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5. A numerical study of anomalous electro-diffusion cells in cable sense with a non-singular kernel

Author

Iqbal Azhar and Akram Tayyaba

Subjects
b-spline function, caputo-fabrizio, time-fractional cable model, 35r11, 26a33, 65n12, 65n06, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

The time-fractional cable model is solved using an extended cubic B-spline (ECBS) collocation strategy. The B-spline function was used for space partitioning, while the Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) was used for temporal discretization. The finite difference technique was used to discretize the CF operator. For the first time in cable modeling, the CF operator has been used. In terms of time, the convergence of order τ\tau . An ECBS collocation approach is investigated by numerical example at different values, and comparisons with published work are made. The numerical results show that the scheme performed well, and the graphical representations show that the results are very close to exact values. The Von Neumann technique is applied to investigate the stability of the proposed scheme.

Published
2022
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7. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Nichols, Emma, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Vollset, Stein Emil, Fukutaki, Kai, Chalek, Julian, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Akram, Tayyaba Tayyaba, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alipour, Vahid, Almustanyir, Sami, Amu, Hubert, Ansari, Iman, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashraf, Tahira, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Ayano, Getinet, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Baig, Atif Amin, Barnett, Anthony, Barrow, Amadou, Baune, Bernhard T, Béjot, Yannick, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Biswas, Atanu, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brayne, Carol, Brenner, Hermann, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cao, Chao, Carvalho, Felix, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chavan, Prachi P, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Edvardsson, David, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Sayed, Iman, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fares, Jawad, Faro, Andre, Farooque, Umar, Feigin, Valery L, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fillit, Howard, Fischer, Florian, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Galluzzo, Lucia, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hall, Brian J, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haque, Shafiul, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, M Tasdik, Hassan, Amr, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kassie, Gizat M, Keshavarz, Pedram, Khan, Moien AB, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Koroshetz, Walter J, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Liu, Yuewei, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lutzky Saute, Ricardo, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Massano, João, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammed, Arif, Mokdad, Ali H, Mondello, Stefania, Moni, Mohammad Ali Ali, Moniruzzaman, Md, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Nagel, Gabriele, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Vinod C, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Oancea, Bogdan, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Urvish K, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pond, Constance Dimity, Potashman, Michele H, Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Prada, Sergio I, Radfar, Amir, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mosiur, Ram, Pradhum, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Robinson, Stephen R, Romoli, Michele, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schiavolin, Silvia, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaji, KS, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silva, Renata, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Smith, Amanda E, Soshnikov, Sergey, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stein, Dan J, Sun, Jing, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thakur, Bhaskar, Timalsina, Binod, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasily, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wimo, Anders, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yadav, Lalit, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo

Published
2022
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8. Perception of Secondary and Higher Secondary School Students about the Role of Permaculture to sustain the Living System

Author

Asghar, Muhammad Adnan, Akram, Tayyaba Muhammad, Hafeez, Rabia, Asghar, Muhammad Adnan, Akram, Tayyaba Muhammad, and Hafeez, Rabia

Abstract

The most influential concept about environment come to the fore termed as Permaculture which means to use land resources without producing waste. The present exploration based on the purpose to find out the secondary and higher secondary school students’ perceptions about the role of permaculture to sustain the living system. It is the quantitative research study along the survey research method comprising the population of secondary and higher secondary private schools of district Lahore. The convenient sampling technique was used to administer the instrument in the targeted sample. Sample size consists of 1304 male and female students of 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th from eight schools. Reliability of the instrument established with Cronbach’s alpha 0.885. The findings indicate that the practice of permaculture promotes the eco-literacy among individuals throughout the life and they are able to sustain their lives. It is recommended that permaculture as a subject should be included in curriculum or in our own practices or may be a part of prospective teachers’ training to cope the environmental challenges. &nbsp

Published
2024

21. Resistance and Manipulated Aestheticism in Baldwin's If Beale Street Could Talk: Harlem as Home for African Americans

Author

Batool, Jovairiah, Parveen, Sabahat, Akram, Tayyaba, Batool, Jovairiah, Parveen, Sabahat, and Akram, Tayyaba

Abstract

This paper aims to achieve the very basic idea of home and also creates the promotion of aestheticism in which striving and struggle of blacks will be discussed. Home is a place whereby productivity is born. This paper will shed light on the productive lives of black which are surrounded by racism. When home or homeland is discussed, then the concepts of unity, peace, financial benefits and issues of identity are solved. This paper will also discuss that how the fate of black nation is changed in the home (Harlem) and the sense of having shelter manipulates art and aestheticism of blacks. The elements of resistance against white are strengthened, when the need of home is fulfilled, as in the Harlem of Renaissance. Home gives identity and that is the reason of flourishing nation. By using African American Criticism, this paper will talk about all the aspects of Harlem as home for blacks by explaining the fictious characters of Baldwin’s If Beale Street Could Talk (2019) and it will explain that how the Negro’s movements have been affluenting in Harlem and this paper will connect struggle and strive of blacks with the characters of novella.

