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espanolEl objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar el discurso occidental sobre la libertad de tal manera que sea compatible con la primacia de las leyes del universo y las cosmovisiones de las naciones indigenas, que descartan cualquier deterioro de la armonia en el universo por parte de la humanidad. La humanidad es parte del universo y, por lo tanto, le corresponde a la humanidad no perturbar la armonia en el universo. Solo el universo es libre en un sentido absoluto, es decir, la libertad humana es siempre relativa. Debido a que las leyes del universo siempre reemplazan a las leyes humanas, cualquier intento legislativo humano de relativizar o administrar el universo es nulo ipso facto. Por tanto, el concepto occidental de desarrollo sostenible es ilegal. Las ideologias materialistas de la modernidad han legitimado y camuflado la violencia contra el universo todopoderoso. El agravamiento de la destruccion ambiental obliga a buscar alternativas jurisprudenciales, y estas se encuentran en las cosmovisiones de las naciones indigenas y el escolasticismo occidental. EnglishThe objective of this study is to develop the Occidental discourse on freedom in such a way that it is compatible with the primacy of the laws of the universe and the cosmovisions of the Indigenous nations thus ruling out any deterioration of the harmony in the universe by humanity. Humanity is a part of the universe and therefore it is incumbent on humanity not to disturb the harmony in the universe. Only the universe is free in an absolute sense, i.e., human freedom is always relative. Because the laws of the universe always supersede human laws, any human legislative attempt to relativize or manage the universe is void ipso facto. The Occidental concept of sustainable development is hence illegal. Materialist ideologies of the modernity have legitimized and camouflaged violence against the all powerful universe. The worsening environmental destruction makes it necessary to seek for jurisprudential alternatives, and these are found in the cosmovisions of Indigenous nations and Occidental scholasticism.

This paper is concerned with Frege’s logical aliens argument against psychologism in logic. The paper argues that this argument becomes too radical in the context of current philosophy in logic. The possible answer to Frege’s argument could be inspirited by the philosophical ideas of later Wittgenstein: we play different language games, and some of them are logical games. However, different people have different criteria of certainty and not all of them can play logical games. This gives new comprehension of the normativity of logic that shows that there are no logical aliens in absolute sense. This view can give in turn a new understanding of what rationality is and show why logic and psychology should interact.

الملخص : يأتي هذا البحث في مصاف الدراسات التي تعنى بتحليل المشتقات ذات الأصل الواحد في السياقات القرآنية؛ إسهاما في إظهار الدلالات الدقيقة لمفردات القرآن بمنهجية حديثة تقوم على تصور متماسک ومنطقي في فهم النص القرآني. وإنما کانت نظرية السياق بجناحيها الخارجي والداخلي مرتکزا أساسيا قام عليه البحث؛ لأنها تستعمل کل الأدوات التي تفضي إلى فقه المعنى واستکشافه داخل النص بدءا من أصغر وحدة في النص وهي الصوت، ومرورا بالوحدة الصغرى وهي الکلمة، وانتهاء بالوحدة الکبرى وهي الجملة في نسق النص القرآني؛ لذا غدت نظرية السياق في ميدان علم لغة النص نظرية تکاملية بکل ما تعنيه الکلمة. ولأن البحث يهدف إلى تأسيس منهج تحليلي تکاملي يمکن البناء عليه عند دراسة المشتقات ذات الأصل الواحد في إطار النص القرآني، فقد اقتضت طبيعة الموضوع وأهدافه اتخاذ المنهج الوصفي التحليلي طريقا تمضي الدراسة عليه، مع الاستئناس أحيانا بآلية الإحصاء وتحليل النتائج، وقد طبقت هذا المنهج مع کل موضع بأن حددت السياق الخارجي أولا للمقطع القرآني قبل الولوج إلى التحليل اللغوي الذي مر بمراحل تبدأ من التحليل الترکيبي للجملة موضع الشاهد وعلاقاتها السياقية مع البنى الأخرى في المقطع، ثم التحليل المورفولوجي لکل کلمة من کلمات الجملة موضع الشاهد وتحديد وظائف مورفيماتها، وأخيرا التحليل الصوتي على المستويين الفوناتيکي والفونولوجي. وقد أثمر اتباع المنهج السابق نتائج منها: أن الأصل الثلاثي لمادة(ص ر خ) مبني في حقيقته الوضعية حول معنى الصوت مطلقا والصياح خاصة، ودلت تقلباته الاشتقاقية حول معنيين متقابلين هما: الإغاثة والاستغاثة، ولم يخل سياق الموقف وجوه في المواضع الأربعة من الفزع والترويع والتحذير والتهديد المشوب بالخوف والقلق وغيرها من المعاني المسببة للصياح والصراخ. الکلمات المفتاحية: الصرخ، مشتقات، النسق القرآني، السياقية. The Derivatives of (Sarkh) in the QuranicContext - Contextual Study Ahmed Abdel-Mawgoud Attia Suleiman Moawad Lecturer of the science of language at the Faculty of Arabic Language in Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. Email: AhmedMoawad.203@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: This research comes among the best studies that are meant to analyze the one-root derivative in the Qur'anic contexts. It contributes to illustrating the subtle connotations of the Qur'anic words with a modern methodology based a coherent and logical conception in understanding the Qur'anic text. The theory of the context, with its outer and inner sides, is an essential foundation for the research as it uses all the tools leading to understanding and exploring the inside of the text, starting with the smallest unit of the text, the sound, passing to the minor unit, the word, and ending with the major unit, the sentence in the context of the Qur'anic text. For that reason, the theory of the context has become an integrated theory, in the full sense of the word, in the linguistics of the text. As the research aims at founding an integrated analytical approach that can be built upon when studying the one-root derivatives in the Qur'anic text, the nature and the aim of the topic require to apply the descriptive, analytical approach as a course for the study. Sometimes, however, I resort to the statistics and analyzing the results. I applied this approach in each case. I identified the contexts of the Sarkh derivatives proceeding with the linguistic analysis that starts with the lexical connotation of the root (S-R-Kh). It also includes the structural, morphological, phonetic and the phonological analysis along with the recommendations. Among the conclusions reached by the study is that the three-letter root of the word S-R-Kh is based on its objective reality regarding the meaning of sound in an absolute sense and crying out in a specific sense. Its variant derivatives indicate two opposite meanings: helping and seeking help. The two meanings are not free from the connotation of crying out in their different contexts. The context of the situations and theirambience in the four positions are not free from the connotation of panic, awe, terrifying, warning and threat covered with fear and anxiety. Key words: Sarkh, Qur'anic context, derivatives andcontextuality.

