Bangladesh poultry at retail in live bird markets, with studies focussing solely on phenotypic characterisation of resistance. To address this evidence gap we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing on E. coli obtained from chickens from live bird markets in Dhaka in 2018 (n = 38) and 2020 (n = 45). E. coli were isolated from caeca samples following ISO guidelines and sequenced using short and long read methods. Multidrug resistance was extremely common (n = 77) and there was excellent concordance between AMR phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes or mutations. There was considerable genomic diversity, with 43 different sequence types detected. Public health considerations included the high occurrence of resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 75) associated with plasmid-residing qnrS or mutations in the gyrA and parC chromosomal genes; and the detection of a tigecycline resistant isolate harbouring tet(X4) on an IncHI1A/B-IncFIA mosaic plasmid. Thirty-nine isolates were resistant to azithromycin and harboured mphA, with a significant increase in the incidence of resistance between 2018 and 2020. Although azithromycin is banned for veterinary use in Bangladesh it remains an important treatment option for humans. Interestingly, mphA confers highlevel resistance to azithromycin and erythromycin, and the latter is commonly used on poultry farms in Bangladesh. Seven isolates were colistin resistant and carried mcr1. For two isolates hybrid assemblies revealed that mcr1 resided on a highly conserved IncHI2 plasmid that had 93% nucleotide identity to a plasmid from the published genome of an E. coli isolate of Bangladeshi human origin. Six isolates had resistance to third generation cephalosporins, associated with plasmid-residing blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-65, or blaDHA-1. By employing phenotypic and genomic approaches for AMR surveillance we have provided new insights into the potential for One Health AMR linkages in Bangladesh. Employing similar approaches in human and environmental sectors will help inform the One Health approach to addressing AMR, and generate evidence to support mitigation measures such as improved antimicrobial stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the relationship among various climate factors and their effect on the wind power density available in a coastal region. Climate data from several offshore wind farms in the East Asian region is extracted to perform the calculations and analysis. Reasons for variations of climate parameters such as average wind speed, average temperature, air density, average pressure, average precipitation, average humidity and their influences on wind power generation are explored. It is expected that this study will help the investors to perform a feasibility study on the availability of wind energy at a certain nearshore area before setting up wind farms.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to Identify risk factors. Methods Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), which was a nationally representative survey with a stratified, multistage, cluster sampling design. Risk factors for diabetes and prediabetes were identified using multilevel logistic regression models, with adjustment for clustering within households and communities. Findings The overall age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 9.7% and 22.4%, respectively. Among urban residents, the age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 15.2% compared with 8.3% among rural residents. In total, 56.0% of diabetics were not aware they had the condition and only 39.5% were receiving treatment regularly. The likelihood of diabetes in individuals aged 55 to 59 years was almost double that in those aged 35 to 39 years. Study participants from the richest households were more likely to have diabetes than those from the poorest. In addition, the likelihood of diabetes was also significantly associated with educational level, body weight and the presence of hypertension. The prevalence of diabetes varied significantly with region of residence. Conclusion Almost one in ten adults in Bangladesh was found to have diabetes, which has recently become a major public health Issue. Urgent action is needed to counter the rise in diabetes through better detection, awareness, prevention and treatment. Resume Objectif Estimer la prevalence du diabete et du prediabete au Bangladesh en utilisant les donnees de l'enquete nationale et identifier les facteurs de risque. Methodes Les donnees sociodemographiques et anthropometriques, ainsi que les donnees sur la tension arterielle et la glycemie, ont ete obtenues pour 7541 adultes ages de 35 ans ou plus, a partir de l'echantillon de biomarqueurs de l'Enquete sur la demographie et la sante au Bangladesh en 2011, qui etait une enquete representative au niveau national avec une conception d'echantillonnage par grappe stratifiee et a plusieurs etages. Les facteurs de risque pour le diabete et le prediabete ont ete identifies en utilisant des modeles de regression logistiques multiniveaux avec ajustement pour le regroupement au sein des menages et des communautes. Resultats La prevalence globale du diabete et du prediabete, ajustee en fonction de l'age, etait de 9,7% et 22,4%, respectivement. Chez les personnes habitant en zone urbaine, la prevalence du diabete ajustee en fonction de l'age etait de 15,2% contre 8,3% chez les personnes habitant en zone rurale. Au total, 56,0% des diabetiques ne savaient pas qu'ils l'etaient et seulement 39,5% recevaient un traitement regulier. La probabillte de diabete chez les individus ages de 55 a 59 ans etait presque deux fois plus elevee que chez les personnes agees de 35 a 39 ans. Les participants de l'etude qui faisaient partie des menages les plus riches, etaient plus susceptibles d'avoir le diabete que ceux faisant partie des menages les plus pauvres. En outre, la probabilite de diabete etait egalement significativement associee avec le niveau d'etude, le poids corporel et la presence d'hypertension. La prevalence du diabete variait significativement selon la region de residence. Conclusion Pres d'un adulte sur dix au Bangladesh s'avere etre diabetique, ce qui est devenu recemment un probleme majeur de sante publique. II est urgent de prendre des mesures pour lutter contre l'augmentation des cas de diabete via une amelioration du depistage, de la sensibilisation, de la prevention et du traitement. Resumen Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de la diabetes y la prediabetes en Bangladesh a partir de datos de encuestas nacionales e identificar los factores de riesgo. Metodos Se obtuvieron datos sociodemograficos y antropometricos sobre la presion arterial y los niveles de glucosa en sangre de 7541 adultos de 35 anos o mayores de la muestra de biomarcadores de la Encuesta demografica y de salud de Bangladesh 2011 (DHS), esta fue una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional con un diseno de muestreo por conglomerados estratificado y multietapico. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo de la diabetes y la prediabetes mediante modelos de regresion logistica multinivel, con ajustes para el agrupamiento en los hogares y las comunidades. Resultados La prevalencia general ajustada por edad de la diabetes y la prediabetes fue de 9,7 % y 22,4 %, respectivamente. Entre los residentes urbanos, la prevalencia ajustada por edad de la diabetes fue de 15,2 %, en comparacion con el 8,3 % entre los residentes rurales. En total, el 56,0 % de los diabeticos no sabian que padecian la condicion y solo el 39,5 % recibian tratamiento con frecuencia. La probabilidad de padecer diabetes en individuos de 55 a 59 anos era casi el doble queen las mujeres de 35 a 39 anos. Los participantes del estudio de los hogares mas ricos tenian mas posibilidades de padecer diabetes que aquellos de los mas pobres. Ademas, la probabilidad de padecer diabetes tambien estuvo asociada de forma significativa con el nivel educativo, el peso corporal y la presencia de hipertension. La prevalencia de diabetes vario segun la region de residencia. Conclusion Se hallo que casi uno de cada diez adultos en Bangladesh padece diabetes, la cual se ha convertido recientemente en un problema de salud publica importante. Se necesitan medidas urgentes para contrarrestar el aumento de la diabetes, mediante la mejora de la deteccion, la conciencia, la prevencion y el tratamiento., Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. (1,2) Its global prevalence was about 8% in 2011 and is predicted to rise to 10% by 2030. [...]