Published
2023

38. Kurt Lewin's process model for organizational change: The role of leadership and employee involvement: A critical review

Author

Hussain, Syed Talib, Lei, Shen, Akram, Tayyaba, Haider, Muhammad Jamal, Hussain, Syed Hadi, and Ali, Muhammad

Subjects
Organizational change, Change process, Knowledge sharing, Implementación del cambio, Estilo de liderazgo, Descongelación, Recongelación, Implicación del empleado en el cambio, Conocimiento compartido, Refreezing, Proceso de cambio, Unfreezing, Cambio organizacional, Employee involvement in change, Implementation of change, Leadership style
Abstract

Change is crucial for organizations in continuous growing and high competition in business environment. Different theories of change describe the effectiveness of modification of strategies, processes and structures for organizations. The action research model, the positive model and the Lewin's change model submit the views of the phases for change in organization. This study views the Lewin's model as three steps process (unfreezing, movement and refreezing) for change in organization. Although this model sets a general steps to be followed, more information is considered to guide these steps in specific situations. This article is critically reviewed for change theories in different phases of organizational change. In this critical review the change management has constructive framework for managing the organizational change through different phases of the process. This review gives theoretical and practical implications and somehow the immunity to change has been discussed.

Published
2016
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42. An analysis of the relationship between social capital and occupational stress in banking industry of Pakistan

Author

Akram, Tayyaba and Qayyum, Abdul

Subjects
organizational goals, banking sector, ddc:330, social capital, occupational stress
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships among social capital i.e. cognitive, structural and relational social capital and occupational stress in banking industry of Pakistan. Survey questionnaire technique was used to collect the data from employees of banking industry. Total response rate from employees of the bank was 55%. Multiple regression technique was used to test the hypothesis of the study. An inverse and significant relation was found between cognitive, structural and relational dimensions of social capital and occupational stress. This study is significant due to the insights it provides for the banking industry managers of Pakistan to better understand the occupational stressors inherent in the functions of their workforce. Furthermore, this study develops an understanding of the social capital and its relationship with occupational stress to enhance social capital among employees and help them in achieving organizational goals effectively.

Published
2014

43. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Brittney S Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C Cowie, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K Tesfaye Kanko, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Gulfaraz Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Junaid Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Amir M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Mahmoud Khodadost, Abdullah T Khoja, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, G Anil Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Caterina Ledda, Doo Woong Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Miriam Levi, Jiarui Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Joana A Loureiro, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Philippa C Matthews, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Andreea Mirica, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Jalal Moludi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Christopher J L Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Chimedsuren Ochir, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Maarten J Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Pavan Manibettu Raghuram, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Aashish Rajesh, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Negar Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Chethan Sampath, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mohammed Shannawaz, Suchitra M Shenoy, Jeevan K Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Jae Il Shin, Parnian Shobeiri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Amir Ali Sohrabpour, Suhang Song, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Majid Taheri, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Ahmad Tavakoli, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Belay Negash Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Habtamu Molla Tesfaw, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Maria Elena Tosti, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Indang Trihandini, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Shoban Babu Varthya, Bay Vo, Yasir Waheed, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Melat Woldemariam, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Mehdi Yaseri, Yigizie Yeshaw, Vahit Yiğit, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Leila Zaki, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Theo Vos, John W Ward, M Ashworth Dirac, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sheena, Brittney S, Hiebert, Lindsey, Han, Hannah, Ippolito, Helen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdoli, Amir, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Adane, Mesafint Molla, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Advani, Shailesh M, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Aghaie Meybodi, Mohamad, Ahadinezhad, Bahman, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Aklilu, Addi, Akram, Tayyaba, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fare, Alem, Adugnaw Zeleke, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Muhammad Ashar, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Alkhayyat, Motasem, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altawalah, Haya, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anoushiravani, Amir, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Argaw, Ayele Mamo, Argaw, Zeleke Gebru, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Ashraf, Tahira, Atlaw, Daniel, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azarian, Ghasem, Bagheri, Sayna, Bahadory, Saeed, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barati, Nastaran, Barrow, Amadou, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Berhie, Alemshet Yirga, Bhagat, Devidas S, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Butt, Zahid A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Chakinala, Raja Chandra, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chen, Shu, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cowie, Benjamin C, Culbreth, Garland T, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dedefo, Mohammed Gebre, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demie, Takele Gezahegn G, Demissie, Getu Debalkie, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Didehdar, Mojtaba, Doan, Linh Phuong, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M, Eghbalian, Fatemeh, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, 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Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Liver Neoplasms, Gastroenterology, Humans, Bayes Theorem, HBV, Global burden of diseases, HCC, Cirrhosis, Child, Hepatitis B, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2022

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