ملخص جاءت هذه الدراسة بعنوان: (ترشيد الفهم للنص الديني وأثره في ترشيد الخلاف) للوقوف على مفهوم النص الشرعي بمعناه المطلق حيث يراد به الدليل، وهو کل ملفوظ مفهوم المعنى، من الکتاب أو السنة، سواء کان ظاهرا، أو نصا، أو مفسرا، عاما، أو خاصا؛ومفهوم النص بمعناه الخاص، وبيان أسس ومحددات النص الديني، ومنهجية التعامل مع النصوص واستثمارها بما يحقق صلاحيتها لکل زمان ومکان، مع بيان أسس وضوابط ترشيد الفهم للنصوص الشرعية، بحيث لا يخرجها عن دلالاتها، ولا يناقض المقاصد الشرعية المرادة منها. وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتبين : الفرق بين النص الشرعي والنص بمعناه الأصولي الخاص، المراد بترشيد الفهم للنص، وأسسه وضوبطه ،وما العلاقة بين النص والاجتهاد و محل الاجتهاد في النصوص الشرعية ،و أثر اختلاف الأصوليين في تحديد مفهوم النص، في الاجتهاد المعاصر.و ضوابط فهم النصوص الشرعية، أثر ذلک في ترشيد الخلاف. وإن من أهداف هذه الدراسة :تحديد مفهوم النص الشرعي، وموقف الشريعة الإسلامية منه.و التعرف على مناهج الأصوليين في تحديد مفهوم النص.وبيان المراد بترشيد الفهم للنصـ وأثره في استثمار دلالات النص بحيث تنساق إلى غاياته.وبيان اختلاف الصحابة في فهم النص، وأثر ذلک في الاجتهاد المعاصر،و بيان العلاقة بين اللفظ والمعنى، وإبراز الوظائف الدلالية التي لها أثر في تغيير المعنى وتعدده،و بيان العلاقة بين النص والاجتهاد،ومحل الاجتهاد في النصوص الشرعية ، و معالجة القصور في فهم النصوص الشرعية، وما ينتج عنه من خلافات مذهبية ومنهجية. (Rationalizing the understanding of the textand its effect on the rationalization of the dispute) Dr. Fatima AbdullahI Yousef Azzam UniversityQatar/ CollegeFor Sharia. Assistant Professor/ Department of Jurisprudence and Its Origins : Email: dr.fatimahazzam@hotmail.com Summary This study was entitled: (Rationalizing the understanding of the religious text and its effect on the rationalization of (disagreement)to find out the concept of the Islamic text in its absolute sense where it is intended to) guide, which is all the concept of meaning, from the book or the sunnah, Whether it is visible, text, interpreted, public or private, the concept of the text in its own sense, and the statement of the foundations and determinants of the religious text, and the methodology of dealing with texts and investing them in order to achieve their validity for every time and place, with a statement of the foundations and controls of rationalizing the understanding of the islamic texts, so as not to deviate from their connotations, and does not contradict The legitimate purposes of which are intended. This study came to show: The difference between the legitimate text and the text in its own fundamentalist sense, which is intended to rationalize the understanding of the text, its foundations and its disconnection, and what is the relation Between text and ijtihad and the place of ijtihad in the islamic texts The effect of the differences of fundamentalists in determining the concept of the text, in contemporary jurisprudence, and the controls of understanding the islamic texts, has the effect of rationalizing the dispute. Some of the objectives of this study are: Defining the concept of the Islamic text and the position of Islamic law from it. The relationship between pronunciation and meaning, highlighting semantic functions that have an impact on changing meaning and its multipliuming, and showing the relationship between text and ijtihad, and the place of diligence in the islamic texts, and addressing the deficiencies in the understanding of islamic texts, and the resulting doctrinal and systematic differences. Kay word : Rationalizing ,the understanding , textandits. effect the rationalization, of the dispute

The value of bit-errors as a source of forensic information is investigated by experiments on isolated NAND-flash chips and USB thumb-drives. Experiments on isolated NAND-flash chips, programmed directly using specialized equipment, show detectable differences in retention bit-errors over forensically relevant time periods with the device used within manufacturer specifications. In experiments with USB thumb-drives, the controller is used to load files at different times onto the drives, some of which have been subjected to stress-cycling. Retention bit-error statistics of memory pages obtained by offline analysis of NAND-flash chips from the thumb-drives are to some extent linked to the time files are loaded onto the drives. Considerable variation between USB thumb-drives makes interpretation of bit-error statistics in absolute sense difficult, although in a relative sense bit-error statistics seems to have some potential as an independent side-channel of forensic information.

We prove that certain Fuchsian triangle groups are profinitely rigid in the absolute sense, i.e. each is distinguished from all other finitely generated, residually finite groups by its set of finite quotients. We also develop a method based on character varieties that can be used to distinguish between the profinite completions of certain groups., Comment: v1, 11 pages

