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Background and Purpose: The aim is to determine the effect of the communication skills training (CST) using interactive synchronous and asynchronous methods, which was applied for the first time on medical students’ empathy levels. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional-analytical, self-controlled intervention. The distance CST program was applied to first-year medical students. The change in students’ empathy levels was measured with the student version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale. Results: 241 students’ forms were included. Empathy mean score increased significantly, this increase was higher in women. Conclusion: The distance CST produced a positive effect on empathy levels. While interactive PowerPoint® presentations, videos, movie clips, cartoons, real-life examples, written/audio question- answer activities, surveys, feedback and, small group work were used in live lessons; in the asynchronous process, student-based techniques (self-assessment, homework, WhatsApp® sharing) were used to support the online learning climate. We believe that all of them support the cognitive and social existence of students throughout the training. We propose our program as a model that can be used during situations where face-to-face education is not possible and to support face-to-face education in medical education.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may cause neuropsychiatric problems, such as anxiety disorder, that have negative effects on cognitive functions and behavior. We investigated the effects of progesterone on traumatic brain injury induced anxiety in 7-day-old rat pups subjected to contusion injury. Progesterone treatment decreased TBI induced anxiety and serum corticosterone levels, and increased serum IGF-1 levels. Moreover, progesterone treatment increased amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampal neuron density. We found a negative correlation between serum corticosterone levels and anxiety tests, and a positive correlation between serum IGF-1 levels and anxiety tests. In addition, progesterone treatment decreased serum corticosterone compared to the controls and sham. Our results indicate that single dose progesterone may be effective for treating anxiety caused by TBI.

Objectives: Abuse of organic volatile substances (inhalants) has become a social health problem that is increasing in the recent years. Toluene as a prototype of inhalants can be use via inhalation, intraperitoneal or intravenous for experimental research on rodents. A conditioning paradigm of toluene inhalation was developed the rewarding effect in mice and rats. Aim of this research, investigation of toluene induced reward-seeking behavior at day and night order in melatonin proficient (C3H) and deficient (C57) mice.

It is well known that, hippocampus is center of the spatial learning and memory. Hippocampus changed during the adolescent periyod that is brain development continued. The aim of this study is to evaluate hippocampal functional and cellular differentiation during the adolescent period of rats.

LKAY AKSUFizyoloji Doktora TeziEgzersizin Sıçan Beyninde Oksidan-Antioksidan Denge Üzerine EtkilerininAraştırılmasıEgzersizin pek çok sistem üzerine olumlu etkileri bilinmektedir. Akut egzersiz çeşitlidokularda oksidan ve antioksidan düzeyleri arasında dengesizlik yaratarak oksidan stresoluşturmaktadır. Düzenli egzersiz ise antioksidan savunmayı güçlendirmektedir. Egzersizinbeyinde oksidan strese yol açıp açmadığını inceleyen çalışmalar yetersizdir. Bu çalışmada,farklı şiddetlerde yapılan akut ve kronik koşu bandı egzersizinin; glukokortikoidlerin etkilerininyoğun olarak gözlendiği hipokampus, dopaminerjik nöronların sonlanma bölgeleri olanprefrontal korteks ve striatumda oksidan-antioksidan denge üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesiamaçlanmıştır.Bu çalışmada 22 haftalık erkek Sprague Dawley sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. 10 m/dakika, 15m/dakika, 20 m/dakika hızda 1 saat ve 25 m/dakika 5° eğimde tükeninceye kadar akut koşubandı egzersizi yaptırılmıştır. Kronik egzersiz gruplarına ise 10 m/dakika, 15 m/dakika,20m/dakika hızda günde 1 saat, haftada 5 gün ve toplam 8 hafta süreyle koşu bandıegzersizi yaptırılmıştır. Akut ve kronik egzersiz deneylerinde ellenmemiş sıçanlardan oluşankontrol grubu ve koşu bandına koyulup egzersiz yapmayan sıçanlardan oluşan kontrol grubukullanılmıştır. Hipokampus, prefrontal korteks ve striatum bölgeleri çıkarılarak süperoksitdismutaz, glutatyon peroksidaz enzim aktiviteleri, nitrit-nitrat ve tiyobarbitürik asitlereaksiyona giren maddelerin değerleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar SPSS programında nonparametrik Kruskal-Wallis tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.Akut egzersizle glutatyon peroksidaz, tiyobarbitürik asitle reaksiyona giren maddeler venitrit-nitrat değerleri her üç beyin bölgesinde de değişmezken, striatumda süperoksiddismutaz enzim aktivitesi hızlı koşan grupta artmış bulunmuştur. Kronik egzersizletiyobarbitürik asitle reaksiyona giren maddeler ve nitrit-nitrat değerleri değişmezken,hipokampusta süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi 10 ve 15 m/dakika hızda koşan gruplardaazalmış, prefrontal kortekste glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi ellenmiş grupta kontrole göreartmış bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; akut ve kronik egzersizin prefrontal korteks, striatum vehipokampusta oksidan strese neden olmadığı, kronik egzersizin hipokampusta muhtemelensüperoksit radikali oluşumunu azaltarak olumlu etki gösterdiği ileri sürülebilir.Anahtar sözcükler: egzersiz, oksidan stres, prefrontal korteks, striatum, hipokampus,koşu bandı egzersizi.6 ABSTRACTThe Effects Of Exercise On The Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance In Rat Brain.lkay AksuIt is known that exercise has a positive effect on many systems. Acute exercise causesoxidant stress by creating an unbalanced status between oxidant and antioxidant levels by acuteexercise. It is also known that exercise strengthens antioxidant defense. There is little evidencethat exercise causes oxidant stress in brain. In this study, different intensity of acute and chronicexercise were applied and it was intended to reveal the effect of acute and chronic treadmillexercise on the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium, in the prefrontal cortex and striatum where thedopamimergic neurons end and in the hippocampus, the target region of the glucocorticoids.In this study, 22-week old Sprague Dawley rats were used. Rats were run on treadmill for1 hour a day on speeds 10 m/min, 15 m/min, 20 m/min consequently and 25 m/min against 5degree inclination upwards until exhaustion. In chronic exercise groups, they were run ontreadmill for 1 hour a day on speeds 10 m/min, 15 m/min, 20 m/min consequently, 5 days a weekfor 8 weeks. In acute and chronic exercise experiments, two control groups were used. The firstcontrol group was the non-handled group which the rats were not exposed to handling stress.The second control group included the rats which were put on the treadmill without being forcedto run. Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum regions were extracted and the superoxidedismutase, glutathione preoxidase enzyme activity, nitrite-nitrate levels and the levels of thesubstances that react with thiobarbituric acid were measured. Results were interpreted byKruskal-Wallis one-way variance analysis using SPSS software.In none of these three regions of the brain, glutathione preoxidase, substances that reactwith thiobarbituric acid and nitrite-nitrate levels were found to be effected by acute exercise butsuperoxide dismutase enzyme activity in striatum was found to be increased in the chronic 20m/min group. By chronic exercise, levels of substances that react with thiobarbituric acid andnitrite-nitrate were not found to be effected, superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in thehippocampus was found to be decreased in the group of 10-15 m/min running speed andglutathione preoxidase activity in the prefrontal cortex were found to be increased in the handledgroup -exposed to the handling stress- compared to the control group. In conclusion, neitheracute nor chronic exercise were found to cause oxidant stress in prefrontal cortex, striatum andhippocampus, but chronic exercise was found to have a probable positive effect on oxidant stressby decreasing the formation of superoxide radicals.Key words: exercise, oxidant stress, prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, treadmill exercise.7 85