This study examines the effects of different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories on predicted ozone concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, and estimates changes in ozone due to emissions reductions. We ran the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model using the High-Order Decoupled Direct Method with three inventories of foreign anthropogenic emissions: (1) the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment, Phase B (INTEX-B) 2006; (2) the Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment (CREATE) 2010; and (3) the Model Inter-Comparison Study (MICS)-Asia 2010. All three inventories have different spatial distributions of emissions, yielding different modeled ozone concentrations. However, the ozone concentrations modeled for the SMA differ less than those modeled for large, foreign cities in the modeling domain. The simulations using INTEX-B 2006 and CREATE 2010 suggested greater reduction in ozone with NOx control than with VOCs control. All simulations show that (1) simultaneous reduction in NOx and VOCs leads to less ozone reduction than the sum of ozone reductions for individual NOx and VOCs controls and (2) ozone reductions are stronger for high ozone days than for low ozone days. Comparing the modeled reductions in the relative sense yields smaller differences between high and low ozone days than comparing the modeled reductions in the absolute sense. With a 20% reduction in only NOx emissions, the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 0.3 and 0.7 ppb. Because air-quality planning often leads to defined tonnage reductions, we examined the model’s response to such a defined emissions reduction. Using the NOx reduction in China estimated by Zhao et al. (2013), we estimated that the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 1.50 and 1.78 ppb. Based on these results, we recommend using different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories to test future scenarios for air-quality control

An investigation is reported on the use of the autocatalytic enantioselective Soai reaction, known to be influenced by the presence of a wide variety of chiral materials, as a generic tool for measuring the enantiopurity and absolute configuration of any substance. Good generality for the reaction across a small group of test analytes was observed, consistent with literature reports suggesting a diversity of compound types that can influence the stereochemical outcome of this reaction. Some trends in the absolute sense of stereochemical enrichment were noted, suggesting the possible utility of the approach for assigning absolute configuration to unknown compounds, by analogy to closely related species with known outcomes. Considerable variation was observed in the triggering strength of different enantiopure materials, an undesirable characteristic when dealing with mixtures containing minor impurities with strong triggering strength in the presence of major components with weak triggering strength. A strong tendency of the reaction toward an 'all or none' type of behavior makes the reaction most sensitive for detecting enantioenrichment close to zero. Consequently, the ability to discern modest from excellent enantioselectivity was relatively poor. While these properties limit the ability to obtain precise enantiopurity measurements in a simple single addition experiment, prospects may exist for more complex experimental setups that may potentially offer improved performance.

RESUMEN. El autor describe algunos elementos distintivos del estatus y de las funciones del ciudadano en la Atenas del siglo V asi como en el contexto democratico ateniense, en el que nacio la figura del ciudadano. Pone de relieve el caracter excluyente y las instituciones "limitadas" que hacen de la ciudadania un estatus exclusivo, reservado para los hombres, para los hijos de ambos padres atenienses y que de esa manera excluia a los extranjeros residentes (metecos), a los otros griegos y a los barbaros. A partir de la categoria aristotelica de "ciudadano en sentido absoluto", el autor muestra como incluso dentro de la comunidad de los atenienses libres, por varias razones, grupos como el de los jovenes, de los ancianos y de las mujeres en particular, esten excluidos de la plena participacion en la vida politica de la ciudad, en definitiva, a las decisiones y la gestion del poder. Al mismo tiempo, la investigacion muestra como los atenienses, a pesar de que sean una minoria de hombres libres dentro de la ciudad, durante dos siglos en forma gradual desarrollen un alto nivel de participacion en la vida politica de la ciudad, en el sentido de que incluso las clases menos privilegiadas pudieran ocupar cargos politicos que antes eran reservados solo para los mas ricos. De este modo se aplicaria plenamente el principio democratico con el cual todo el pueblo gobierna y, al mismo tiempo, a traves del primer ejercito hecho enteramente de ciudadanos, defiendan sus propias decisiones. ABSTRACT. The author describes a number of distinctive traits of the status and role of citizens in the democratic Athens of the 5 th -century BC and in the Athenian democratic framework which saw the establishment of the figure of the citizen. He highlights the exclusiveness of citizenship and the legal institutes that “closed” access to citizenship status. Citizenship was reserved to males born to Athenian parents, and excluded resident aliens (meteci), the other Greeks and the Barbarians. Starting with the Aristotelian category of “citizens in the absolute sense”, the author shows that even within the community of free Athenians, young people, the elderly and, above all, women, were barred from fully participating in the political life of the city for various reasons. Such categories were in all effects excluded from the decision-making process and from the management of power. At the same time the research shows how Athenian citizens, made up of free men which formed but a minority in the city population, succeeded within two centuries to fully develop a high degree of participation in the political life of the city. It was not long before members of lower-income groups started holding key positions in the city that were previously reserved to individuals belonging to the wealthier classes. It was a turnaround that reflected the full realisation of the democratic principle according to which it was the people of Athens as a whole that governed and defended the choices made with an army made up of Athenian citizens.

We present a method to compare spatial interaction models against data based on well known statistical measures that are appropriate for such models and data. We illustrate our approach using a widely used example: commuting data, specifically from the US Census 2000. We find that the radiation model performs significantly worse than an appropriately chosen simple gravity model. Various conclusions are made regarding the development and use of spatial interaction models, including: that spatial interaction models fit badly to data in an absolute sense, that therefore the risk of over-fitting is small and adding additional fitted parameters improves the predictive power of models, and that appropriate choices of input data can improve model fit.

Increases in numbers and lengths of heat waves have previously been identified in global temperature records, including locations within Europe. However, studies of changes in UK heat wave characteristics are limited. Historic daily maximum temperatures from 29 weather stations with records exceeding 85 years in length across the country were examined. Heat waves were defined as periods with unusually high temperatures for each station, even if the temperatures would not be considered warm in an absolute sense. Positive trends in numbers and lengths of heat waves were identified at some stations. However, for some stations in the south east of England, lengths of very long heat waves (over 10 days) had declined since the 1970s, whereas the lengths of shorter heat waves had increased slightly. Considerable multidecadal variability in heat wave numbers and lengths was apparent at all stations. Logistic regression, using a subset of eight stations with records beginning in the nineteenth century, suggested an association between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the variability in heat wave numbers and lengths, with the summertime North Atlantic Oscillation playing a smaller role. The results were robust against different temperature thresholds.

A parametric study on the stability performance of a prototypical natural circulation BWR is performed with the downscaled GENESIS facility. The GENESIS design is based on fluid-to-fluid modeling and includes an artificial void reactivity feedback (VRF) system for simulating the neutronic-thermal-hydraulic coupling. In this work a more sophisticated VRF system than its predecessors is developed and implemented. The VRF allowed investigating different configurations relevant for the reactor design. The experiments show that changing the fuel rods diameter to a half (doubling) decreases (increases) the stability performance of the system while the resonance frequency increases (decreases). In addition, it is found that the use of MOX fuels in a BWR slightly decreases the stability performance of the reactor. On top of this, it is clearly observed that at least two oscillatory modes exists in the system, the thermal-hydraulic mode (associated to density waves traveling thorough the core plus chimney section) and the so-called reactor mode (related to density waves travelling thorough the core). It is observed that the last one is amplified by increasing (in an absolute sense) the void reactivity feedback coefficient. Details regarding the interplay between these oscillatory modes is also given. Fil: Marcel, Christian Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Rohde Scheel, María Eugenia. Delft University of Technology; Países Bajos Fil: Van Der Hagen, T. H. J. J.. Delft University of Technology; Países Bajos

I propose in this article that psychoanalysis is, in its absolute sense, within the field of science, since with topology, mathemes, formulas of sexualization and borromean knots, Lacan insisted on separating these structures of the meaning. I make a distinction between science and praxis, admitting that psychoanalysis is divided between one and other. However, if psychoanalysis is - in the absolute sense - an experience that leads to a meaningless existence, we better reexamine this distinction.

What is the pay-off to enlisting celebrity endorsers? Although effects on stock returns are relatively well documented, little is known about any impact on sales—arguably a metric of more direct importance to advertising practitioners. This study of athlete endorsements finds there is a positive pay-off to a firm9s decision to sign an endorser, and that endorsements are associated with increasing sales in an absolute sense and relative to competing brands. Furthermore, sales and stock returns jump noticeably with each major achievement by the athlete. However, whereas stock-return effects are relatively constant, sales effects exhibit decreasing returns over time. Implications for practitioners are outlined.

Medical practice must be regulated, but the form this currently takes is increasingly based on a ‘technical’ view, which wrongly assumes that practice is straightforward and that error is the result of individual failure. The metaphor of ‘delivery’ is currently used to characterise medical practice but this usage is fundamentally flawed. An alternative is presented, supported by a growing literature, that shows that professional practice generally (and medical practice in particular) is characterised by complexity, uncertainty and unpredictability. Practitioners use their judgement and wisdom, developed in their own practice and in their contacts with fellow practitioners. Often, practitioners choose between options that are not ideal, and may need to decide on what they believe is best for an individual rather than what is ‘right’ in some absolute sense. Doctors must find ways of giving a clearer account of their practice, and in so doing become more truly accountable.

Garner, Philip/0000-0002-6503-9550 WOS: 000241030900005 PubMed: 17020278 A new chiral aziridino alcohol ligand for zinc(II)-catalyzed azomethine ylide cycloadditions is described. In the presence of this catalyst, N-arylidene glycine methyl esters react with a variety of dipolarophiles to give substituted pyrrolidines in very good to excellent chemical yields and up to 95% ee. The absolute sense of asymmetric induction appears to be dipolarophile-dependent.

This is a critical analysis of the first part of Godel's 1951 Gibbs lecture on certain philosophical consequences of the incompleteness theorems. Godel's discussion is framed in terms of a distinction between objective mathematics and subjective mathematics, according to which the former consists of the truths of mathematics in an absolute sense, and the latter consists of all humanly demonstrable truths. The question is whether these coincide; if they do, no formal axiomatic system (or Turing machine) can comprehend the mathematizing potentialities of human thought, and, if not, there are absolutely unsolvable mathematical problems of diophantine form. Either ... the human mind ... infinitely surpasses the powers of any finite machine, or else there exist absolutely unsolvable diophantine problems.

Extensive variability among folate assay methods has been well described. A FLAIR round-robin study of serum and whole-blood folate results across 11 laboratories in seven European countries reported overall CVs of 18–41% (1). A CDC round-robin survey of 20 laboratories reported two- to ninefold differences in folate values among methods and laboratories (2). With increasing awareness of the nutritional importance of folate, both studies concluded that there was an acute need for improved standardization of folate testing. Recently, a comparison of five automated serum and whole-blood folate assays was reported (3). In that study, the methods were compared with the Bio-Rad Quantaphase II radioassay. Between the methods, differences as high as 40% for serum folate and 250% for whole-blood folate were noted. The authors made reference to differences in standardization as likely contributors to the variation in serum folate results, and/or differences in preparation of the whole-blood hemolysates as contributing to the variability in whole-blood folate results. The report served to underscore that little has changed with respect to between-method variability in folate testing since the round-robin surveys 8–10 years ago. Heterogeneous assays for folate measurement represent an interesting and challenging problem from a standardization standpoint. Technically, folate methods are not immunoassays because they all rely on a high-affinity folate-binding protein (FBP) as the specific capture entity rather than anti-folate antibodies.1 In addition, folate (as pteroylglutamic acid used for food fortification) is available as a stable, highly purified powder, which would seem to be ideal for gravimetric preparation of standards. With both analyte and analyte binders seemingly normalized across methods, why the large differences? The answer, which we discuss later, highlights once again the general difficulty in standardizing immuno- and bioreceptor-based assays in an absolute sense. Stenman (4) recently wrote a thoughtful review of the scientific and practical difficulties …

Among the Yukaghirs, a small group of indigenous hunters in northeastern Siberia, it is commonly held that humans and animals can turn into each other by temporarily taking on one another's bodies. However, this is dangerous for a hunter, because he may thus lose sight of his original species identity and undergo an irreversible metamorphosis. He therefore assumes the viewpoint of his prey, but not in any absolute sense, which would mean literally becoming the animal. This article explores the mimetic practice that allows the hunter to be similar to the animal impersonated, yet also different, giving him a ‘double perspective’ by which he can seduce and kill his prey.