It is known that adolescence is a period in which symptomos mood disorders such as anxiety and depression or psychoses such as schizoprenia or behavioral abnormalities such as drug abuse mostly emerge in the individual. Adolescent brain differ from pre and post adolescence in regard to neurotransmitter systems such as the dopaminergic system, as well as in organization and function. In adolescence, dopamine metabolism increases in prefrontal corteks and hippocampus, while it decreases in striatum. Increased metabolism of dopamine may evoke an oxidative stress derived from increased production of reactive oxygen species. The present study was designed to determine the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum of 21 days old (pre-adolescents), 38 day old (adolescent) and 6 months old (post-adolescents) rats. We demonstrated that superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels increased in, but glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adolescent rats compared with other ages. In striatum, superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels decreased in adolescents compared with pre and post-adolescents. These results suggest that prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adolescent rats may be more defenseless to oxidative stress, compared to other ages., Şizofreni, madde bağımlılığı, anksiyete, depresyon gibi pek çok hastalığın adölesans döneminde ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir. Adölesan beyni nörotransmitter sistem, dopaminerjik sistem, yapı ve fonksiyonu bakımından adölesandan önceki ve sonraki dönemden farklıdır. Adölesans döneminde prefrontal korteks ve hipokampusta dopamin metabolizması artarken striatumda azalır. Dopamin metabolizmasındaki artış reaktif oksijen türlerinde artışa neden olarak oksidatif stresi tetikleyebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı adölesan öncesi, adölesan ve erişkin sıçan prefrontal korteks, striatum ve hipokampusunda süperoksit dismutaz, glutatyon peroksidaz enzim aktiviteleriyle lipit peroksidasyon göstergesi olan tiyobarbitürik asitle reaksiyona giren maddelerin düzeylerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada 21 günlük (adölesan öncesi), 38 günlük (adölesan) ve 6 aylık (adölesan sonrası) sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada adölesan sıçanların prefrontal korteks ve hipokampusunda süperoksit dismutaz enzim aktivitesi ve tiyobarbitürik asitle reaksiyona giren maddelerin düzeyleri artarken glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesinin azalmış olduğu görüldü. Adölesan striatumunda ise süperoksit dismutaz enzim aktivitelerinin ve tiyobarbitürik asitle reaksiyona giren maddelerin düzeylerinin düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, adölesan sıçan beyninde prefrontal korteks ve hipokampus bölgelerinin diğer dönemlere göre oksidan strese karşı daha savunmasız olduğunu düşündürmektedir.