An investigator about to undertake a dose finding study can choose from rival methods. In selecting any method he or she may have certain properties in mind. Our purpose here is to present an approach to evaluating rival methods which can help provide guidance to the investigator. The idea is to determine which of any given number of competing dose finding studies has a superior performance in given circumstances. The approach is centered around three components. The first of these is simply a very broad class of potential dose–toxicity relations, of which current examples in the literature can be seen to be special cases. The second component, for some given situation or class of situations, is an optimal method, not one that we can necessarily apply in practice, but one that provides a gold standard, beyond which improvements are not generally possible. The third component is a class of efficiency measures which indicate how close to the optimal method is the performance of any given method. We are then able to compare rival approaches both in a relative and absolute sense.

The author discusses globalisation form multiple perspectives. He emphasises that globalisation certainly reduces poverty in absolute sense while increases poverty in a relative sense. There are important risks inherent in the process of globalisation, which include hyper-competition, treat to the social rights of citizens, and rendering a lot of people economically irrelevant. To cure the deficiencies of globalisation Professor Zamagni favours cosmopolitical democracy and transnationalcivil society, which might be able to safeguard cultural diversity, social justice and peace.

The 1983 year class of Norwegian spring-spawning herring was large and, in retrospect, increased the spawning stock by more than two million tons when it recruited in 1987–1988. This paper summarizes and evaluates the acoustic estimates of the 1983 year class in the period 1983–2001. The key to the evaluation is a minimum stock based on the number of the 1983 year class caught in the international fishery and the year-class estimates made by the ICES Northern Pelagic and Blue Whiting Fisheries Working Group in 2002 using the SeaStar assessment model. The period of analysis covers a change in instrumentation, around 1990, from the SIMRAD EK400/Nord integrator to the EK500/BEI integrator system. The application of the acoustic estimates in the assessment and management of this herring stock is reviewed. It is concluded that the stock size was underestimated when the acoustic estimates were used in an absolute sense in the 1980s. In the 1990s the acoustic estimates were tuned to stock-size indices obtained from other methodologies and this approach seems to have given a realistic picture of the development of the 1983 year class.

Following a methodology proposed by Jantzen and Volpert (2012), we use IRS Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) data for the United States (1921-2012) to estimate two Gini-like indices representing inequality at the bottom and the top of the income distribution. We also calculate the overall Gini index as a function of the parameters underlying the two indices. Our findings can be summarized as follows. First, we find that the increase in the Gini index from the mid 1940s to the late 1970s seems to be mostly explained by an increase in inequality at the bottom of the income distribution, which more than offsets the decrease in inequality at the top. The implication is that middle incomes gained relative to high incomes, but especially relative to low incomes. Conversely, it is rising inequality at the top that appears to drive the rise in the Gini index since 1981. Second, inequality at the top of the income distribution follows a U-shaped trajectory over time, similar to the pattern of the share of top incomes documented by Piketty and Saez (2003, 2006) and Atkinson, Piketty, and Saez (2011). Third, the welfare effects of the different forces behind an increasing Gini index can be evaluated in light of the Lorenz dominance criterion proposed by Atkinson (1970): both top-driven and bottom-driven increases in the index appear not to imply strict Lorenz dominance by previous income distributions, and therefore are not associated with lower welfare in an absolute sense. In a relative sense, however, once average growth rates over the two periods are taken into account, the top-driven increase in inequality since 1981 appears to have been welfare reducing.

Model validation plays an important role in estimating the confidence in a simulation. Many times, the simulation is the only source of response that is available. When an expensive simulation is developed, the predictions from that simulation will usually be used in an absolute sense, with more conservatism added if the model validation analysis indicates low confidence. The results of the simulation could be scaled based upon the confidence of the model. This paper will describe how the outcome of a model validation exercise determines the conservatism applied to the environmental specifications and the estimation of margins derived from those simulations.

A model of absolute autonomy and power in agent systems is presented. This absolute sense of autonomy captures the agent's liberty over an agent's preferences. The model characterizes an affinity between autonomy and power. It is argued that agents with similar individual autonomy and power experience an adjusted level of autonomy and power due to being in a group of like agents. The model is then illustrated on the problem of task allocation.

or concrete entities. I could also give a similar story-relative account of the issue as to whether fictional characters are individual versus general entities such as universals; here too I can simply reply that it depends on whether or not the relevant characters are represented as individuals or as universals, in the fictional story. 35. Thomasson, Fiction and Metaphysics, chap. 1. 36. That is, not in the standard or absolute sense of existence, as opposed to the relational sense discussed in the

We analyze bidding patterns in morning and afternoon auctions of construction contracts. We find no statistically significant difference in the probability to bid in the afternoon between those who won and those who lost in morning sessions. As a result, the information released in the morning increases the observable asymmetries and affects bidding behavior. Firms that win in the morning bid more aggressively, in the absolute sense, in the afternoon. However, those who lost in morning sessions bid more aggressively, relative to their morning bids, than those who won in the morning.

This reply addresses the issues raised by Dougherty in response to my 1999 article in this journal. I also develop a new graphical model of the optimal collection rate under the Articles, where states made contributions, and contrast it to the revenue potential from direct taxation. I believe that despite Dougherty's criticisms, my argument remains valid. While the Articles were not perfect in an absolute sense, that when more properly viewed in a comparative manner, that the system of state contributions for raising revenue under the Articles was (and still is) superior to a system of direct federal taxation.

Three Co(II) isomers assembled from d-, or l-, or dl-camphorate together with achiral isonicotinate exhibit a clear relationship between chirality and helicity even though chiral molecules are not in the backbone of the helix: the absolute sense of helix made of achiral components is controlled by chains of metal and enantiopure chiral ligands running perpendicular to helix in two enantiomeric forms.

The HIV virus is now an international killer, but individuals perceive that they are less likely to contract the virus than are others (the self-positivity bias). Three studies investigate the antecedents and consequences of the self-positivity bias in judgments of the risk of contracting AIDS. We show that the perceived similarity of another person to oneself and the ease with which related information can be retrieved from memory (the accessibility of information) moderate self-perceptions of risk in an absolute sense and reduce the self-positivity bias. We then demonstrate that increasing the accessibility of a cause of AIDS, in an advertisement propounding safe sex, increases perceptions of one's own risk of contracting AIDS, reduces the self-positivity bias, leads to more favorable attitudes and intentions toward practicing precautionary behaviors (e.g., using condoms, taking an HIV test), and also leads to deeper processing of AIDS educational material. Theoretical implications regarding the use of the accessibility of information as a cue and the self-positivity bias are discussed, and recommendations for social marketing communications are offered.

The Australian Height Datum (AHD) is the current national vertical datum for Australia, and AUSGeoid09 is the latest quasigeoid model used to compute (normal-orthometric)AHDheights fromGlobalNavigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived ellipsoidal heights. While previous studies have evaluated the AUSGeoid09 model across Australia, such studies have not focused on mountainous regions in particular. This paper investigates the performance of AUSGeoid09 in an absolute sense in the Mid Hunter and Snowy Mountains regions of New South Wales. Absolute (i.e. single point) comparisons were undertaken between AUSGeoid09-derived heights and published AHD heights. The performance of AUSGeoid09 was evaluated relative to its predecessor AUSGeoid98. In both study areas, an overall improvement is evident when applying AUSGeoid09 to compute AHD heights in an absolute sense. In the MidHunter, AUSGeoid09 provided a substantial improvement over its predecessor, clearly demonstrating the benefits of its new geometric component on GNSS-derived AHD height determination. In the Snowy Mountains, moderate improvement over AUSGeoid98 was evident. However, a slope was detected for AUSGeoid09 residuals, and it appears that the geometric component may have overcompensated for sea surface topography in this area. While this appraisal of AUSGeoid09 performance in mountainous regions is encouraging, it has been shown that some discrepancies still remain between AUSGeoid09-derived heights and AHD. Eventually, a new vertical datum will be necessary to ensure homogeneity across Australia.

The paper analyses two different senses in which it can be said that rival theories are empirically equivalent. This amounts to distinguish two types of underdetermination of theories by experience. The first is transient and relative to the status of scientific knowledge in one moment. The second is absolute and implies that no future experience will be able to confirm one theory and refute the others. That circumstance leads to conventionalism or skeptical relativism when the rival theories have empirical adequacy. Against this conclusion it is argued that we cannot know that two or more theories are empirically equivalent in the absolute sense. So, we have to assume that every example of underdetermination is merely transient. Evenin that case, it is possible to apply factual and non factual criteria of choice. If one theory cannot be selected by this way, further developments of both theories will be required. Finally, several cases of underdetermination in physical theories are discussed, and some strategies of assessment are proposed.

The binding site of an antibody is formed between the two variable domains, VH and VL, of its antigen binding fragment (Fab). Understanding how VH and VL orientate with respect to one another is important both for studying the mechanisms of antigen specificity and affinity and improving antibody modelling, docking and engineering. Different VH-VL orientations are commonly described using relative measures such as root-mean-square deviation. Recently, the orientation has also been characterised using the absolute measure of a VH-VL packing angle. However, a single angle cannot fully describe all modes of orientation. Here, we present a method which fully characterises VH-VL orientation in a consistent and absolute sense using five angles (HL, HC1, LC1, HC2 and LC2) and a distance (dc). Additionally, we provide a computational tool, ABangle, to allow the VH-VL orientation for any antibody to be automatically calculated and compared with all other known structures. We compare previous studies and show how the modes of orientation being identified relate to movements of different angles. Thus, we are able to explain why different studies identify different structural clusters and different residues as important. Given this result, we then identify those positions and their residue identities which influence each of the angular measures of orientation. Finally, by analysing VH-VL orientation in bound and unbound forms, we find that antibodies specific for protein antigens are significantly more flexible in their unbound form than antibodies specific for hapten antigens. ABangle is freely available at http://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/abangle.

Critical discussion of Andromache has almost invariably focused on the question of unity. As everyone who has ever read a critical account of the play knows, the action falls into three parts: the plot against Andromache by Hermione and her father, foiled by Peleus; Hermione's subsequent panicky flight with Orestes; and Neoptolemos' murder at Orestes' instigation. The play appears not to possess ‘unity of action’ in the strict Aristotelian sense: there is, for instance, no tight causal connection between the plot against Andromache and Orestes' plot against Neoptolemos. Troubled by this, critics have made a variety of attempts to find unity of another sort: unity of ‘theme’. Each has asked, ‘What is Andromache about?’, taking the question in an absolute sense; and has assumed that one must search for a single answer.

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Zubirian approach to the moral kind of knowledge. It is, therefore, necessary to examine Zubiri’s writings on moral anthropology from the 1950s, starting from the most complete one, namely Sentient intelligence. If there is the possibility of contemplating a moral knowledge, we should discover its reference system and determine how it is built upon the contents given in the primordial impression of reality, mediated by the logos and its particular form of knowledge, with all the outlines, experiences and truths. On this basis, we prove that is impossible to found morality in a universal and absolute sense. In any case, the possibility of a universal sphere should not be conceived as something a priori, but rather as a regulative ideal of moral experience, that is, something that reason always tends towards, but never reaches., En este trabajo se pretende reconstruir la propuesta zubiriana de un saber de tipo moral. Este objetivo exige mirar los textos de antropología moral escritos por Zubiri en los años cincuenta desde su obra más acabada: Inteligencia sentiente. Si efectivamente se puede hablar de un saber moral, habrá que descubrir cuál es su sistema de referencia, constituido por determinados contenidos dados en impresión primordial de realidad y mediados por el logos, y su forma de conocimiento, con sus esbozos, experiencias y verdades. A partir de aquí, el autor muestra que no es posible, desde la filosofía de Zubiri, proponer una fundamentación de la moral en sentido universal y absoluto. En todo caso, la posibilidad de un ámbito universal de moralidad no puede ser entendida como algo dado a priori, sino más bien como un ideal regulativo de la experiencia moral, algo a lo que la razón apunta pero nunca llega.

El presente artículo trata de desvelar el rango ontológico de la sustancia y presentarnos a ésta como el corazón de la Metafísica y del universo entero. Como el principio unificador de todo cuanto existe, de todo cuanto es. A un tiempo, pretende resolver la primera de las aporías planteadas por Aristóteles en el libro Bêta de la Metafísica, esto es, la posibilidad de la unidad de la ciencia de las cuatro causas del ser. Comprobaremos que las objeciones levantadas por Aristóteles contra dicha posibilidad en el mencionado libro no convencieron al pensador cordobés, que sí defendió la unidad de las cuatro causas al tiempo que colocó en su lugar a la disciplina que se ocupa de todas ellas y de sus principios, la Metafísica, la más digna de las ciencias y la más elevada por su objeto, el ser en sentido riguroso y absoluto, la sustancia.This article tries to explain the ontologic range of substance and present it as the heart of metaphysics and of the whole universe, as the unifying principle of everything that exists. It also intends to solve the first of the aporias presented by Aristotle in his book Beta of Metaphysics, that is, the possibility of the unity of the science of the four causes of existence. We shall see that the objections raised by Aristotle to this possibility in his book did not convince the thinker from Córdoba, who defended the unity of the four causes and at the same time put the discipline that studies all of them and their principles, Metaphysics, in its proper place, as the most dignified of the sciences, with the highest aim, being in the most accurate and absolute sense, substance

This article discusses various historiographies of spirituality as an indication of the influence of context on spirituality. It gives an overview of the most important historiographies of spirituality. Secondly, it describes the extremes of contextuality and noncontextuality, before finally reflecting on the dialectic tension between spirituality and contextuality. The contextuality or historicity of spirituality is not self-evident. Not until modern times, in Europe, did it become more or less normal to look at spirituality from a historical perspective. It is thus not strange that the historiography of spirituality arose from the nineteenth century. In that time, the historical perspective was flowering in all sciences. This historical approach is so compulsive that almost everything that “happens” has to be “historicised”. But we can ask ourselves whether this contextualisation, in its predominant and absolute sense, corresponds with the deeper spiritual reality. This article first gives an overview of the most important historiographies of spirituality. Secondly, it describes the extremes of contextuality, and noncontextuality. Finally, it reflects on the dialectic tension between spirituality and contextuality.

More than a decade ago, a study was published that identified a short list of precursor conditions for severe thunderstorms on the High Plains of the United States. The present study utilizes data from the summer months of ten convective seasons to estimate how well the criteria fare as a method of forecasting severe weather days in that region. Results indicate that the technique produces a relatively high success rate in terms of detecting severe weather days for most years studied. False alarms are a bit high in an absolute sense (36% overall), but fall well within acceptable limits in the real world, where the philosophy of “better to overwarn, than underforecast” prevails.

We have heard skepticism from both our researcher and clinician colleagues about the value of and need for clinical outcomes assessment and evidence-based practice (EBP). Some clinicians think a move toward outcomes assessment and EBP is an admission that the current care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) is inadequate. Furthermore, some clinicians are naturally nervous that conducting outcomes research is too time consuming to be practical, too complicated to be done correctly, or both. Additionally, some scholars minimize the importance of both outcomes assessment and EBP by claiming they are just another form of research design or methods, no more or less important than any other form of research. We directly challenge all these notions and suggest that the benefits to both patient care and the standing of the athletic training profession that flow from engagement in clinical outcomes assessment and EBP by both clinicians and researchers far outweigh the concerns identified previously. Ongoing improvement of patient care must be a central focus of all health professions and is a continuous effort toward a goal that is never truly achieved in an absolute sense. Suggesting that clinical outcomes assessment is no more or less important than other forms of research

Genteel poverty, the subject of a great deal of English literature, is a thing of the past, not only because of the decline of gentility in general, but because the inflation of the 1960s and 1970s put paid to the very possibility of it once and for all. Now there are only lack of money and inability to buy what you want. Cranford , still Mrs Gaskell’s most popular book, is peopled by the genteel poor, almost all of them female. Of course, they are not really poor in the absolute sense, such as the industrial working classes of the time were. For example, all of Cranford’s impoverished gentlefolk have …

NIH administrators have recently expressed concerns about the cost of curation for biological databases. However, they did not articulate the exact costs of curation. Here we calculate the cost of biocuration of articles for the EcoCyc database as $219 per article over a 5-year period. That cost is 6–15% of the cost of open-access publication fees for publishing biomedical articles, and we estimate that cost is 0.088% of the cost of the overall research project that generated the experimental results. Thus, curation costs are small in an absolute sense, and represent a miniscule fraction of the cost of the research.

This paper examines the impact of the recent feminization of the sociological profession on gender differences in patterns of publication in leading sociology journals. Our findings show that women are better represented in the leading journals in an absolute sense, but continue to be underrepresented relative to men. Moreover, while women are better represented in the leading journals than in the past, they more often occupy marginal locations within the structure of the discipline. Finally, we discuss the likely implications of the feminization of sociology on the production of knowledge within the discipline as a whole.

The modelling approach is proposed as a novel way to make progress in the discipline of Philosophy. In this arena, the special advantages of modelling, i.e., the use of unique mathematical and algorithmic specifications of technical terms, could be of crucial importance. The paper initially presents an overview of a number of important philosophical issues as a means of providing background on their significance and an explanation of the difficulties arising from present philosophical methodology. It then introduces the modelling concept as a way of developing a more consistent and defensible approach. The modelling is developed at two levels. One is a general conceptual approach based on a specified mechanistic hypothesis supported by arguments from evolution. The second is a very specific operating model of psychological behavior called ''Catspaw'' which has strong philosophical implications. The topics discussed and on which the models shed considerable light, include free will, ethics, and the purpose of existence. These ramify into other relevant topics such as ethical activism, responsibility for good and bad behavior, a rationale for sentencing in the criminal justice system, and our obligation to act in accord with our purpose. The validity of the models' assumptions and conclusions, though not proved in an absolute sense, is strongly supported by the way they explain and interrelate a large number of long-debated philosophical issues in a fashion consistent with evolution and the physical sciences.

This paper argues that we can benefit or harm people by creating them, but only in the sense that we can create things that are good or bad for them. What we cannot do is to confer comparative benefits and harms to people by creating them or failing to create them. You are not better off (or worse off) created than you would have been had you not been created, for nothing has value for you if you do not exist, not even neutral value. © 2006 Springer.

have made is very good. I think I'll take a couple of days rest in my Hawaiian paradise." Late one day, a fearsome beast suddenly appeared and confronted Adam and Eve. It had a huge head with several eyes and many tongues, all of which seemed to be moving at the same time. "Why are you frolicking in the garden?", it asked Adam and Eve. "Because everything is good," they replied. "What do you mean by good?", one of the tongues asked. "Do you mean good in an absolute sense or good in a relative sense?", spoke another tongue. "Do you mean good for you, good for the animals or good for God?", wagged another. Meanwhile, the beast was looking in all directions at once. Adam and Eve were not sure how to handle this first discordant note in the

Accurate assessment of the abundance of pinnipeds from visual surveys requires estimation of both the available (hauled-out) and unavailable (in-water) components of the population (Eberhardt et al. 1979). Continental estimates of the abundance of the four Antarctic seals are based on limited information on haul-out behaviour. In developing continental estimates, Erickson & Hanson (1990) corrected visual surveys of the hauled-out component of the species' populations using data from observational studies of haulout behaviour by Erickson et al. (1989). Erickson & Hanson (1990) point out that, because the observational studies did not account for an unknown fraction of seals that remained in the water during the peak haul-out period, their abundance estimates are minimum values. Further, Erickson & Hanson (1990) corrected the visual surveys for all four species using haul-out data for the crabeater seal only, as observational data for the other species were not available. This assumes that haul-out patterns are constant across species, which is largely untested. Consequently, there is potential for bias, in both a relative and absolute sense, in the estimated abundance of Antarctic seals.

The aim of the intersemiotic and conceptual prose of Damir Milos is to overcome the limitations of language and literary description, especially when presenting reality through the prism of sensual experience, both visual and olfactory. In Milos’s prose the interconnectedness of art forms, often perceived today as a symptom of a literary crisis or a trend towards intermediality, becomes a special and convenient pretext to use intersemiotic translation, visuality and synaesthesia as a means of presenting sensuality in literature. The Croatian author creates a world in which his protagonists, marked with certain incapacities or hypersensitivity of senses (an absolute sense of smell, colour-blindness or blindness), conjure up their own individual and subjective reality. Thus, Milos stresses the postmodern aspect of the multiplicity of truths and perspectives.

Most medical diagnoses are based on symptoms and signs.Psychiatric diagnoses are based on symptoms and phenomena, as are certain other medical diagnoses.With reference to Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, it can be shown that symptoms and phenomena are ideal objects, which we conceive as terms in our mind.In contrast, physical signs refer to real objects, to objects in an absolute sense. Therefore, most medical diagnoses can be determined objectively on a physical basis.Ideal objects, such as psychopathological phenomena and symptoms, are mental schemes (schemes of terms in the mind) which do not refer to real objects and, consequently, we cannot prove them on a physical basis, only carefully weigh them in our mind and ponder the presence of a phenomenon (symptom).This is the major difference between objective medical diagnoses, on the one hand, and psychiatric diagnoses and medical diagnoses that cannot be proven on a physical basis, on the other.This basis of psychiatric knowledge needs to be acknowledged and taken into consideration both in psychiatric practice and in science.Ensuing consequences are discussed through reference to quotations from Immanuel Kant’s works and to Wilhelm Griesinger, who was aware of the symptomatological basis of psychiatric diagnoses.

Can we predict the outcome of species' introductions to oceanic islands? Simberloff and Boecklen (1991) advanced the idea that introduction outcomes for a species might be predicted on the basis of previous introduction outcomes. In their view, species are either always successful or always unsuccessful when they are introduced to islands, resulting in an all-or-none pattern in the distribution of outcomes of a given bird species across a set of islands. The alternative to an all-or-none pattern is a mixed pattern in which a species succeeds on some islands and fails on others. If all-or-none patterns were the rule among bird introductions they would represent a powerful tool for predicting introduction outcomes. An all-or-none pattern would be evidence that species indeed have introduction success probabilities of 0.00 or 1.00, or nearly so. Such a pattern would imply that a species could be introduced a single time and that all future introductions of that species would be predictable on the basis of the first outcome. Simberloff and Boecklen (1991) and Simberloff (1992) reported exactly such patterns for the Hawaiian and Mascarene Islands, respectively (but see also Moulton 1993; Moulton et al. 1996). In a more extensive test for an all-or-none pattern in introduction outcomes, we recently compiled a data set of 132 passeriform species introduced to nine island systems (Moulton & Sanderson 1997). We found that only 53 of the 132 species (40%) were introduced to more than one island. These species are the only ones that can possibly show an all-or-none pattern. Of these 53 species, 23 had mixed outcomes. We argued that this was too many mixed outcomes for an all-or-none pattern. Duncan and Young (1999) reanalyzed the data from that paper and, like us, found no evidence for an all-ornone pattern, in the absolute sense, in introduction outcomes. Duncan and Young (1999), however, argue that the observation of 23 mixed outcomes falls within the

Professor Derrick Bell's story, The Space Traders, posits that extraterrestrial beings arrive in the United States to propose a Trade: they will provide the means to enable the country to pay its debts, protect its environment, and ensure its energy supply, all in exchange for only one thing—to take all African Americans back to the aliens' home star. The story then recounts a frenzied sixteen days of politics, protests, and legal maneuvering, resulting in the forced deportation to an unknown fate of twenty million black men, women, and children: “Heads bowed, arms now linked by slender chains, black people left the New World as their forebears had arrived.”This Article will consider several issues suggested by Bell's story. If one assumes that some readers would approve and others would disapprove of how the African Americans were treated, what might one say about the differing views? Are they simply different in the same way that one person might vacation in San Francisco while another person chooses New York City? Or is it possible to say that one view is wrong? And if one view is said to be wrong, is the meaning that the view actually is wrong or merely that it is wrong in the opinion of the person speaking? And even if every single person agrees as to whether or not the Trade should have been made, does this show that the consensus view is actually right? Are there any circumstances under which one could conclude that what was done was right or wrong in an absolute sense?